This discussion focuses on the core value of Integrity. Students should be able to describe how this fits in with the field of Managerial Accounting.Explain how Saint Leo’s core value of Integrity is relevant to Managerial Accounting.provide re

1. Mathematical models are used as tools to describe reality. These models are supposed to characterize the important features of the analyzed phenomena and provide insight. The normal distribution is an example of a random variable that is widely used by researchers to model real data. Researchers often model real observations using the normal distribution, but sometimes the real distribution is a bit different from the perfect, normal distribution. List some reasons why researchers might make approximations like this and describe at least one situation when researchers should not use this approximation. When forming your answer to this question you may give an example of a situation from you own field of interest for which a random variable can serve as a model. (2-3 well composed paragraphs) 2. Describe in your own words the meaning of the number that the following R command produces (you are asked to interpret the resulting number so that we understand what that number means). pexp(1.2, rate=3) (1 paragraph) 3. Vocabulary and R functions (be sure to include an APA citation) a) What is a normal distribution? _________________ b) What does the pnorm() function do?_________________________ 4. If you know the mean and standard deviation of a normally distributed population, and somebody asks you questions about the highest 1% and lowest 1% of numbers in that population, what could you tell them? Pick your own values for the mean and standard deviation and then answer the question for those values. Choose one of these R functions to answer the question: dnorm(), pnorm(), qnorm(), rnorm(). (2-3 well composed paragraphs)

sensitivity & specificity Similar to converting Fahrenheit to Celsius (E.g., 98.6o F – 32 x 5 / 9 = 37o C) and back (E.g., 37o C x 9 / 5 + 32 = 98.6o F), these problems require you to work backwards and forward from the data given.Also, all the clues and formulas you need are on PPT, E.g., a + c / total pop = prevalence.Remember, be sensitive to the ill. Read the Evaluating Screening Tests. Then proceed to answer the scenario questions. See attached file Scenario 1: The prevalence (a + c in the table below) of previously undetected diabetes in a population to be screened is approximately 1.5% and it is assumed that 10,000 persons will be screened.The screening test will measure blood serum sugar content.A value of 180 mg/dl or higher is considered positive.The sensitivity (a) and the specificity (d) associated with this screening are 22.9% and 99.8% respectively. Questions 1-9: Using the information on the PPT set up a two by two table with the appropriate numbers in each cell of the table.Round to the nearest whole number, but only after you have completed all the calculations down through.(Condition Absent or Present is determined by symptoms.) (1 point per box) Ills Wells Total people Positive tests (A or True +) (B or False +) (A+B or all positive tests) Negative tests (C or False - ) (D or True -) (C+D or all negative tests) Total tests (A+C or all ills) (B+D or all wells) 10,000 Total Population Calculate as indicated Answer 10. The percentage of false positives among all those without the condition (the Type I Error Rate, or 1 – specificity), or b / (b + d) 11.The percentage of false negatives among all those with the condition (the Type II Error Rate, or 1 – sensitivity), or c / (a + c) 12.The predictive value of a positive (PPV) test, or = a / (a + b) 13.The predictive value of a negative (NPV) test, or = d / (c + d) 14. Based on the calculations above, how many false positives and negatives will occur if 100,000 people are screened? Scenario 2: To observe the effect of increasing sensitivity, assume a blood sugar screening level of 130 mg/dl, with (A) sensitivity of 44.3% and (D) specificity of 99.0%. Use the values for a + c from the table below to calculate prevalence.Questions 15-23: Using the information in thePPT, set up a two by two table with the appropriate numbers in each cell of the table.Round to the nearest whole number, but only after you have completed all the calculations down through.(Condition Absent or Present is determined by symptoms.) (1 point per box) Ills Wells Total people Positive tests (A or True +) (B or False +) (A+B or all positive tests) Negative tests (C or False -) (D or True -) (C+D or all negative tests) Total tests (A+C or all ills) (B+D or all wells) 10,000 Total Population Calculate as indicated Answer 24.The percentage of false positives among all those without the condition (the Type I Error Rate, or 1 – specificity), or b / (b + d) 25. The percentage of false negatives among all those with the condition (the Type II Error Rate, or 1 – sensitivity), or c / (a + c) 26.The predictive value of a positive (PPV) test, or = a / (a + b) 27. The predictive value of a negative (NPV) test, or d / (c + d) 28.Based on the calculations above, how many false positives (b x 10) and negatives (c x 10) will occur if 100,000 people are screened? Select a laboratory test and describe its: 29. Explain the clinical significance of a diagnostic test’s sensitivity and specificity. Be specific in your explanation by using a diagnostic test as an example. 30.Compare the findings of Scenario 1 and 2.If you were the director for the diabetes screening program would you prefer to screen at 130 mg or 180 mg percent? Explain why. Resources:Textbook: Katz, D., Elmore, J., Wild, D., Lucan, S. (2013). Jekel's epidemiology, biostatistics, preventive medicine, and public health (4th ed). New York, NY: Elsevier.Chapter 1 Basic Epidemiologic Concepts and PrinciplesChapter 2 Epidemiologic Data MeasurementsChapter 6 Assessment of Risk and Benefits in Epidemiological Studies – not sure if this fits hereChapter 23 Birth Outcomes: A Global PerspectiveTextbook: Macha, K., & McDonough, J. P. (2012). Epidemiology for advanced nursing practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett LearningChapters 2 and 6.