PAPA which stands for PRIVACY, ACCESSIBILITY, PROPERTY, and ACCURACY

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PHI314

Wilmington University

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Richard Mason’s ethical framework for information technology is well known for the acronym PAPA which stands for PRIVACY, ACCESSIBILITY, PROPERTY, and ACCURACY.

Analyze these four areas of ethics (PAPA) in relation to your life as a student and an information technology professional.
Cite specific examples from cases, laws, class discussions and the text book and demonstrate their effect (PAPA) on you personally.
Your paper should be at least two but no longer than three pages.
APA format is not necessary but look at the PAPA rubric (attached) for specific requirements and pertinent grading information.

Complete it on time and make sure it is relevant and your own work!

Privacy - what information must a person reveal and how is the information safeguarded?
Accuracy - who is responsible for keeping information correct and what are remedies if it is not?
Property - who owns information and how is compensation determined?
Accessibility- how can a person obtain information and with what safeguards?
Mason's Outline of Ethical Issues: PAPA

http://facstaff.elon.edu/andersj/ethicsdiscussion....

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Wilmington University PHI314 Ethics in Information Technology PAPA rubric EVALUATION CRITERIA 1 Unsatisfactory 1 point 2 Developing 2 points 3 Acceptable 3 points 4 Accomplished 4 points Topic development Paper lacks organization clarity and focus Minimal organization, lacks clarity and exhibits imprecise use of language Somewhat well organized and focused Well organized, clear and precise presentation of ideas Topic Coverage (PAPA). Presented appropriate analysis and included content from good sources. (readings, cases, laws, class work) Scant or incomplete coverage of 4 topics with weak analysis. No use of data to support analysis. Minimal coverage of topic with little analysis. Major aspects of topics were poorly addressed and used minimal data and examples. Covers most aspects of the topic. Moderate amount of data presented as a foundation for analysis. Adequate analysis. Thorough coverage of most aspects of the topic. Ample amount of data used in presentation of analysis. Gives examples from cases, laws, class work. Clear evidence of critical thinking provided. Followed assignment criteria Assignment criteria not followed. Did not relate PAPA to academic, personal or professional experience. Minimal use of assignment criteria. Demonstrates little understanding of assignment Moderate use of assignment criteria. Demonstrates some understanding of assignment Most of the assignment criteria were followed. PAPA was related to the students academic, personal or professional experience. Version 2 – February 8, 2013 - mjh 5 Exemplary 5 points SCORE Extremely well organized and easy to read. Clear, logical and focused with no evidence of “padding”. Extremely thorough coverage of all 4 topic areas. Indepth analysis. Exceptional amount of data from cases, laws, class work presented. Exceptional critical thinking skills. All the assignment criteria were followed. PAPA was related to the students academic, personal or professional experience. _ X2 _ X6 _ X5 Wilmington University PHI314 Ethics in Information Technology PAPA rubric Evaluated research and research was obtained from library resources subscription services and other sources generally accepted as legitimate and valid preferably from subscription services from computer professional organizations. No attempt is made to evaluate information and its sources. No sources listed or very poor research sources used. Journals not used. Version 2 – February 8, 2013 - mjh Ineffective evaluation of information and its sources. Minimal and/or incorrect consideration for authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, context, and coverage of information and its sources. Wikis or Blogs were used. No journals from computer professional organizations or library resource subscription services. Basic evaluation of information and its sources. Some consideration for authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, context, and coverage of information and its sources. Minimal amount of research from websites, technical sources and journals from computer professional organizations or library resource subscription services. Effective evaluation of information and its sources. Considers the authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, context, and coverage of information and its sources. Uses some good resources from websites, technical sources and journals from computer professional organizations or library resource subscription services. Highly effective evaluation of information and its sources. Fully considers the authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, context, and coverage of information and its sources. Uses multiple excellent sources from websites, technical sources and journals from computer professional organizations or library resource subscription services. _ X5 Wilmington University PHI314 Ethics in Information Technology PAPA rubric Writing style was appropriate for work at this level. Spell checked and proof read Far below expectations for work at this level. Excessive spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors. Below expectations for work at this level. Errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar. Just meets expectations for work at this level. Some errors in spelling, punctuation or grammar Identified. Work appropriate for this level of student. A few minor errors found in spelling, punctuation or grammar. Work exceeds expectations for this level of student. No errors found in spelling, punctuation or grammar. FINAL SCORE ___ /100 Requirements: Typed, doubled spaced, 1” margin, 12 pt font, 3 or 4 page paper (no more, no less) NO PAPERS WILL BE ACCEPTED LATE Version 2 – February 8, 2013 - mjh _ X2 Research Strategies Many instructors assign a topic for a research paper, but sometimes they do not provide you with a topic. Either way, it will be your task to prepare a document that will most likely be graded. Use the following four steps to keep yourself moving in the right direction. Step 1: Determine your information need. How much, and what types of, information will you need to complete the assignment?      