FOCUSED AND SHIFTING ATTENTION IN CHILDREN WITH HEAVY PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE

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children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and answer questions below for each individual article. Also each question only requires 4 sentences Find 2 articles that have to do with Summarize the claims made by the authors of the foundational research presented in your chosen track regarding how humans develop over their life span . B. Summarize the claims made by the authors of the foundational research presented in your chosen track regarding physical, social, and environmental factors that influence development. C. Explain how the view of the human life span has evolved over the history of developmental psychology. Support your response with examples from the literature. D. Explain the conclusions you can reach about collective research in developmental psychology . Support you r response with examples from the literature. E. Describe the specific research designs used in the foundational research presented in your chosen track to address research questions. F. Explain how research designs were used by authors to conduct research in developmental psychology. G. Describe how issues of ethics have been addressed in the foundational research presented in your chosen track . H. Describe how issues of ethics in developmental psychology have been viewed historically.
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Kindly see attached doc file with the answer to the eight questions for each of the papersI've also included a copy of the papers used in case you're requested to present them, as well as a plagiarism report

Running head: ALCOHOL PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND DEVELOPMENT

Alcohol Prenatal Exposure and Development
(Name)
(Course
(Date)

1

ALCOHOL PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND DEVELOPMENT

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Mattson, S. N., Calarco, K. E., & Lang, A. R. (2006). Focused and shifting attention in children
with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Neuropsychology, 20(3), 361-369. doi:10.1037/08944105.20.3.361
Question 1. Summarize the claims made by the authors regarding how humans develop over
their life span
Prenatal exposure to heavy alcohol increases the probability of the child to have developmental
problems. One of the main problems of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is related to attention
deficit. Children that were exposed to high doses of alcohol during pregnancy have lowest visual
and auditory focus and take a longer time to change between visual and auditory attention.
However, alcohol did not seem to have a significant impact on their ability to understand when
visual or auditory attention was required.

Question 2. Summarize the claims made by the authors regarding physical, social and
environmental factors that influence development
Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure increases the probability of the children from suffering of
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by 2.5 times. Similar trends are observed for white
children than for children of other ethnicities. Socioeconomic status of children does not seem to
impact attention deficit. The possible influence of the children’s general intelligence was avoided
by removing children having an IQ higher than 120 or lower than 80 from the study.

Question 3. Explain how the view of the human life span has evolved over the history of
developmental psychology
The aspects of the evolution of the point of view of human life span over the history of
developmental psychology are analyzed in the introduction of the paper. Previous research done
on attention deficit studies on children exposed to prenatal alcohol focuses on the impact of
alcohol on visual attention deficit. Very little had been studied so far about the effects of alcohol
fetal exposure in auditory attention or attention shift. The proposed study tries to analyze all
three possible types of attention deficit.

Question 4. Explain the conclusions you can reach about collective research in developmental
psychology
Heavy prenatal exposure to alcohol has been correlated with growth deficiencies, facial
dysmorphology and CNS dysfunction. Even if all three are criteria are required for the diagnosis
of fetal alcohol syndrome, not all children that have been heavily exposed to prenatal alcohol
present the three of them, meaning many will go misdiagnosed. In the present study, only 50% of
the children that had been heavily exposed to alcohol during pregnancy presented all three
characteristic criteria of fetal alcohol syndrome.
One of the typical CNS dysfunction problems of fetal alcohol syndrome is related to attention
deficit. In this regard, children diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome and that had been exposed

ALCOHOL PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND DEVELOPMENT

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to high dosages of alcohol during pregnancy generally have lower coefficients of intelligence,
present learning problems or are unable of correlating the visual signal to their surrounding
environment.

Question 5. Describe the specific research designs used in foundational research
The study is based on the comparison of the visual and auditory attention of children. Children
were divided into three groups:
- FASD: Children that had been exposed to high dosages of prenatal alcohol and that met
all three criteria to be diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome
- FAS: Children that had been exposed to high dosages of prenatal alcohol but did not meet
at least one of the criteria and could not be diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome
- CON or control group: Children that had not been exposed to prenatal alcohol
Children were tested for attention deficit problems using standardized visual focus, auditory
focus and attention shift tests.

Question 6. Explain how research designs were used by authors to conduct research in
developmental psychology
Attention focus and attention shift of children in the study was assessed through a standardized
computerized protocol. Visual focus and auditory focus was evaluated by stimulating children
with blue and yellow squares and high and low tones at a rate of 450-1450 ms. Attention shift
involved changing visual and auditory stimuli with in intervals of up to 30 s.
Data regarding the response time of children to received stimuli were compared within the three
groups, searching for any existing relationship between the response time and exposure to
prenatal alcohol.

Question 7. Describe how issues of ethics have been addressed in the foundational research
paper
Children have been randomly selected, meaning all of them had the same chance of being
selected for the study.
The demographics of the children included in the study had been considered to ensure that they
have a similar frequency on both the control and the study groups.
Informed consent was obtained from the children’s parents.
Critical data of children were conveniently protected and their identity was kept anonymous
throughout the study.

ALCOHOL PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND DEVELOPMENT

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Question 8. Describe how issues of ethics in developmental psychology have been viewed
historically
The ethical issues that have traditionally research in developmental psychology and that are
considered in the current study are:
- Data protection: It is vital that the identity of children is protected
- Respect for other gender, races, ethnicities…: The study covers children from different
ethnicities, with a similar representation on both control and study groups
-...


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