Description
provide thorough PowerPoint notes To present in a symposium on reproductive health.
Explanation & Answer
Attached.
ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY
ABDUL HAMID
CAESAR MAKARA
FIDELIS HEBULEY
KENNETH KIBET
DEFINITIONS
Anemia in pregnancy is often defined as a hemoglobin
measurement below 10 g/dL or hematocrit below 30%.
Anemia in non-pregnant women is defined as hemoglobin
concentration less than 12 g/dL
Centers for Disease Control defined anemia as less than 11
g/dL in the first and third trimesters, and less than 10.5 g/dL
in the second trimester.
Any condition in which the number of red blood cells per
mm3, the amount of hemoglobin in 100 ml of blood, and/or
the volume of packed red blood cells per 100 ml of blood
are less than normal
Anemia is a significant maternal problem during
pregnancy.
A hemoglobin of less than 11 g/dL or a hematocrit of
less than 33% should be investigated and treated to
avoid blood transfusion and its related complications
A pregnant woman will lose blood during delivery and
the puerperium, and an anemic woman is therefore at
increased jeopardy.
PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY
With normal pregnancy, blood volume increases, which results in
a concomitant hemodilution.
During pregnancy, the blood volume increases by about 50% and
the red blood cell mass by about 25%
This physiologic hydremia of pregnancy will lower the hematocrit
but does not truly represent anemia.
Although red blood cell mass increases during pregnancy, plasma
volume increases more, resulting in a relative anemia.
This results in a physiologically lowered hemoglobin (Hb) level,
hematocrit (Hct) value, and red blood cell (RBC) count, but it has
no effect on the mean corpuscular volume (MCV).
Pregnancy-induced hypervolemia has several
important functions:
To meet the demands of the enlarged uterus with its
greatly hypertrophied vascular system.
To protect the mother, and in turn the fetus, against the
deleterious effects of impaired venous return in the
supine and erect positions.
To safeguard the mother against the adverse effects of
blood loss associated with parturition.
ETIOLOGY
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Acute Blood loss
Acquired
Anaemia of
Inflammation/Malignancy
Acquired hemolytic anemia
Aplastic/hypoplastic anemia
Anaemia
Hereditary
Thalassemias
Sickle-cell
hemoglobinopathies
Hereditary hemolytic
anemias
Other
hemoglobinopathies
IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA
The two most common causes of anemia during
pregnancy and the puerperium are iron deficiency
and acute blood loss
Iron deficiency is responsible for about 95% of the
anemias during pregnancy, reflecting the increased
demands for iron
ETIOLOGY OF IDA
A woman who is pregnant often has insufficient iron stores
to meet the demands of pregnancy.
Poor nutritional status frequently is associated with irondeficiency anemia
Malabsorption of iron.
Many women enter pregnancy with low iron stores
resulting from heavy menstrual periods, previous
pregnancies, breast feeding, or poor nutrition.
Physiological increase in iron requirements.
True anemia is common, mainly because of the demands of
the developing fetus on iron and folic acid, particularly
during the later months of pregnancy.
It is difficult to meet the increased requirement for iron
through diet, and anemia often develops unless iron
supplements are given.
PATHOGENESIS/CLINICAL FEATURES
Red cells may not become hypo-chromic and
microcytic until the hematocrit has fallen significantly.
(fall in MCV and MCH)
When this occurs, a serum iron lev...