How will the information be presented? Are you writing an essay? A term paper? Giving a speech? How much information do you need? How long does the paper need to be? A 2-paragraph essay may only require one source. A 15-page term paper could require dozens of sources. What is the purpose of the assignment? To inform? To analyze? To persuade? Will you need facts and statistics? Do you need to give an opinion? Do you need to present both sides of an issue? Is your topic limited to a certain subject? Or do you get to choose? If it is limited to a certain subject, how much do you already know about it? What questions do you have about it? Does the nature of the subject require the information to be up-to-date (technology, a recent event, etc)? Has your instructor specified a certain number or type of sources? Some assignments require that you have a set number of different types of sources, such as 2 books, 2 articles and 1 internet source. Make sure you are aware of any such requirements before you start. Step 2: Identify and develop your topic. When you need to select a topic, here are a few things to remember:    Choose a topic that interests you and is relevant to your life. List the words that are used to describe your topic Turn your thoughts and words into a question. For example, suppose you would like to explore the topic of global warming. Think about what it is about global warming that you want to find out, and frame a question, such as “How will global warming impact the type of job I’d like to pursue?” Step 3: Read General Background Information. Read a general encyclopedia article or website on the top two or three topics you are considering. Step 4: Develop a Search Strategy A search strategy consists of the keywords in your topic sentence. Topic Sentence: College students engage in risky behavior. Keywords: college students risky behavior Always identify synonyms or related words to help you obtain more results. Consult Merriam-Webster’s Thesaurus Online- http://www.m-w.com/ for additional terms. Synonyms for risky behavior: risk-taking risk-taking behavior Think about different ways to define risky. Merriam-Webster’s Thesaurus offers these synonyms: dangerous grave grievous hazardous jeopardizing menacing parlous perilous serious threatening unhealthy unsafe venturesome Choose examples of specific risky behaviors: high-risk drinking substance abuse sexual risk-taking Obtaining a variety of terms allows you to develop a more sophisticated search strategy. Step 4: Search the Delaware Library Catalog and Library Databases to find background information and resources on your topic. Use the Delaware Library Catalog or WorldCat.org to find books on your topic available in libraries. Both the Delaware Library catalog and WorldCat.org also list journal titles, videotapes, DVDs and CDs that the library owns. The Wilmington University Library subscribes to many electronic scholarly databases that can be used to search for articles about your topic. Many databases also provide the full text of the article. Step 5: Find Internet Resources. Topic-oriented websites can provide you with useful leads in your research. For example, try using: The Internet Public library: http://www.ipl.org/ refdesk.com, fedstats.gov, “Virtual Library” (http://vlib.org/) “Librarians Internet Index” (http://lii.org/). Step 4: Cite what you find. "Citing a source," means that you are telling the reader of your paper where you got a specific quote, fact, graphic, or idea. This allows the reader to check up on your information, to make sure you have:      drawn on authoritative sources used them fairly copied from them accurately included all important details and interpreted them correctly Author’s Names Journal Date Smith, G., Simmons, J., Flory, K., Annus, A., & Hill, K. (2007). Thinness and eating expectancies predict subsequent binge-eating and purging behavior among adolescent girls. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1). Retrieved from PsycARTICLES database. Article Title Journal Volume & Issue Number Retrieval information Name of Subscription Service or Database Journal Title All courses at Wilmington University use the “APA Style Manual”. APA stands for American Psychological Association. The APA has published this manual to help writers, students, and professionals in the field of psychology prepare and write papers. This system has also been adopted by many other fields as well Because the field of publishing is constantly changing, updates in APA style can be found at the APA Publication Manual Web site: http://www.apastyle.org What is a library database? A library database is an online resource that the library subscribes to that contains articles and information from print sources such as magazines, newspapers, journals, and reference books. There are two different types of databases that our library subscribes to: Article Databases An article database enables you to search through thousands (sometimes millions) of different magazines, journals and newspapers to find articles on a particular topic. Some of the articles you will find are Full Text, which means you can read (or print out) the entire article right there online. Other times the database will only provide you with an abstract, or summary of the article. Other times, the database will only give you a citation, which tells you where you can find a print version of the article. Reference Databases Reference Databases provide reference information (facts, statistics, background information) from many different print sources. For example, we subscribe to Encyclopedia Britannica Online, which is an online version of the 29-volume set of print encyclopedias. Reference Databases are usually more subject-specific than the article databases, so that each one covers something like Business, Law, or Science & Technology, to name a few. Databases are not "internet" sources Although you access our databases through the internet, the articles you find in them are taken from published print sources. Most of the things you find in our databases cannot be found by searching Google or Yahoo. These are subscription services that the library pays for. They