1 Pareto Chart in Minitab 1. Open Minitab and type or copy your data into the Minitab worksheet. 2. Click on Stat → Quality Tools → Pareto Chart. 3. A new window with the title “Pareto Chart” pops up. 4. Select “Category” into the “Defects or attribute data in” box Select “Count” into the box “Frequency in.” 5. Click “OK.” 2 6. The Pareto Chart will open in a new window. Exercise p.26-6 3 Cause-and-Effect Diagram in Minitab Minitab’s Fishbone (or Cause-and-Effect) diagram can be accessed from the Quality Tools menu: There are two ways to complete the dialog box and create a Fishbone diagram in Minitab: 1. By typing the information directly into the Cause-and-Effect dialog window, or 2. By entering the information in the worksheet first and then using the worksheet data to complete the Cause-and-Effect dialog box. In this post, I’ll walk through examples of how to create a Fishbone diagram using both options, starting with the first option above. Because I’m a baking aficionado, I’ll be using an example related to brainstorming the choice of factors in a cake-baking experiment (where the response is the moisture after baking the cake). 4 Creating a Fishbone Diagram by Typing Information into the Dialog First, we’ll start by using the drop-down lists on the left side to tell Minitab that our information is in Constants (meaning we will type the information into this dialog box, versus having the data already typed into the worksheet). For this example, I’ll have four branches in the Fishbone, so I’ve selected Constants next to Branch 1, 2, 3 and 4 below, and then I’ve typed the name of each branch on the right side, under Label: As we work through this, we can always click OK to see our progress. So far we have: 5 To go back to the last dialog to keep entering information, press Ctrl+E on the keyboard. Next, I’ve entered the causes in the empty column in the middle. Note that any individual cause that includes multiple words (for example, Day of Week) must be included in double-quotes: “Day of Week.” Without the double-quotes, Minitab will assign each individual word as a cause. Multiple causes for the same branch are entered with a space between the causes. For example, to enter Ambient Temperature and Ambient Moisture as causes, I’ll enter: “Ambient Temperature” “Ambient Moisture” After completing the dialog like in the example below, we can click OK again to see our progress: 6 Now I’ve used Ctrl+E on my keyboard again to return to the dialog box. As a final step, I’m going to add subbranches to some of my causes. For this example, two of the causes in the ‘Held constant factors’ branch have sub-branches. To add my sub-branches, I’ll click the Sub… button below for that particular branch: This will bring up the Sub-Branches dialog. Here the names of each of my causes are automatically listed in the Labels column. All I need to do is (1) choose Constants from the drop-down list and (2) type in the subbranch labels. Note that the same double-quote rule for sub-braches with multiple words applies here: After completing the dialog above and clicking OK in each window, we can see our final graph: 7 Creating a Fishbone Diagram by Using Data Entered in the Worksheet As a first step, type in my branch labels, effect, and title for my fishbone diagram: Go to the worksheet to type in my data like in the example below: 8 Use Ctrl + E to go back to the dialog box. Leave the default option for the Causes (‘In column’) and select the columns I want to use for each cause: Click OK in each dialog box to show the fishbone diagram, which looks just like the one we generated using the first method: 9 Exercise p.21-Figure 4-3 10 Histogram in Minitab 1. Enter the Data 11 2. Go to Graph > Histogram > Simple: 3. Click “OK”: 12 4. Click “OK”: Exercise : test scores: 99, 97, 94, 88, 84, 81, 80, 77, 71, 25, 56, 78, 60, 31, 45, 37, 52, 30, 75, 90 13 Process Flow Diagram in Minitab Insert a process map 1. Choose Insert > Process Map. 2. Click a process map template, and then click Create. Add shapes and connectors 1. In the Shapes gallery, click a shape, and then click the workspace. 2. To connect the shapes, click a connector in the Shapes gallery. To ensure that shapes stay connected even when you move them, connect the shapes at their anchor points. Anchor points turn green when are connected to a shape. 14 Start point End point Format shapes and connectors   Right-click the shape or the connector to format, and then choose one of the following options: Option Description Text Change font, font style, font size, and color of the text on a shape or a connector. Paragraph Change the alignment or apply bullets or numbering to the text on a shape or a connector. Lines Change the color, type, and size of a connector or of a shape's outline. Fill Change the color, pattern, pattern color, or shadow color of the shape or the connector. After you format a shape or a connector, you can set the new format as the default. Add the same shape or connector multiple times To save time, you can use Multi-Insert to add the same shape or connector to the map multiple times. 15 1. Choose Map > Multi-Insert, and then choose the shape or connector to add. 2. Choose either of the following options:  For shapes, click the workspace until you add as many shapes as necessary.  For connectors, hold the mouse pointer on a shape, click an anchor point, and then drag the connector to an anchor point on a different shape. Use this method to connect as many shapes as necessary. 