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Principles of Sociology
CHAPTER 13
Credentialing
This is the process through which an individual is vetted for eligibility of a specific job or
responsibility. During this process, the academic and professional qualifications are evaluated for
assurances that the individual possesses the desirable qualities.
The central sociological principle of education as it pertains to national needs
The main principle is the need for education of children to reflect the culture and economy of the
nation. It is important for the core sociological principle of education in a country to foster
patriotism and instill knowledge about the social norms and economic values of the country. This
is important in sustaining the fundamental ideals of the nation from one generation to the next.
The functions performed by schools
Schools serve five basic functions. Socialization enables the child to develop interpersonal skills
and language proficiency. Cultural transmission provides crucial knowledge about the dominant
culture. Social change empowers the student to engage in innovative thinking and rational
decision-making. Social and political integration builds identity and allows the student to
become incorporated into society. Social placement helps in identifying individual talents and
goals in the student.
The Hidden Curriculum and Conflict Theory
The Hidden Curriculum encompasses the lessons learned that were not intended to be officially
taught in the educational institution. This includes relaying of values, moral principles and
perspectives. This is important in maintaining social and cultural ideals, or developing new
ideals as required. The Conflict Theory holds that society is in an unremitting competition for
limited resources. Due to this continuous competition, social order is only maintained by power
and dominance. Those with better abilities gain access to more resources. This theory fosters the
social individualism taught to children from a young age. Conflict theorists argue that the hidden
curriculum encourages social inequalities.
College attendance predictor
The most significant predictor of college attendance is social influence. This is because the
student is heavily influenced by their surroundings and social norms of those around them. Some
students may find motivation from disadvantaged backgrounds because of their social ideals.
College attendance is therefore heavily influenced by how the student is integrated socially.
George Farkas’ study of teacher expectations
Farkas discovered that...