Chapter 6 Association and Causality

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Principles of Epidemiology Midterm Exam Study Guide Howard University Dr. Walker Midterm Date: Thursday, October 19, 2017 Midterm Time: 10:15am – 12:15 pm Midterm Location: TBD The midterm will be comprehensive in nature and will consist of 25 questions, to include multiple choices, true/false, and essay-style questions. Please utilize the following questions below as a study guide to help you prepare for the midterm exam. Some of the questions listed below may be actual midterm exam questions, so it is highly advise that you carefully review and understand each question. 1. What is the purpose of surveillance systems? 2. What is meant by the terms health disparities and socioeconomic status (SES)? 3. What is the epidemic threshold for a disease? 4. How does power apply to statistical testing? 5. What is meant by bias in epidemiologic studies? 6. What is meant by age adjustment? 7. Describe the applications of age-adjusted rates. 8. What is the purpose of surveillance? 9. What type of scale is the Fahrenheit temperature scale? 10. What type of scale is the Kelvin temperature scale? 11. What is epidemiology? 12. Why is a unimodal curve important for epidemiology? 1 Principles of Epidemiology Midterm Exam Study Guide Howard University Dr. Walker 13. What is the difference between a parameter and a statistic? 14. State one of the most important ways in which ecologic studies differ from other observational study designs used in epidemiology. 15. What are the appropriate uses of incidence and prevalence data? 16. What is the definition of lifetime prevalence? 17. What is meant by an epidemic? 18. What is one of the main purposes of adjusted rates? 19. What are some examples of racial/ethnic classifications used to describe health characteristics? 20. What is meant by urban-rural differences? 21. What is meant by the ecologic fallacy? 22. How does the BFRSS differ from a surveillance system for infectious diseases? 23. What is the significance for epidemiology of a multimodal curve? 24. How do theories and hypotheses guide the process of epidemiologic research? 25. What role does epidemiology play within public health? 26. What are the advantages and disadvantages of crude and adjusted rates? 27. Why is epidemiology important to the U.S. Public Health System? 28. Describe race and ethnicity in your own words. 29. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? 30. Explain how urban-rural differences relate to morbidity and mortality of disease. Provide an example of each. 31. What do you believe are some of the advantages and disadvantages of using big data for epidemiologic research? 32. What are the three V's of big data and why are they significant? 33. What is meant by the term, big data? 2 Principles of Epidemiology Midterm Exam Study Guide Howard University Dr. Walker 34. What is the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BFRSS)? 35. What are the four types of bias? 36. Review the concepts of association between exposures and health outcomes. 3
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Hello! I just finished pulling this together. Please let me know if you need me to clean it up at all. Because you said that I didn't need to provide references and should just use the Powerpoints, I copied and pasted out of the powerpoint. I referenced the site that I found the information when I took something off the internet. If you need this in a different format or have any questions, please let me know! Thanks! 😀

1. What is the purpose of surveillance systems?
Its purpose is to promote the best use of public health resources through the development of
effective and efficient surveillance systems. It can serve as a guide for persons conducting their
first evaluation and as a reference for those who are already familiar with the evaluation process.
(https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001769.htm)
2. What is meant by the terms health disparities and socioeconomic status (SES)?
Health disparities - Health disparities are preventable differences in the burden of disease,
injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially
disadvantaged populations. (https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/disparities/)
SES –
Socioeconomic status (SES) measures a person’s social, economic, and work status.
• Social status is measured by how many years a person spent in school.
• Economic status is measured by how much money a person earns each year.
• Work status is measured by whether a person has a job.
(https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/healthdisparities/basic_info/challenges.htm)
3. What is the epidemic threshold for a disease?
The "epidemic threshold" is a certain percentage above what is considered normal for that
period. The normal level, or baseline, is statistically determined based on data from past flu
seasons. (https://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/41187-Epidemic-threshold)
4. How does power apply to statistical testing?
•In statistics, power is “…the ability of a study to demonstrate an association if one
exists.” (From Chapter 6 Powerpoint)
5. What is meant by bias in epidemiologic studies?
• Bias is “[s]ystematic deviation of results or inferences from truth....” (From Chapter 7
presentation)
6. What is meant by age adjustment?
Age adjustment is when a statistical procedure is applied to a certain population to create a
fairer comparison between two age groups with different outcomes by removing the effect
of differences in the composition of the different populations.
7. Describe the applications of age-adjusted rates.
The age...


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