are every bit a part of our library's collection as the books on our shelves, and unless you want to buy your own subscription, you must go through the library's website to access them. You must logon to use these databases from off-campus Because these subscription services are paid for by the library, you can use them from any Wilmington University computer on our network and you will not have to logon. If you are trying to access the databases from an off-campus computer (from home, or work, or Wyoming), you will be prompted to log into Blackboard first. From the Library homepage, select the link for Electronic Databases (http://www.wilmu.edu/library/accessoffcampus.aspx ) to be presented with an alphabetical list of databases to which the Library subscribes. Select the database you want use, and you will then be prompted to log into Blackboard with your username and password. Wilmington University Library Databases Databases come in all shapes and sizes, and choosing the right one for your topic is the first step in using them. For instance, you're not going to find very much information on hybrid cars if you're searching a nursing database. So consider your topic first and then select a database relevant to searching on that topic. Wilmington University Multidisciplinary Databases Multidisciplinary databases are usually more general and cover a wide range of topics. Database Name Subjects Covered Master File Premier general academic, arts & humanities, social sciences, science and technology Academic Search Premier general academic, general interest, medicine, education, literature WorldCAT Catalog of library catalogs from around the world National Newspapers Full-text of New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, L.A. Times, and Christian Science Monitor Some of the Wilmington University Reference & Subject-Specific Databases Database Name Subjects Covered CQ Researcher law, current events, politics, controversial issues Access Science electronic version of the McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Business Source Complete business database providing full text for more than 2,300 journals Encyclopedia Britannica general reference Mental Measurements Yearbook comprehensive guide to over 2,000 contemporary testing instruments. CINAHL Comprehensive source of full text for nursing & allied health journals. Computers & Applied Sciences Complete covers the spectrum of the applied sciences, including traditional engineering challenges and the business and social implications of new technology. provides research support for criminal justice, law enforcement, Criminal Justice Periodicals corrections administration, drug enforcement, rehabilitation, family Index law, and industrial security. Education Research Complete covers areas of curriculum instruction as well as administration, policy, funding, and related social issues. ERIC The Educational Resource Information Center, contains more than 2,200 digests along with references for additional information and citations and abstracts from over 1,000 educational and educationrelated journals. PsycInfo & PsycBooks scholarly journal articles, book chapters, books, and dissertations, all in psychology and related disciplines, dating as far back as the 1800s. Opposing Viewpoints pros and cons on a wide variety of controversial social issues Sage Journals Online Sage Journals Online provides access to approximately 460 PeerReviewed Full-Text Journals published by Sage covering the disciplines of Business, Humanities, Social Sciences, Science, Technology, and Medicine. SocIndex comprehensive social science research database with hundreds of full-text journals. Which database would you use to answer the following questions? What are the latest nursing techniques for a stroke? What are some arguments for and against legalized gambling? How have laws on inter-racial marriage evolved? How many people live in Bangladesh? General Database Search Tips & Strategies Each database is different, so it may take you a while to get acquainted with a new one. There are some general tips and strategies you can use whenever you search a database. Later in the lesson, you will see examples of many of these strategies in our sample searches.  Don't type an entire sentence into the search box. Think of the most important two or three words that deal with your topic. Remember, the more words you use, the fewer hits you will get, and vice-versa.  Be flexible with your search terms. Think of synonyms, related words, and broader and narrower terms. Think of all the words other people might use to talk about your topic.  Be careful with spelling. Computers do exactly what you tell them to do, so if you spell a word wrong, it doesn't know it. It's looking for exactly what you typed.  Pay attention to which search field you are searching. Where is the database looking for your search terms? In a subject heading? In the title of the article? In the full-text of the article? These will all bring up different results.  Most databases use a controlled vocabulary with official subject headings. This means that they've organized all the articles into topics with subdivisions, narrower, broader, and related terms. You can use these subject headings to get ideas and guide your search. This will enable you to get articles that are about your topic, rather than the ones that just mention it.  