HAS 921 Assessment 3 – Pilot Presentation In order to complete Assessment 3 you are required to develop and pilot a questionnaire or interview guide that addresses your research question from Assessments 1 and 2. The purpose of your pilot study is to ‘pre-test’ or ‘try out’ the research instrument you have developed. For this assessment you will use the pilot process to determine the appropriateness of:     The layout, wording and order of questions Range of answers Time to complete the questionnaire/interview guide In addition, you will also be able to ask you fellow students for feedback on your research instrument. Pilot Study process This will take place during the Week 10 and 11 tutorials. Each student will provide a copy of their research instrument to the other members in their groups and ask them to complete the research tool. Completed questionnaires are then collected and kept for analysis by the student. Please note that it is not be possible to pre-test your research instrument on your proposed target population as this would require ethics approval. Therefore this pilot study can be considered as an initial pilot study amongst your peers to determine face validity. Sample Questionnaires An interview guide and a range of quantitative surveys have been provided in the Moodle site as examples of layouts, types of questions, response categories. These are examples only and are not to be used as your overall questionnaire. Individual questions relevant to your topic can be used but must be referenced appropriately. -------------------------ASSIGNMENT LAYOUT The following items should be included in your presentation about the pilot testing process. Refer also to marking rubric for specific breakdown of included contents. Background  A clear description of the background to your research topic and the need for your study based on your literature review in Assessment 2. You should refer to sufficient and appropriate material from relevant and credible sources where necessary. Research Question  A clear description of the research question with respect to your pilot testing of your questionnaire or interview guide. Aim(s) and Objective(s)  A clear description of the aim(s) and objective(s). Pilot study questionnaire or interview guide  Provide details about how the questionnaire or interview guide was developed  If appropriate, describe the sections within the questionnaire  If an existing questionnaire was used, provide background detail, reliability and validity and relevance to your research topic Pilot Study method  Describe the process for how you pilot tested the tool in class/online Strengths and limitations of the research tool Discuss:  How well the research tool was received by those who completed it  How the feedback from other students (if received) will be used to make changes or improvements Conclusions  Discuss the next steps in the research process (e.g. another pilot test, implementation of a research study)? References  Use published literature to guide development of survey/interview guide, especially the methodology  Provide appropriate references/citations following referencing guide rules -------------------------- PRESENTATION Your in class presentation will be marked according to the following:       Logical order of presentation and easy to follow Appropriate verbal communication style PowerPoint slides - well-structured with an appropriate amount of information per slide and correct grammar Speaker kept to time Confidently answered audience questions demonstrating a good knowledge of the selected issue Demonstrated a deeper knowledge of the issue beyond the basic information required in the presentation Unsatisfactory Pass Credit Distinction High Distinction Research question, aim(s), objectives and development of tool are not provided, unclear or superficial. Sources are not relevant or not credible. Critical reflection is missing or superficial. Research question, aim(s), objectives and development of tool are to a satisfactory level; some elements missing or incorrect. Relevant and credible sources used. Critical reflection is satisfactory. Research question, aim(s), objectives and development of tool are to a good level. Relevant and credible sources used. Critical reflection is to a good level. Research question, aim(s), objectives and development of tool are to a very good level. Relevant and credible sources used. Critical reflection is to a very good level. Research question, aim(s), objectives and development of tool are to an excellent good level. Relevant and credible sources used. Critical reflection is to an excellent level. Presentation (5 marks) • Clear and logical presentation • Appropriate PowerPoint and verbal presentation • Speaker kept to time Presentation is unclear and/or illogical. PowerPoint and verbal presentations are unsatisfactory or superficial. Speaker did not keep time. Presentation is clear and/or logical. PowerPoint and verbal presentations are satisfactory; some elements missing or incomplete. Speaker kept to time. Presentation is clear and/or logical. PowerPoint and verbal presentations are to a good level. Speaker kept to time. Presentation is clear and/or logical. PowerPoint and verbal presentations are to a very good level. Speaker kept to time. Presentation is clear and/or logical. PowerPoint and verbal presentations are to an excellent. Speaker kept to time. Answ. Questions (3 marks) • Confidently