Description
Acetaminophen poisoning
Salicylate poisoning
Two different documents
Explanation & Answer
Attached.
1
1) From the first group, my favorite poem was “Chaos Order”.
2) From “Chaos Order”, the separation of one side from the other invoked the meaning of what
makes an action random versus what makes a planned, rational motion order.
3) “Chaos Order” is spontaneous and tightly structured, oddly enough. Each side must balance the
other before the reader loses a sense of the theme the poem explores.
4) “Chaos Order” very effectively separated the passage by formatting, which conveyed the
difference between the two terms in the title. In the middle of the poem, the actions juxtaposed
against one another contrast sharply: Pouncing vs. snoring. Left side spontaneous, right side
order; left sight actionable, right side sedated. “
5) 6) If I could offer a suggestion to “Chaos Order”, I would remove the rhyme in the middle of the
poem. It doesn’t help the phrasing, and it is used only once which feels very ungainly.
Find the attached doc,best regards,
ACETAMINOPHEN TOXICITY
Joanne Medina
Scope:
Introduction
Risk factors
Cause
Signs and symptoms
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Prognosis
Introduction:
Paracetamol toxicity is caused by excessive use or overdose of the analgesic drug
acetaminophen.
Mainly causing liver injury, paracetamol toxicity is one of the most common causes of
poisoning worldwide.
Many individuals with paracetamol toxicity may have no symptoms at all in the first
24 hours following overdose.
Others may initially have nonspecific complaints such as vague abdominal pain and
nausea.
With progressive disease, signs of liver failure may develop; these include low blood
sugar , low blood pH , easy bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy .
Some will spontaneously resolve, although untreated cases may result in death.
Cause:
The toxic dose of paracetamol is highly variable. In general the recommended
maximum daily dose for healthy adults is 3 grams. Higher doses lead to increasing
risk
of toxicity. In adults, single doses above 10 grams or 200 mg/kg of bodyweight,
whichever is lower, have a reasonable likelihood of causing toxicity.
In adults, a dose of 6 grams a day over the preceding 48 hours could potentially lead
to toxicity, while in children acute dosesabove 200 mg/kg could potentially cause
toxicity.
Acute paracetamol overdose in children rarely causes illness or death, and it is very
uncommon for children to have levels that require treatment, with chronic larger-thannormal doses being the major cause of toxicity in children.
Intravenous doses should be smaller than those taken orally, all other things being
equal.
In rare individuals, paracetamol toxicity can result from normal use. This may be due
to individual ("idiosyncratic") differences in the expression and activity of certain
enzymes in one of the metabolic pathways that handle paracetamol.
Damage to the liver, or hepatotoxicity, results not from paracetamol itself, but from one
of its metabolites , N -acetyl- p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI)( Nacetylimidoquinone).
The severity of paracetamol toxicity varies depending on the dose and whether
appropriate treatment is received.
Risk factors for toxicity
1. Excessive chronic alcohol intake,
2. Fasting or anorexia nervosa ,
3. Concomitant use of other drugs that induce CYP enzymes, such as antiepileptics
including carbamaze...
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