On the other hand, sometimes it's necessary to use a keyword search to find your search terms anywhere in the article. Keyword searches should be used in these cases: o When the thing you're searching for is so rare (or new) that there are no official subject headings for it (yet.) o When you're looking for a very specific phrase. For example, there might be tons of articles that list diet as a subject, but you're only looking for things that mention South Beach Diet. This might be too specific to have its own subject heading. o Some types of articles (such as newspapers) aren't indexed at all, so they simply don't have a controlled vocabulary. In these cases, keyword searching may be your only option. One technique that librarians and researchers use is to identify subjects headings listed for an article to get more ideas. For example, let's say you're looking for articles on low-carb diets. You did a keyword search on carbohydrates and brought up 5000 articles that mention them. The first few articles aren't really about your topic, but the fourth title is exactly what you're looking for. You look at the official subject headings for that article and one of them is High Protein Diet-- Evaluation. You never would have thought of the phrase "high protein diet evaluation" on your own, but now you know the language (controlled vocabulary) that this database is speaking. You can use this knowledge to conduct a subject search to find similar articles. There are many ways to expand or limit your search. (Expanding means you'll get more articles, and limiting means you'll get fewer articles.) Often, databases will let you limit your search to scholarly journals, to full-text articles, or to certain dates. You can also combine different search terms to get different results. This is called a Boolean search, Boolean Searches Boolean operators are words such as and, or, and not that you use to combine search terms. The operator you use will either broaden or narrow the results of your search. Operator AND Use limits your search Example cats AND dogs cats AND dogs AND birds OR expands your search cats OR dogs cats OR dogs OR birds NOT excludes specific terms cats NOT dogs AND An AND search says, find me articles that contain both of my search terms. Searches for cats AND dogs will retrieve articles that contain both the word "cats" and the word "dogs." If an article only contains the word "cats" but not the word "dogs", that article will not be retrieved. You can combine as many search terms as you like, but it will limit your results even further. A search for cats AND dogs AND birds will only bring up articles that mention all three. OR An OR search says, "find me anything that mentions either this term or that term." Searches for cats OR dogs will retrieve all the articles that contain the word "cats", the word "dogs", or both. You can also add more search terms into the mix, with the understanding that this will further expand your search. As you can see, using the Boolean operator OR will expand your search. This is useful if you are not finding many articles using the operator AND. However, if you are retrieving hundreds of articles you may want to refine your search and try using the operator AND for a more focused search. NOT A NOT search says, "find me anything that mentions this term but not that one." Searches for cats NOT dogs will retrieve all the articles that contain the word "cats", but excludes from that list anything that uses the word "dogs." You have to be very careful when using this operator, as it will severely restrict your results and you may miss something important. An example of when to use NOT might be when you're looking for articles about spam (the lunch meat) and you keep getting things about SPAM (the junk e-mail.) You could do a search like, spam NOT email. A Complex Boolean Example Boolean searches can get quite detailed by using parentheses to separate phrases. Let’s say the topic is: How does pollution legislation affect whales and dolphins? We could phrase our search: (whales OR dolphins) AND pollution AND (legislation OR law) This will bring up articles that contain: 1. Either the word "whales" or the word "dolphins" 2. The word "pollution" 3. Either the word “legislation" or the word "law" (whales OR dolphins) AND pollution AND (legislation OR law) Most (but not all) databases will assume that you want to use the operator "and". This means if you type "whales dolphins pollution legislation law", the database will assume you mean "whales AND dolphins AND pollution AND legislation AND law". Unless all of these words are present in an article, the search will not retrieve any articles. In a case like this, the more terms that are entered the less results will be found. Searching Ebscohost’s Academic Search Premier Academic Search Premier is a good general place to look for articles on a wide range of topics, from business to social sciences to science and technology. Its biggest advantage is that it has thousands of citations as well as thousands of full-text articles. In addition, you can quickly jump to other Ebscohost databases or combine searches across different databases. Above you will see the interface for all Ebscohost databases which includes:    three search boxes, option to select different search fields, and “limit” options including “Full Text”, Scholarly (or Peer Reviewed) Journals, and a date range. Now let’s do a search in this database on “multiracial” marriage. Enter the term “multiracial” in one search box and “marriage” in another. Your search results in 39 “hits”. You can see the citation, suggested subject headings for narrowing your search and, in some cases, a link to the “Full Text” (electronic version of the article). The Difference Between HTML Full Text and PDF Some databases will give you the option of reading an article in HTML (or just Full Text) or reading it as a PDF file. A PDF file is an image replica of the article exactly as it appeared in the original source. (In order to read a PDF file, you must have Adobe Acrobat Reader installed on your computer.) The suggested subjects includes “interracial” marriage, which, when clicked, leads to other, perhaps more relevant, citations. See next page. I’ll open the record for item #2 by clicking on the title of the article. Here you can obtain further information including an “abstract”, which summarizes what the article is about. Click on the link for “Full Text” to view the document. How to Find Periodicals (or specific articles) We've already talked about how to find articles on your topic. But what do you do if you have a citation for an article and you want to know if it is available full-text in another database or available in print through the Wilmington University Library? To find out if your desired article is available electronically in another database, you can use our “Library Journal Locator” database to help you find these things. Let's say you were searching Academic Search Premier and found a citation for an article that you'd really like to read, but it only gave you the abstract and doesn't have the full-text available. Don't despair! The article that you want is titled, "Improving Mathematics Teaching" and it's from the