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In this blog entry, you will complete a rhetorical analysis of an article you select.

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Rhetorical Analysis Blog Assignment: For this blog entry, select a scholarly article from the Hunt Library on a subject that interests you. Write a blog in which you: Identify the elements of the rhetorical situation ▪ Topic - the subject ▪ Writer and role - the creator(s) of the article and attitude toward topic ▪ Audience - the readers (both primary and secondary audience). ▪ Purpose - the reason for writing (informative or persuasive) Select 3-4 rhetorical strategies from the text ▪ Form (organization and format) ▪ Style (sentence design, word choice, and use if figurative language) ▪ Types of evidence/support (facts, quotes, statistics, case studies, etc.) ▪ Appeal to logos (logic) ▪ Appeal to ethos (credibility) ▪ Appeal to pathos (emotions) Analyze those strategies ▪ Identify the strategy ▪ Give an example from the text Evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies ▪ Explain why the strategy successfully appeals to the audience (or why it does not). ▪ Explain how the strategy accomplishes (or does not) the author’s purpose. General Format of the Rhetorical Analysis Essay ▪ The introduction should include the title and author of the text to be analyzed, along with a link to the article, some background on the topic and your thesis statement. ▪ The thesis statement should be a claim about the overall effectiveness of the text. ▪ The body paragraphs describe the text’s rhetorical situation and then describe and analyze several of the rhetorical strategies. ▪ The brief conclusion should summarize points about the text’s overall effectiveness and explore possible future implications. ENGL 123 September 2017 International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence ISSN: 0885-0607 (Print) 1521-0561 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujic20 A Good Intelligence Analyst Michael Douglas Smith To cite this article: Michael Douglas Smith (2017) A Good Intelligence Analyst, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 30:1, 181-185, DOI: 10.1080/08850607.2016.1230708 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/08850607.2016.1230708 Published online: 02 Nov 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1637 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ujic20 Download by: [Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University] Date: 29 November 2017, At: 18:24 International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 30: 181–185, 2017 Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0885-0607 print=1521-0561 online DOI: 10.1080/08850607.2016.1230708 COMMENTARY Downloaded by [Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University] at 18:24 29 November 2017 MICHAEL DOUGLAS SMITH A Good Intelligence Analyst A few days after I drafted the following list of attributes for an introductory class on intelligence analysis, this journal published a short thought piece by Mark Lowenthal and Ronald Marks titled ‘‘Intelligence Analysis: Is It As Good as It Gets?’’1 The authors pointed out, correctly I believe, that analysts are no more clairvoyant than their audience, and any expectations of infallibility must be removed from the objective discussion of successful analysis. What good analysts can do, however, is to bring critical insight to a national security issue and submit that insight in timely products to policymakers. Accordingly, my take on the attributes of a good intelligence analyst are: A Good Intelligence Analyst is Curious about This World This may seem obvious but many people become expert in an area that does not need knowledge of the world and its people. An analyst who looks beyond a single specialty often finds influences and connections that provide better insight into an assigned topic. Serendipitous connections are not only fun but may provide the unique insight that elevates an analytical product above its competitors. A Good Intelligence Analyst Has a Passion for ‘‘Something’’ An analyst is hired for expertise in a field and the day-to-day work can lessen the time available for continued exploration of the field that got him=her Dr. Michael Douglas Smith is adjunct Professor of Intelligence Analysis at the Daniel Morgan Academy, Washington, DC. He is a retired CIA officer. Holder of an M.A. and Ph.D. in Russian History from Florida State University, Dr. Smith has taught at the Joint Military Intelligence College and served as a contract instructor at the CIA’s Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis and for the Director of National Intelligence. AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE VOLUME 30, NUMBER 1 181 182 MICHAEL DOUGLAS SMITH Downloaded by [Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University] at 18:24 29 November 2017 hired in the first place. Carving out a regular time to read or search for new information on one’s ‘‘passion’’ can recharge the desire to know more. Perhaps not incidentally, this may increase one’s expertise. A Good Intelligence Analyst Knows the Intelligence Community’s Members The U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) is an amazingly diverse collection of organizations and analytical approaches to the world. An analyst who doesn’t understand the IC beyond the big six—CIA, DIA, NSA, NGA, FBI, State Department Bureau of Intelligence Research (INR)—will not be able to bring the full force of the Community to bear on issues nor adequately target the audience for a product. A Good Intelligence Analyst Knows Those in the Executive Branch and Military Who Deal with His/Her Account Non-IC military and Executive Branch officials often meet with people an analyst cannot, may follow an issue from a policy perspective, and have sources of information an analyst cannot access. Establishing good relations with the staffs and principals in non-IC organizations should be a priority of analysts. Such relations will allow an analyst to understand when analytical support is needed for the policy process and what kind of product fulfills that need. An insightful product that arrives after the policy decision has been made is worthless and can be irritating to the policymaker. Providing useful products when the policymaker needs them will be rewarded by improved input to the policy decision cycle. A Good Intelligence Analyst Knows Where Congressional Interest Lies on His/Her Account and the Committees That Deal with It Many accounts have congressional interest beyond the intelligence committees. Knowing and connecting to them, with the analyst’s agency’s approval, can provide insight into not only U.S. and foreign activities, but also about the personalities involved. Many members of Congress and congressional staffers meet with foreign officials who may be of interest to an analyst. And congressmen are interested in what the IC has to say on many issues. Politicians tend to be ‘‘people persons,’’ who have an unquenchable thirst for information on foreigners they have met or will meet. This is also true for political appointees in the Executive Branch. