Pathophysiology signature assignment

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Patho Signature Assignment

Comprehensive Case Study on COPD, Heart Failure, Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus

M.K. is a 45 year old female; measuring 5’5” and weighs 225 lbs. M.K. has a history of smoking about 22 years along with a poor diet. She has a history of Type II diabetes mellitus along with primary hypertension. M.K. has recently been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis. Her current symptoms include chronic cough, more severe in the mornings with sputum, light-headedness, distended neck veins, excessive peripheral edema, and increase urination at night. Her current medications include Lotensin and Lasix for the hypertension along with Glucophage for the Type II diabetes mellitus. The following are lab findings that are pertinent to this case:

Vitals

BP

158/98 mm Hg

CBC

Hematocrit

57%

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

7.3 %

Arterial Blood Gas Assessment

PaCO₂

52 mm Hg

PaO₂

48 mm Hg

Lipid Panel

Cholesterol

242 mg/dL

HDL

32 mg/dL

LDL

173 mg/dL

Triglycerides

184 mg/dL


  1. What clinical findings correlate with M.K.’s chronic bronchitis? What type of treatment and recommendations would be appropriate for M.K.’s chronic bronchitis?
  2. Which type of heart failure would you suspect with M.K.? Explain the pathogenesis of how this type of heart failure develops.
  3. According to the B.P. value, what stage of hypertension is M. K. experiencing? Explain the rationale for her current medications for her hypertension. Also, discuss the impact of this disease in the U.S. population.
  4. According to the lipid panel, what other condition is M.K. at risk for? According to this case study, what other medications should be given and why? What additional findings correlate for both hypertension and Type II diabetes mellitus?
  5. Interpret the lab value for HbA1c and explain the rationale for this value in relation to normal/abnormal body function?

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Running head: COPD, HEART FAILURE AND DIABETES MELLITUS

Case Study on COPD, Heart Failure, Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus
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COPD, HEART FAILURE AND DIABETES MELLITUS

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAt) deficiency is a medical condition that increases the chances of
acquiring liver and lung diseases. It occurs when the body does not produce enough protein that
is sufficient to protect the lungs leaving them vulnerable to diseases especially if the person
smokes tobacco. It is a genetic disease and can be identified through blood tests and genetic tests.
Some of the symptoms include shortness of breath accompanied by wheezing, frequent lung
infections and tiredness. When one has AAt deficiency, they contract emphysema which causes
difficulties in breathing (Mannino et al., 2008). Smoking tobacco accelerates these symptoms
and causes damage to the lungs. The patient, M.K has been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis.
This disease is characterized by coughing along with the production of sputum. This disease is
however manageable and through treatment methods, it is possible to slow down the progress of
the disease. Some of these treatment methods include bronchodilator medications, antibiotics,
vaccines, surgery, oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation. Bronchodilator medications
involve the use of inhalers which provide relief to the patient by clearing the air passage and
relaxing the patient. Use of antibiotics helps in fighting respiratory infections. Patients with
chronic bronchitis should also take flu shots every year and pneumonia vaccines every 5-7 years
to reduce the chances of contracting other respiratory complications. One of the most important
treatments is the pulmonary rehabilitation. It involves educating the patient, provision of
nutrition counseling, providing breathing exercises and assistance in quitting smoki...


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