February 2004 issue of Educational Leadership. By using the “Library Journal Locator”, you can search to find out whether it’s available in on the library databases. The results show that this title is available electronically in several databases. Click on one of these to locate your desired issue. To summarize:          What is a library database? Why is a library database not an "internet" source ? List some Library databases you would use to: o find general academic journal articles? o find current newspaper articles? o find biographical information? o find background information on a scientist's work? What is the advantage of using a (controlled vocabulary) subject search? In what cases would you use a keyword search? What do AND, OR, and NOT do to your search results? (Limit, expand, etc.) What do Full-text, abstract, and citation mean in terms of library databases? What is a PDF file? What do you use the Library journal Locator for? Evaluating Sources Not all information is created equal. Evaluating information requires critical thinking. It involves identifying the type of information you are looking for and understanding the advantages/disadvantages of various types of sources. To this end, we will consider:     The different formats of materials The difference between magazines & journals Four evaluation criteria to apply to sources Evaluating web pages Sources of Information Information comes from lots of different sources. Here we will evaluate four different formats that information can come in: reference materials, books, periodicals, and web pages. The nature of your topic may determine which format is best for you, but often a combination of these is the best way to find information. Reference materials Reference materials include dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories, atlases, and manuals. They provide quick facts or statistics or give you a brief overview of a topic. Reference Strengths   Quick facts from an authoritative source Good for getting research ideas & background information Reference Weaknesses   Lack in-depth details You will need to move on to other sources for any substantial amount of information Books Books, particularly scholarly books, are what most people think of when they say the word, “Library”. Book Strengths    Book content is focused and delves deeply on topics, with opportunity for analysis and detail. Books go through an editorial process to check facts, clarity, and typos. Books provide excellent background or historical information. Web pages or periodicals older than 10 years can be difficult to locate. Book Weaknesses  It takes a long time to write and publish a book. Books are not always the best source for topics where information is constantly changing, such as technology or medicine. Books are also not the best source for information on recent or current events.   Periodicals Periodicals are published every day (daily), or every week (weekly), or every month (monthly), or every year (annual) and so on. They are publications that come out periodically (hence the name). They include newspapers, journals, and magazines. Periodical Strengths    They are an excellent source for current events or topics that change rapidly, such as science or technology. Like books, periodicals go through an editorial process to check facts, clarity and typos. Not all periodicals are created equally. Scholarly periodicals are “peer reviewed” and edited more extensively than magazines. Periodical Weaknesses   The scope of articles in periodicals is not as extensive or in-depth as books. Some scholarly journal articles may be too specific or technical for a general audience to understand. Web Pages Web pages are readily available to anyone with an internet connection. Many people use a web directory or search engine such as Yahoo or Google to locate web pages. Convenience makes them the first information choice for many people. However, there are differences between web pages and library resources. Web Strengths    There are many different points of view on the web. Everyone has a voice. There are lots of different formats of information on the web (text, images, audio, video, interactive media.) The web can be very up-to-date. Often events appear in "real time," as they happen. Web Weaknesses    The web is not very organized and finding what you need is often like looking for a needle in a haystack. Many websites lack quality control, which means there is lots of inaccurate, misleading, or biased information. For a complete list of the web's shortcomings, see Ten Good Reasons to Use the Library. Which of the above formats would you use for the following information needs?     You want late-breaking news on events from this morning. You want to know who the U.S. president was during World War I. You're looking for an analysis of the newest types of fertilizer for field crops. You need as much information as you can find on Martin Luther King's life. Magazines vs. Journals What is the difference between a magazine and a journal? Magazines are considered popular works, whereas journals are considered scholarly. What does that mean? Evaluating Journal Articles Definition Content Scholarly (Refereed, Peer-Reviewed) Non-Scholarly (Popular) Journal Articles Journal/Newspaper Articles Scholarly articles are "peer-reviewed" by Non-scholarly articles are meant to other experts in the field. Are also inform or entertain readers rather sometimes called "refereed articles." than provide in-depth analysis. Content of articles usually reports on Content of articles often reports on original research or experimentation. other research or events rather than presenting original research. Bibliography Articles usually list references in footnotes Articles are seldom footnoted and the or endnotes. source of information is seldom given. Illustrations Authors Illustrations, if any, are usually graphs and Often are illustrated with glossy or charts that support the subject content. color photographs. Articles are written by identified experts in Author's name is often not supplied. the field who are often affiliated with a Authors are usually on the staff of named university or research center. the magazine or are freelance writers. Length/Depth Articles are generally long and contain in- Articles are often short and