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Please answer only from Attached files.

  1. Review LE venous anatomy in detail; including all three systems
  2. Explain the affect that gravity has on the LE venous system
  3. Explain the affect that exercise has on the LE venous system
  4. Explain the different phasic changes seen in venous flow using Doppler or color flow
  5. List and explain all of the risk factors for DVT (Be sure to include Virchow's Triad)
  6. Discuss the clinical symptoms of acute DVT; Are the symptoms reliable in predicting DVT? Why?
  7. Discuss the B-mode scan technique of venous imaging above the knee for DVT.
  8. Discuss the Doppler scan technique of venous imaging for DVT above the knee. Explain the normal and abnormal lower extremity venous waveform criteria found in DVT patients.
  9. Discuss the scan techniques of venous imaging below the knee for DVT. Review the anatomy and the specific techniques for obtaining an optimal exam using the compression maneuver.
  10. Discuss the Doppler scan techniques of venous imaging for DVT below the knee.
  11. Explain the sonographic findings of the lower extremity venous waveform found in normal patients.
  12. Explain the abnormal sonographic findings of the lower extremity venous waveform found in DVT patients.
  13. Discuss the Calf intramuscular veins anatomy and involvement in venous thrombosis. How do they differ from deep veins and DVT symptoms?
  14. Discuss the difference in sonographic findings between the acute and chronic DVT.
  15. Draw and label the normal and abnormal upper extremity Doppler waveforms.

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Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Anatomy and Sonogram Questions
1. Review LE venous anatomy in detail; including all three systems: the deep, the superficial venous
systems and the perforator veins.
The lower extremities venous anatomy consists of the deep venous system, the superficial
system, the dermal veins, the perforating veins, and the muscle tributaries.
The deep venous system comprises of the veins adjacent to major arteries and carry over 80% of
the blood in the legs. To begin with, the inferior vena cava carries blood from the confluence of
the two common iliac veins to the right atrium. On its part, the common iliac vein carries blood
from the confluence of the internal and the external iliac veins to the inferior vena cava. The
internal iliac vein drains the pelvic and buttock regions while the external iliac vein carries blood
from the inguinal ligament to the common iliac vein.
The common femoral vein exists at confluence of the deep femoral and femoral veins, extending
2-3 centimeters to the saphenofemoral junction where the great saphenous vein joins. The deep
femoral vein drains the lower pelvic regions and the thigh while the femoral vein serves as the
main conduit of blood out of the lower leg. The popliteal vein is a continuation of the femoral
vein from the anterior tibial vein confluence to the femoral vein at the adductor canal. It receives
the gastrocnemius veins, the small saphenous veins and drains the calf muscle veins. In fact, the
paired anterior tibial drain the anterior calf muscles and the foot while the paired peroneal veins
work in synergy with the posterior tibial veins in draining the medial and posterior calf muscles.
Other calf veins include the gastrocnemius veins and the soleal veins. The gastrocnemius veins
drain into the popliteal vein while the soleal veins drain into the posterior tibial or peroneal
veins.
The superficial venous system is majorly comprised of the small saphenous vein which enters the
deep venous system at the popliteal vein and the greater saphenous vein. The small saphenous
vein courses along the anterior aspect of the thigh and drains into the greater saphenous vein or
into the common femoral vein. On the other hand, the dermal veins lie superficially to the fascial
plane hence belong to the superficial system. As for the perforating veins, they course between
the superficial and th...


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