answered audience questions, demonstrating knowledge of the selected issue • Demonstrated a deeper knowledge of the issue beyond the basic information required in the presentation • Does not confidently answer audience questions, demonstrating a less than satisfactory knowledge of the selected issue • Does not demonstrate a deeper knowledge of the issue beyond the basic information required in the presentation • Confidently answers audience questions, demonstrating a less than satisfactory knowledge of the selected issue; some elements incomplete • Demonstrates a deeper knowledge of the issue beyond the basic information required in the presentation • Confidently answers audience questions, demonstrating a good knowledge of the selected issue • Demonstrates a deeper knowledge of the issue beyond the basic information required in the presentation • Confidently answers audience questions, demonstrating a very good knowledge of the selected issue • Demonstrates a deeper knowledge of the issue beyond the basic information required in the presentation • Confidently answers audience questions, demonstrating excellent knowledge of the selected issue • Demonstrates a deeper knowledge of the issue beyond the basic information required in the presentation Content (5 marks) Clear description of the research questions, aim(s), objective(s) and tool development • Uses relevant, credible sources • Critically reflects on issues raised in the pilot process Evidence (2 marks) • Use published literature to guide development of survey/interview guide • Provide appropriate references/citations following referencing guide rules • Does not use or superficially uses published literature to guide development of survey/interview guide • Does not provide or provides inappropriate references/citations; referencing is poor Overall Grade Work showing an unsatisfactory achievement on the overall objectives of the assessment criteria (049% ) • Uses published literature to guide development of survey/interview guide to a satisfactory level; some elements missing • Provides appropriate references/citations; referencing style is sound Work showing a satisfactory achievement on the overall objectives of the subject assessment criteria (5064%) • Uses published literature to guide development of survey/interview guide to a good level • Provides appropriate references/citations; referencing style is sound • Uses published literature to guide development of survey/interview guide to a very good level • Provides appropriate references/citations; referencing style is sound • Uses published literature to guide development of survey/interview guide to an excellent level • Provides appropriate references/citations; referencing style is sound Work of good quality on the overall objectives of the assessment criteria (65-74%) Work of superior quality on the overall objectives of the assessment criteria (75-84%) Work of outstanding quality on all objectives of the assessment criteria (85-100%) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) By: Name Course Professor’s Name Institution Location of institution Date 1 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) Literature Review Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a serious public health issue across many global societies. Insufficient levels of insulin characterize the disease, or the body’s resistance to the role of insulin, a condition that causes poor glycemic control resulting in hyperglycemia, (Marks, Coyne and Pang, 2001). Consequently, hyperglycemia causes metabolic complications resulting into chronic microvascular complications. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, abbreviated as T2DM, is the most prevalent diabetic disease taking a proportion of approximately 90% of all Australians having diabetes mellitus. According to Dunning (2013), about 7% of the Australian population aged 25 years and above T2DM, and this proportion is likely to increase over time. Besides, native Australian youths are more likely to have diabetes by a factor of three as compared to non-indigenous Australian young people. Though it is expected that the type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence increases with age, the recent observation is that the youths are increasingly developing the disease at an alarming rate, (Dunning, 2013). The type 2 diabetes mellitus occurs as a result of decreased sensitivity of various body cells to insulin or as a result of reduced secretion of insulin. The treatment of this health condition requires proper diet and a lot of exercises. However, if glucose levels are extremely high, oral hypoglycemic agents replace the role of diet in controlling and treating the condition. Notably, patients that use diet and exercise to control their type 2 diabetes mellitus require injections of insulin surgeries or when illnesses occur. Notably, patients having the type 2 diabetic mellitus condition often experience a disrupted lifestyle, a strenuous psychological adjustment process, and more importantly, they incur high medical expenses in controlling and treating the condition. In as much as the type 2 diabetes mellitus carries a 2 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) strong genetic influence, it has a little or no correlation with the human leucocytes antigen type. Research Questions What are the main factors that influence development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus? What