intended depth coverage of the topic. to provide an overview of a topic rather than an in-depth analysis. Advertising Contain few if any advertisements. Usually contain many advertisements. Publisher Language Frequently, articles are published by a Publishers are marketing to the scholarly professional organization (e.g. general public and usually make their American Chemical Society, American publications available in stores and Psychological Association). newsstands. Authors write in the language of their Articles are directed towards the discipline. Readers are assumed to have general public and written in non- some knowledge of the field. technical language. Web Page Evaluation Criteria: Accuracy, Authority, Currency, and Objectivity. Evaluation Criteria Criteria Authority Characteristics An authoritative source makes clear: •Who is responsible for content •Author’s credentials •Identification of parent organization •Parent organization’s qualifications Problems •Often difficult to determine authorship of Web resources •If author’s name is listed, the qualifications are frequently absent •Publisher responsibility often not indicated •Contact information often not listed Accuracy An accurate site presents information •Almost anyone can publish on the Web that: •Many Web resources not verified by •Is detailed and comprehensive editors or fact checkers •Is recent, where appropriate •Includes lies, inaccuracies, distortions, •Lists sources for presented information myths, dubious data and stereotypes •Links to reputable outside sources •No links to outside sources for additional information are listed Currency A Web site with currency indicates: •No dates on Web pages •Date the page was written •May present stale information •Date the page was placed on web •May include dead links •Date the page was last revised •Factual information often not dated Objectivity An objective source: •Presents information with a minimum of bias •Is fair, balanced and reasonable • Is without conflict of interest •May advocate one point of view (bias) •Failure to differentiate advocacy vs. fact •May be difficult to determine goals/aims of site sponsor •Can serve as a means for advertising (infomercial) Evaluating Web Pages The “World Wide Web” has often been referred to as the “Wild Wild Web” because there is no quality control for the web. It is up to you to evaluate web pages since there is no librarian making decisions about “selecting” what to collect, as they do in the library. Often there is no way of finding out who the author of a web page is, when it was published or last updated, or the sources consulted in compiling the page. You need to be especially careful when using web pages as information sources. Generally, .edu and .gov sites are probably the most reliable for information, but even with these you have to be careful. Remember that many personal web pages are hosted on .edu sites (often represented with a tilde, ~), and government sites may be biased toward that particular agency's agenda. .org sites can have lots of valuable information, but special interest groups who have a specific agenda often run them. They may not be the most objective source. .com sites are the most varied type of domain. They can be very helpful, accurate, and reliable sources of information, and they can also be full of lies, misconceptions, halftruths, and hoaxes. Sometimes, the domain code is the only thing separating one site from another. For example, if you are trying to get federal student aid, you need to fill out a FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) form. The official site for these forms is found at http://www.fafsa.ed.gov/. You can also go to http://www.fafsa.org and get all kinds of different student aid information for free from a non-profit site. If, however, you mistype the URL and go to http://www.fafsa.com, you will find a commercial site that will charge you $49.99 to fill out this free government form. This is one example where examining the URL is very important. Lesson Review     What are the advantages and disadvantages of each format of materials (reference, books, periodicals, and web pages)? Can you identify which format would be best for a particular research question? Can you list three differences between popular magazines and scholarly journals? What does "peer review" mean? What are the four evaluation criteria? Do you know how to apply them to a book, article, or web site? How Do You Find Things in a Library? There are three ways to find books and AV items (music, videos, books on tape, etc.) in a library: 1. Ask a librarian. This is always an option to keep in mind, particularly when you've run out of ideas. But since the aim of this lesson is to teach you to find things on your own, we won't focus on this method. 2. Browse the shelves. Unless you enjoy looking for needles in haystacks, browsing the shelves is not the best way to find what you're looking for. This can sometimes give you ideas if you have to write a paper, but even then, it's best to know how the books are arranged so you can browse by subject. (We'll deal with how books are arranged in the library on the next two pages.) 3. Use the Delaware Library catalog. If you're looking for something specific, this is quickest and most efficient way to find books and AV items in the library. What is a Library Catalog? If you used libraries 10 - 20 years ago, you might remember going to the card catalog. This was a big cabinet full of small shelves that held a bunch of 3" X 5" cards. Each card represented a different book in the library and told you where to find it. Well, today most libraries have replaced their card catalog with an electronic online version, but they still have the same purpose: To tell you what materials reside in the library and where to find them. What are some features of online catalogs?       