1. What is the generalized equation for glucose metabolism? 2. Define glycolysis – 3. What are the two phases of glycolysis? 4. Where does glycolysis occur? 5. Does glycolysis require oxygen? 6. In the process of glycolysis, glucose is broken down into _________. 7. How much ATP is produced by glycolysis? 8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration – 9. Define fermentation – 10. What type of molecule is produced by our muscles that causes cramping? 11. What types of foods are produced by bacteria using fermentation? 12. What is pyruvate converted into before it enters the Krebs’ cycle? 13. What are the products of the Krebs’ Cycle? Under aerobic conditions, the NADH produced in glycolysis is carried to the _________ 14. Where do the Krebs’ cycle reactions take place? 15. Where is electron transport chain located in the mitochondria? 16. If glucose goes through glycolysis and all the way through the Krebs cycle, what is the fate of the six carbon molecules of glucose? 17. Define proton gradient and relate it to chemiosmosis – 18. What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? 19. How many ATP total can be produced from one glucose molecule? 1. Why do we say that the plasma membrane is a “fluid mosaic”? 2. What is the function of the phospholipids in the plasma membrane? 3. What is the function of the proteins in the membrane in general? 4. What do we mean when we say that a membrane is “selectively permeable”? 5. The ____________of a phospholipid are polar while the __________ of a phospholipid are nonpolar. 6. Distinguish between integral and peripheral proteins: 7. Define simple diffusion – 8. What kinds of molecules move across the plasma membrane by simple diffusion? 9. Define solute – 10. Define solution – 11. Understand what a concentration gradient is – 12. Define passive transport 13. Define facilitated diffusion 14. What kind of molecules can move across the plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion? 15. Define osmosis – 16. Define hypotonic solution – 17. Define hypertonic solution – 18. Define isotonic solution – 19. Define active transport – 20. What does active transport require in order for it to occur? 21. Define endocytosis 22. Define pinocytosis 23. Define phagocytosis 24. Define exocytosis 25. Be aware of desmosomes, tight junctions and gap junctions. 1. Define energy – 2. Define kinetic energy 3. Define potential energy 4. What is the first law of thermodynamics? 5. What is the second law of thermodynamics? 6. Define entropy – 7. What is the ultimate source of energy for most forms of life on Earth? 8. What are the reactants in a reaction? 9. What are the products of a reaction? 10. What type of reaction releases energy? 11. What type of reaction consumes energy? 12. What is activation energy? 13. Understand the concept of a coupled reaction? 14. How is cellular energy carried between coupled reactions? 15. Name the three most common energy-carrier molecule in cells: 16. Enzymes are protein ___________. 17. Draw and label and enzyme and its possible parts: 18. What is the active site of an enzyme? 19. Describe briefly feedback inhibition. 20. Describe briefly allosteric inhibition. 21. Describe briefly competitive inhibition. 22. What is a cofactor? Review of the Parts of the Cell Cell Structure Plasma Membrane (cell membrane) Cytoplasm (Cytosol) Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin / Chromosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Centriole Lysosome Microtubules and Cytoskeleton Flagellum Cilia Mitochondria Golgi apparatus (complex) Transport vesicle Ribosomes Chloroplast Review of the Parts of the Cell Function / Composition Guided Lecture Review – Cell Structure and Function 1. List the two parts of the “Cell Theory”. 2. What is the difference between a TEM image and SEM image using an electron microscope? 3. Why are most cells small and why do large organisms consist of many cells rather than one large cell? 4. What is an example of a prokaryotic cell? 5. What passes through the nuclear pores of the nuclear membrane? 6. Distinguish between chromatin and chromosome – 7. List the steps that a secreted protein takes once it leaves the rough ER. 8. What type of respiration occurs in the mitochondria? 9. Define cristae – 10. What is the internal fluid of the mitochondria called? 11. What is the difference between cilia and flagella? 12. Know structure and function of all organelles and other parts of a generalized cell.
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