treatment and management strategies can be employed in addressing the issue of type 2 diabetes mellitus? Aims 1. To identify the main factors that causes the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2. To determine the treatment and management strategies can be employed in addressing the issue of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hypothesis Genetic factors are the main causes of insulin resistance and hence they have a significant influence on the instigation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Search Strategy To accomplish the purpose of this study, this literature review applies resources from various health databases, the internet, Google Books, and from reviews of previously searched papers about type 2 diabetes mellitus. Some of the commonly applied search terms include; type 2 diabetes mellitus, Australian population, young people, causes, signs and symptoms, and management and control. Though this study applied the general information concerning diabetes in some instances, in others, it excluded all other information and limited the research to information concerning T2DM. Causes Though T2DM has existed for a long time, the exact mechanisms that affect the impairment of insulin secretion and resistance to body cells remain unknown. However, scientists and healthcare professionals attribute genetic factors as possible causes of insulin 3 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) resistance. Moreover, other risk factors include; age, family background, and history, ethnicity, stress and obesity, (Mills, 2006). Signs and symptoms The signs and symptoms of T2DM occur as a result of excessive sugar in the blood; a condition referred to as hyperglycemia. Some of these signs and symptoms include; increased urine output that contains glucose, increased feeling of thirst, high appetite due to cellular starvation, and a reduced storage of calories. Ideally, the reduction in insulin leads to ineffective carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, which in turn causes weight loss. As well, diabetes mellitus patients experience insurmountable fatigue, (Mayoclinic.org, n.d.). Importantly, wounds take long to heal as a result of the poor blood circulation, and also, victims may experience blurred vision, feelings of nausea, and dry mucous membranes if they fail to take enough fluids to offset the water deficiency caused by osmotic diuresis, (Medifocus.com, 2011). In essence, the complications associated with diabetes have over time caused high morbidity and mortality rates in Australia. However, in spite of these challenges, various interventions may be applied to reduce, manage and control the disease among the patients while minimizing the rate at which it develops in different people. Management and control of diabetes mellitus The management and control of diabetes involve taking the measures that ensure a healthy lifestyle by performing regular exercises, taking the correct diet and having the correct medication as prescribed by healthcare professionals. Diet In the management of diabetes, diet plays a vital role because it provides the essential food constituents that are necessary to meet the energy requirements of the body, assists in regulating body weight, controls blood lipid levels and regulates blood glucose levels. Ideally, treating T2DM requires diet and exercise unless elevated levels of glucose appear 4 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) when insulin injections are given, (McCulloch, 2016). In many cases, healthcare providers prescribe strict dietary restrictions to diabetics with the aim of ensuring that the people with diabetes consume only the diet that is necessary to maintain a healthy living without causing blood sugar imbalances and other effects associated with diabetes. The consumption of moderate sugars has gained wider acceptance throughout Australia despite some patients finding difficulties in adhering to strict meal plans. Exercise Regular exercise is a vital component of diabetes management in the sense that it assists in weight reduction and regulation of cholesterol levels in the body. As well, exercising reduces blood glucose, and also, it eliminates most of the risk factors that are likely to cause cardiovascular problems, (Park and Lee, 2015). It improves the body’s metabolic processes thereby enhancing the uptake of glucose and insulin utilization. It is therefore important for diabetics to conduct regular exercises to maintain a constant blood glucose level. Besides, they ought to consult the healthcare personnel before resuming exercise so that they get appropriate advice about when to exercise, and when to halt depending on their blood glucose levels. Treatment and control of diabetes through medication The treatment of T2DM may be performed using the oral anti-diabetic drugs or through injecting insulin into the patient’s body. The oral anti-diabetic drugs are prescribed if a patient’s blood glucose levels remain high despite consuming the prescribed diet. According to (Webmed.com, n.d.), these drugs serve to reduce the imbalance of blood sugar that is likely to occur as a result of decreased production of insulin, the changes in the absorption of glucose from glucose-containing diets, or insulin resistance by body cells. Therefore, the treatment of diabetes using oral anti-diabetic drugs plays a pivotal role