Since you can access the catalog through the internet, you don't have to be in the library to use it. You can search your local library's collection from your own home to find out if they have what you're looking for, before you make the trip there. You could even search the collection of a library halfway across the world. Online catalogs allow you to search through thousands of records in seconds, and you can manipulate your search in many different ways. You can combine different search terms or restrict your search to only a certain format, such as DVDs, for example. Online catalogs don't just tell you what the library owns, but will also tell you whether the item is available right now or checked out. Many online catalogs are system-wide, which means you can search the collections of dozens of libraries all at the same time. Many online catalogs allow you to request items, renew items, and check your account from the convenience of your computer. Librarians love their online catalogs so much they often give them names. Some examples of catalog names are WebCAT, WorldCat, and DelCat. These are often abbreviations or acronyms. The Wilmington University Library belongs to a statewide library catalog system called the Delaware Library Catalog. All materials owned by the Wilmington University Library can now be searched by using this system. Please be sure to indicate “Wilmington University Library” in the drop down box on the Delaware Library Catalog search page. Materials owned by other participating Delaware libraries may be requested by logging in with your ID number. The online catalog used to find materials owned by other libraries around the world is called WorldCAT. The WorldCAT catalog contains records from the merged catalogs of thousands of libraries with records for every conceivable material type. Use this catalog for searching and placing interlibrary loan requests for books. How Are Books Arranged in a Library? Call Numbers    Every book in the library has its own call number. This is a combination of numbers and letters that is taped to the spine of the book. A call number is like a book's address. It tells you where to find a book on the shelf. When you find a book you want in our catalog, it will give you the call number. You need to write down this number so you can find the book on the shelf. Wilmington University Library, like most academic libraries, uses the Library of Congress (LC) Classification System. Because books using the LC system are classified by subject, books on the same topic will be shelved together. Once you find the call number of a book on your topic, you can browse the shelf for other books like it. How to read an LC call number       This system uses a combination of letters and numbers. Each LC call number starts out with a letter (usually two letters), followed by a number, then a combination of letters and numbers. (Example: QH 366.2 .P54 2002 ) Read the letters in alphabetical order.(A, B, BF, BE, D...Q, QA, QB, QH, etc.) Read the number as a whole number. (1, 2, 3, 45, 100, 101, 1000, 366, 2453, etc.) The third part is a combination of letters and numbers. Read the letter alphabetically and the number as a decimal (.P54 = .54, .P724 = .724, .P9 = .9) The last part is the year the book was published. What do the letters and numbers mean?    LC separates the world of knowledge into 20 major categories, each represented by a letter. For example: o J = political science o L = Education o Q = Science These 20 major categories are further divided by a second letter. for example: o QA = Math o QC = Physics o QK = Botany These letters are further divided by numbers. for example: o QA 71 - 90 = Instruments and Machines o QA 150 - 272 = Algebra o QA 440 - 699 = Geometry, Trigonometry, Topology LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION OUTLINE Listed below are the letters and titles of the main classes of the Library of Congress Classification. A General Works (Reference Books) M Music B Philosophy, Psychology, Religion N Fine Arts D History: General and Old World P Language and Literature E History: America, U.S Q Science F History: North America R Medicine G Geography, Anthropology, Recreation S Agriculture H Social Sciences T Technology J Political Science U Military Science K Law V Naval Science L Education Z Bibliography, Library Science The first thing to keep in mind when searching a catalog is to pay attention to which field you are searching. Ask yourself these questions:    Do you want to know if we own a specific book (The Grapes of Wrath) or a specific movie (Citizen Kane)? Are you looking for something by a certain author (Stephen King) or musician (Paul McCartney)? Are you looking for information on a certain subject (diabetes)? The answer to this question will determine which search field you choose. (Title, Author, or Subject, for example.) Here is what a “Quick” search in the Delaware Library Catalog looks like: To search the Delaware Library Catalog, please review the following steps: 1. To begin searching, type a term in the search box under Quick Search. 2. To narrow your search, select one of the following options before clicking the Search button. Some systems may require that you click an option button, such as Author or Title, to begin your search. o o Words or phrase Author Title Subject Series Periodical title 3. Our link to the Delaware Library catalog will default to the Wilmington University Library, but you can also select a library branch, group of libraries, or catalog to search in the Library or Catalog box. You may select ALL to include all branches or catalogs in the search. o o o o What do the search fields mean?     Keyword: This will look for your search terms anywhere in all the fields. This can bring up a lot of irrelevant things, so it's best to use it as a last resort if you haven't had success with any of the other types of searches. Title: This will take you to an alphabetical list of all of the titles in the catalog, starting with the search terms you entered. Use this to find specific titles that you're looking for. Author: This will take you to an alphabetical list of all the authors (or performers if it's music) in the catalog, starting with the name you entered. This is always organized with last name, first name, so if you enter "paula abdul", it will find you people whose last name is Paula. Subject: By using the “Begins With” button feature, this will take you to an alphabetical list of the controlled vocabulary for the catalog. (As with authors, names are always listed here as last name, first name.) This list of subject headings will not only tell you what official terms are being used, but will also provide related references and subheadings. See the below screen capture for a “Begins With” subject search results list for the search term “diabetes.” In the screen capture above, notice the number to the right, this tells you how many items are associated with each subject. You could click on the general diabetes subject heading with 3 titles, or you can choose some of the related terms, such as diabetes in children or diabetes mellitus. In addition, you can use the subheadings to get more specific with your search. Perhaps you are only interested in diabetes complications, so you could choose diabetes complications. If a Delaware Library Catalog Search Quick Search is not giving you the right results, you can conduct an advanced search by clicking on the Custom Search tab located at the bottom of the Quick Search Box. By clicking the Custom Search tab, you will be directed to a Power Search form In the Power Search mode, you can:     Conduct keyword searches Combine different terms Limit your results to a specific year or range of years Limit your results to a certain type of resource (such as books, or DVDs, or CDs, for example) See the below screen capture for an example of the Power Search option. Power Search Power Search or Advanced Search combines search elements to refine a search or limit a search based on criteria configured by your library. You can also produce a browse list of specified items, or perform a call number search. Searches can include a single word or several words with operators and special punctuation. Use Searching Tips if you need help. Combining Search Elements You combine search elements in Power Search using Boolean operators. You can combine words or phrases, author, title, subject, series, and periodical title searches.       Type a Word or Phrase for a typical search. Type an Author to search for the name. You can search for an author by the first name, last name, or initials. However, searching by an author's last name produces a more complete list of search results. Type a Title to search for an item by title. The search ignores articles as well as other stopwords. Type a Subject to search the subject index. Type a Series to search for a series title. Type a Periodical Title to search the periodical keyword index. Click Search start your search or Reset to start over. Limiting the Search Use Power Search to limit your search based on criteria configured by your library.         If available, select a Library to limit your search to a specific library branch or group of libraries, or select ALL to search in all branches. If your library has holdings in a variety of languages, select a Language. If your library has holdings in a variety of formats (such as printed music, maps, and equipment), select a Format. Select an Item Type to search under if you are familiar with your library's item types. Select a shelving Location in your library. You can have your search match on a particular part of a catalog record (such as keywords only) by selecting a portion to Match On. In the Pubyear box, type the year the item was published. You can sort your power search results by selecting criteria in the Sort By box. Click Search to start your search. The Search Results Page. After you have selected a topic from the subject list (or if you did a keyword search), you will get a list of all the items that matched your search. Please see the screen capture below for an example of your search results page. For each item on this page, you will see the Title, Author, Call #, Location, Publication Year, and Material Type. By clicking on the title of the item, you will see specific information about the resource, including the catalog record. E-Books In addition to books and AV materials, the library subscribes to several hundred electronic books. These books are cataloged, so you may run into quite a few of them when you search the Delaware Library Catalog. E-Books will have a call number that ends with “EB” and for copies states “Click on URL”. Once you are in the item record, you will see a link like this: As the Link states, this book is “accessible through the World Wide Web”. However, you will need to set-up your personal account in order to access the book from off campus. Review Pay attention to the assignment below, as it will give you practice with The Delaware Library Catalog and many of the search concepts discussed in this lesson, and may help you to answer some of the review questions.       What are three methods to finding things in a library? What is a library catalog and what can it do? What is the name of the catalog Wilmington University belongs to? What is a call number? What system of assigning call numbers is used by the Wilmington University Library? What does an LC call number look like? What is a search field? Why is it important which one I choose? What is the difference between a keyword search and a subject search? Which one will give you a larger number of results? What information do you need from the catalog to find a book on the shelf?
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Running head: RICHARD MASON'S ETHICAL FRAMEWORK FOR INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

1

Richard Mason's ethical framework for information technology
Student’s Name
Institution of Affiliation
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Date

RICHARD MASON'S ETHICAL FRAMEWORK FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2
Richard Mason's Ethical Framework for Information Technology
Richard Mason's ethical framework for information technology outlines four areas of
ethics abbreviated as PAPA. A student planning to be an information technology professional is
required to acquaint oneself with these faces of information technology ethics. The PAPA
provide the ethical framework that should be observed when handling and distributing sensitive
information. Full compliance with these ethics has led to a modification of how the information
technology systems operations.
Privacy
In information technology, the aspect of privacy enables IT professions to keep the
sensitive information and data stored in a computer system t themselves and not share it with
unauthorized parties. Mansion views information as a very vital resource that should be strictly
locked out of the reach of any third party (Mason, 20...


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