3. Click Multi-Insert again to turn it off. 16 Scatter Diagram in Minitab 1. Open Scatter Plot Data Set: 17 2. Go to Charts > Scatter Plot > With Regression: 3. Click “OK”: 18 4. Click “OK”: Exercise Ice Cream Sales vs Temperature Temperature °C Ice Cream Sales 14.2° $215 16.4° $325 11.9° $185 15.2° $332 18.5° $406 22.1° $522 19.4° $412 25.1° $614 23.4° $544 18.1° $421 22.6° $445 17.2° $408 19 Stem and Leaf Plot in Minitab In the Stem-and-Leaf Plot dialog box, complete the following steps to specify the data for your graph. 1. In Variables, enter the numeric column that you want to graph. 2. (Optional) In Group variable, enter the column of categorical data that defines the groups. 3. (Optional) In Increment, enter a number to control vertical scaling by setting the increment between display lines (the difference between the smallest possible values on adjacent lines). In this worksheet, Percent Fat contains the percentage of fat in a sample of bottled sauces and is the variable. The graph shows the distribution of fat percentage. Percent Fat 12.3 17.9 12.4 18.2 12.8 18.5 14.3 18.7 15.2 19.1 15.4 19.2 15.9 20 16.2 16.3 16.3 16.5 17.1 16.9 Stem-and-leaf of Percent Fat, N = 20 Leaf Unit = 0.1 20 3 12 348 3 13 4 14 3 7 15 249 (5) 16 23359 8 17 19 6 18 257 3 19 12 1 20 0 Exercise Sam got his friends to do a long jump and got these results: 2.3, 2.5, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8 3.2, 3.6, 3.6, 4.5, 5.0 21 Run Chart in Minitab Steps to plot a run chart in Minitab: Data File: “Run Chart” tab in “Sample Data.xlsx” 1. Click Stat → Quality Tools → Run Chart. Fig 1.0 Stat > Quality Tools > Run Chart 2. A new window named “Run Chart” pops up. Fig 1.1 Dialog Box 3. Select “Measurement” as the “Single Column.” 4. Enter “1” as the “Subgroup Size.” 22 Fig 1.2 Variable Selection 5. Click “OK.” Fig 1.3 Minitab Run Chart Output The time series displayed by this chart appears stable. There are no extreme outliers, no visible trending or seasonal patterns. The data points seem to vary randomly over time. Now, let us take a look at another example which may give us a different perspective. We will create another run chart using the data listed in the column labeled “Cycle”. This column is located in the same file used to generate Figure 1.4. Follow the steps used for the first chart and instead of using “Measurement” use “Cycle” in the dialog box pictured in figure 1.3. 23 Fig 1.4 “Cycle” data In this example (figure 1.4), the data points are clearly exhibiting a pattern. It could be something that is seasonal or it could be something cyclical. Imagine that the data points are taken monthly and this is a process performing over a period of 2.5 years. Perhaps the data points represent the number of customers buying new homes. The home buying market tends to peak in the summer months and slows down in the winter. Using the same data tab lets create a final run chart. This time use the “Trend” data. Again, follow the steps outlined previously. Exercise Before 68 76 74 71 71 72 After 67 77 74 74 69 70 diffs 1 -1 0 -3 2 2 24 75 83 75 74 76 77 78 75 75 71 77 71 74 73 68 71 72 77 4 6 4 0 3 9 7 3 -2 Quality Tools Flow Chart Description Instructions This template allows the user to develop a process flow chart, also called process flow diagram. A detailed discussion can be found at www.ASQ.org Learn More ● Begin the flow chart with a Start/End symbol. All symbols snap to the grid for easy alignment. ● Connectors link process steps and automatically snap to symbols. Learn About Flow Charts ● End with a Start/End symbol. The delete key will remove a selected symbol ● Re-set the print area for larger charts Receive Order Start / End Text Step Enter Order in System Text Credit Check Connector No Decision Refuse Order OK? Yes No Text Flowchart Link Check Inventory Yes Input/ Output Text No Document OK? Yes Check Materials Needed Text OK? Text Order Material To learn more about other quality tools, visit the ASQ Learn About Quality web site. Learn About Quality This template was written for the American Society for Quality by Stat Aids Your feedback is welcome and encouraged. Please e-mail to: Stat_Aids@yahoo.com Conduct SPC tools in Minitab Linya Shu Morehead State University Engineering & Technology Management Department Outline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Pareto Diagram Cause-and-Effect Diagram Histogram Process Flow Diagram Scatter Diagram Stem and Leaf Plot Run Chart 1 Pareto Diagram • Ranks data classifications in descending order • Types of data classifications: • Problems, causes, types of nonconformities • The vital few are on the left 2 Cause-and-Effect Diagram • Fishbone diagram • The effect on the right and causes on the left • Causes are broken down into major causes • • • • • Work methods Materials Measurement People Environment 3 Histogram • Describe the variation in the process • Suggest the shape of the population • Indicate if there are any gaps in the data 4 Process Flow Diagram • Also called a process map • Visualize the entire system • Identify potential trouble spots • Locate control activities 5 Scatter Diagram • Shows relationship between two variables • Controllable variable and dependent variable 6 Stem and Leaf Plot • a special table where each data value is split into a "stem" (the first digit or digits) and a "leaf" (usually the last digit). Like in this example: http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/stem-leaf-plots.html 7 Run Chart • Similar to a control chart • No control limits • Shows the process variation http://blog.minitab.com/blog/real-world-quality-improvement/all-about-run-charts Tutorials & Practice • See pdf file
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