of 5 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) ensuring that the blood glucose levels remain at safe levels to ensure healthy living. As well, the treatment of diabetes could be done through insulin injections. According to (Wong and Yue, 2004), the use of insulin for treatment takes place if a type 2 diabetic fails to achieve safe metabolic control through diet regulation, exercise or the use of oral agents. Understandably, insulin injections can be short-acting, intermediate or long-acting depending on the duration for which they are given. Stumbling blocks to diabetic management and control Diabetic management and control seek to reduce the prevalence of diabetes in the Australian population through creating awareness about the causes of the disease, its symptoms, defensive techniques while offering treatment for the diabetic persons. However, there are a few barriers that prevent the success of this process. For instance, diabetics’ resistance to a support system or their failure to comply with particular prescribed medication requirements may challenge effective diabetes control. As well, having been diagnosed with diabetes, a diabetic’s life changes from joy and happiness to a life of sorrow and frustration, (Low, Tong and Low, 2014). In this case, such feelings of frustration and sorrow arise from the changes in lifestyles owing to the loss of control of their first freedom to eat and exercise at free will. Therefore, holding their personality together requires immense moral support. Besides, the control and management of diabetes require the adherence to a strict set of guidelines and rules, and therefore, a diabetic patient must abandon some of their usual practices, while adopting new ones so that he or she can cope with the disease for the remaining part of their lives. For example, a patient may be required to carry snacks more often to boost their glucose level whenever they feel weak. A majority of these patients perceive the change as a punishment owing to the uncertainties involved, and as well, they may suffer from their friends’ and relatives’ perception about them. 6 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) Socio-cultural and religious beliefs affecting prognosis Beliefs comprise of the levels of acceptance or trust about something as the correct thing. Ideally, different people hold different beliefs and practices concerning their cultures, and such beliefs and practices may be difficult to discard, even at the expense of replacing them with decent practices that are good for their health, (Sachdeva et al., 2015). For instance, many societies perceive their foods as having a cultural significance besides offering nutritional value. In clinical terms and perspectives, such cultural influences are likely to affect nutrition in two distinct ways. Firstly, culture-specific meals may have limited nutrient compositions that differ significantly from the prescribed diets for controlling and managing diabetes. As well, culture may encourage people to consume particular meals or drinks that are dangerous to human health, (Sachdeva et al., 2015). For instance, certain sacred foods or traditional medicines that are unique to different cultures may not have the correct nutrient components to ensure good health among the diabetics. Thus, whenever the cultural beliefs and practices co-exist, there is a high likelihood of obesity and other dietrelated problems. Complications of diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus patients are likely to develop complications as a result of their current health condition. In this case, chronic diabetes condition is likely to cause such complications as; neuropathy, macro-vascular and microvascular complications. According to Leontis and Hess-Fischl (n.d.), macro-vascular complications entail the atherosclerotic changes that take place in the larger blood vessels. Such changes may cause macro-vascular diseases depending on the lesion location. For instance, the coronary artery disease occurs as a result of the atherosclerotic changes that take place in the coronary arteries, which in turn cause increased myocardial infarctions in diabetics. As well, the cerebral vascular disease occurs as a result of the atherosclerotic changes that take place in the cerebral blood vessels, 7 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and which could cause transient ischemic attacks and strokes. As well, the microvascular complications comprise of the diseases that manifest in the small blood vessels caused by the thickening of the membranes of the capillaries and arterioles, (Muggeo, 1998). Such complications are common in the eye’s retina and the kidney. Finally, type 2 diabetic mellitus patients experience the neuropathy condition to some degree, (Muggeo, 1998). Neuropathy refers to the series of diseases that affect the nerves causing the loss of sensation of the limbs. Conclusion and summary In conclusion, this literature review looks into the research, the possible causes, management and control practices, and complications in the context of T2DM, which is a major public health issue across many modern societies. The nation experiences escalating levels of the disease not only among the older adults but also with its young population. Ideally, the research found that T2DM is the most common diabetic condition having the highest proportion of the entire population of diabetic