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENCE 183 A GOOD INTELLIGENCE ANALYST Downloaded by [Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University] at 18:24 29 November 2017 A Good Intelligence Analyst Knows How to Use the IC Structure Effectively This is closely related to the previous element. Many issues facing the U.S. today can be understood only by using all sources available to the nation. This means tapping the expertise in other parts of an analyst’s own organization and in other agencies. It means knowing how and where to find the right source of information. A Good Intelligence Analyst Knows Who in the IC Works on the Same Issue and Maintains Contact with as Many of Them as Possible The complexity and rapidity of change in this world necessitates teamwork and learning to use the tools that facilitate it. Often an analyst will have to take the initiative to build his or her own ‘‘community of interest’’ because an up-to-date one doesn’t exist in the organization. This, then, is one of the first tasks an analyst should do when starting to work on an issue. Social media is now a widespread tool available to analysts and its use should be a default. In addition, these others are usually the people who will have to coordinate (give their agency’s concurrence to) an analyst’s piece before publication, and having had previous contact will work to one’s advantage. A Good Intelligence Analyst Anticipates Demand for Products Intelligence analysts don’t produce a product just because they are interested in it: they do so because it meets a requirement within or outside the IC. Some ‘‘serial’’ products are issued by the IC on a regular or semi-regular basis, but for most analysts the bread-and-butter products are the ad hoc ones demanded by the policymaking process or by an unexpected change in world events. By keeping contact within the policy community an analyst learns when and for whom a product is needed. A Good Intelligence Analyst Works Well with Other Analysts and Effectively When Alone The time of the lone analytic genius is largely past, though the talented, often eccentric individual should still be allowed and encouraged. Today’s analysts must be able to work harmoniously and effectively with others, usually as part of a team. A team may be co-located physically or be a virtual one. This is an area where an analyst’s attention to his=her community of interest will pay off. AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE VOLUME 30, NUMBER 1 184 MICHAEL DOUGLAS SMITH Downloaded by [Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University] at 18:24 29 November 2017 A Good Intelligence Analyst Seeks Knowledge of an Issue from All Sources In the past, analysts often concentrated on clandestinely acquired (i.e., secret) information. Such information is important and often constitutes the IC’s ‘‘value-added’’ to policy discussion. But, in many cases, open source information is crucial to analytic judgments. A Good Intelligence Analyst Looks for Danger Signals to U.S. National Interests Specialized warning staffs atrophied during the 1990s and have been largely replaced by requiring every analyst to provide warning of imminent danger to U.S. national security interests. This means an analyst must look for information indicating that an unexpected threat to the U.S. national interest is imminent. An intelligence analyst has to consciously look for the possibility of change to the usual—for the outlier event that indicates a major change in the normal is about to happen or is happening. Examples of this problem abound in intelligence history: Who thought Egypt would attack Israel in 1973? Not many. Who believed a religious leader living outside Iran could overcome the power of a dictatorial Shah? Not many. A Good Intelligence Analyst Embraces Training on New Methods, Techniques, and Critical Thinking Living in an era of speedy and widespread change in technology also requires a profound reappraisal of understanding human cognition. The Internet, now ubiquitous, has increased the availability of knowledge and has grown so vast that finding ways to aggregate that knowledge is a central task of the private and government sectors. It has also increased the amount of misinformation readily available. This new world means that an analyst cannot expect that knowledge acquired in college or past employment will remain completely relevant during an entire career. Knowing what one needs to know is an essential element of today’s analysts, and the eager pursuit of that knowledge is a characteristic of a good analyst. It also mandates learning about cognitive obstacles to critical thinking and how to reduce their impact. A Good Intelligence Analyst Is Ethical and Limits the Effect of Personal Beliefs on Evaluation of an Issue Every IC organization has an ethical creed, and some organizational subdivisions also have one. Nine years after it was stood up, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) issued an overarching INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENCE 185 A GOOD INTELLIGENCE ANALYST statement of ethics. These are promises to the American people that intelligence officers will abide by the principles contained in the statement.     Downloaded by [Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University] at 18:24 29 November 2017 These thirteen elements of a good intelligence analyst combine intellectual curiosity, critical thinking, and the use of certain knowledge tools to provide the foundation of analytical judgments. Analysts who adhere to them will go a long way toward meeting the Lowenthal–Marks touchstone: We cannot stress enough the importance of recognizing and understanding that intelligence analysis is an intellectual activity, not a mechanical one where the proper formula or recipe will produce the preferred outcome each time. Although the possibility that some analytic tools and information technology solutions will assist analysts is appreciated, they all remain tools that do not change the core substance of intelligence analysis: namely, the ability to read, think, and write critically . . ..2 REFERENCES 1 Mark M. Lowenthal and Ronald A. Marks, ‘‘Intelligence Analysis: Is It As Good As It Gets?,’’ International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Vol. 28, No. 4, Winter 2015–2016, pp. 662–665. 2 Ibid., p. 665, emphasis added. AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE VOLUME 30, NUMBER 1
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Analyzing is a daily instinctive process. We all base our daily routine and happenings
through analysis to mean that everyone can be considered an analyst but what differs are the
specific skills that people advance to excel in the discipline of intelligence analysis. Michael
Douglas Smith in his article on ‘A Good Intelligence Analyst’ wrote on the attributes that make a
good intelligence analyst. The journal published a short thought piece by Mark Lowenthal and
Ronald Marks titled “Intelligence Analysis: Is It As Good as It Gets?” the authors pointed out
that they believe analysts are no more clairvoyant than their audience, and any expectations o...


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