patients, and it occurs as a result of insulin resistance or impaired insulin secretion. As well, genetic factors are common risk factors that may reduce insulin resistance among patients. The continuous increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus cases among the Australian population raises the alarm for the immediate implementation of measures that can control the disease. Research has revealed that consuming the correct diet, exercising regularly and taking prescribed medication correctly is effective management and control measures of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Though healthcare professionals and other stakeholders may be working extra hard to control this problem within the Australian population, a few stumbling blocks prevent the success of their efforts. In this case, research has found that some patients may be opposed to a support system while others may develop feelings of frustration and anxiety concerning their condition. Besides, cultural influences and beliefs affect the success of the management process. Some of the complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus include; the neuropathy, microvascular 8 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and macro-vascular diseases. Overall, this literature review succeeds in substantiating a few themes that include the causes, signs and symptoms, control, stumbling blocks, the influence of cultural and religious beliefs in managing the disease, and the complications that are commonly associated with the condition. 9 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) References Dunning, T., 2013. Information needs of young adults with type 2 diabetes: a literature review. [ebook] pp.19-25. Available at: [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. Leontis, L. and Hess-Fischl, A., n.d. Type 2 Diabetes Complications. [online] EndocrineWeb. Available at: [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. Low, L., Tong, S. and Low, W., 2014. Mixed Feelings about the Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Consequence of Adjusting To Health Related Quality Of Life. [online] NCBI. Available at: [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. Marks, G., Coyne, T. and Pang, G., 2001. Type 2 Diabetes Costs in Australia - the potential impact of changes in diet, physical activity and levels of obesity. [ebook] pp.1-6. Available at: [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. Mayoclinic.org, n.d. Type 2 diabetes - Symptoms and causes. [online] Mayo Clinic. Available at: [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. McCulloch, D., 2016. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Insulin treatment. [online] Uptodate.com. Available at: [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. Medifocus.com, 2011. Medifocus Guidebook On: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. [ebook] Medifocus.com, Inc, pp.21-22. Available at: [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. Mills, E., 2006. Handbook of Medical-surgical Nursing. 4th ed. [ebook] London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp.251-252. Available at: [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. MUggeo, M., 1998. Accelerated complications in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: the need for greater awareness and earlier detection.. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. Park, J. and Lee, Y., 2015. Effects of exercise on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Koreans: the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V). Journal of Physical Therapy Science, [online] 27(11), pp.3559-3564. Available at: [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. Sachdeva, S., Khan, Z., Mishra, S., Sharma, G., Khalique, N. and Ansari, M., 2015. Cultural determinants: Addressing barriers to holistic diabetes care. Journal of Social Health and Diabetes, [online] 3(1), p.33. Available at: [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. Webmed.com, n.d. Drugs and Medications Search. [online] Webmd.com. Available at: [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. 11 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) Wong, J. and Yue, D., 2004. Starting insulin treatment in type 2 diabetes. Australian Prescriber, [online] 27(4), pp.93-96. Available at: [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. 12 48% 12:12 + HAS 921 Subject Outline -... Q ECT OUTLINE SPRING 2017 Develop and pilot a research tool (questionnaire or interview guide) and presentation of research tool pilot results Pilot test survey tool: During tutorials in weeks 10 and 11 Presentations: PowerPoint due 9.30am 16 October; presentations during week 12 & 13 lecture and tutorials. • Based on your research question, develop and pilot either a questionnaire or an interview guide. • Give a short presentation to your peers to communicate the development and outcomes of your pilot survey/guide, at a standard which may be delivered at a research conference. Question time will also occur. You will be timed for this activity and will be stopped if you go over time. As a guide aim for approximately 10 ppt slides. Distance students: Pilot testing of research tools will be conducted through an online forum with tools uploaded Adobe Connect online meetings will be arranged during weelza 12 and 12 far vam to nresant vaur findings
Purchase answer to see full attachment