Insert surname1
Professor’s name
Student’s name
Course title
Date
Sikhism
In the historical development and present usage of symbolization concepts, various
categories and relationships must necessarily be differentiated. Religious symbols are utilized in
conveying concepts which are concerned with relationships of humanity to the holy, or sacred,
and also to the material or social world. Ian Sikhism, Kesh is the practice which allows a natural
growth of one’s hair and this symbolizes respect to the God’s perfection in His creation. Kesh is
a symbol which symbolizes devotion to God and this is a reminder to the Sikhs that they should
obey their God. The uncut hair comes from believe that people must maintain God’s given form
in order to be one with Him. This includes not shaving or cutting hair as hair is one of the many
gifts from God and it should be respected. Sikhs believe that they were created with long hair for
a reason and they accept it as beautiful part of their bodies. However, they do not mind if other
people cut their hair (Kaur, Charanjeet & Zinta, 2017).
Insert surname2
Works Cited
Kaur, Charanjeet, and R. L. Zinta. "Assessment of Paranormal Beliefs among Hindu, Muslim,
Sikh and Christian Population." Assessment 2.3 (2017).
Religion
Cosmogony Origin of the
Universe
Nature of
God/Creator
View of Human
Nature
View of Good
and Evil
View of
“Salvation”
View of After
Life
Practices and
Rituals
Celebrations
and Festivals
Week 1
Indigeno
us
Peoples
Most
indigenous
peoples have
creation
stories where
they believe
the Creator
or Great
Father in the
Sky made the
earth, the
animals and
all humans,
e.g., the
union of Sky
Father and
Earth Mother.
Fisher, 2014,
p. 36
Indigenous
religions are
typically
polytheistic and
pantheistic,
involving a belief
that the divine is
manifested
throughout the
physical realm,
often involving a
supreme god,
e.g., Great
Spirit. They
believe the dark
gods of the spirit
world are the
ones to be afraid
of or to placate.
Indigenous
peoples believe
in the
importance of
maintaining a
right relationship
with the creator
god and the
numerous gods
governing
natural
phenomena and
forces. Fisher,
2014, p. 40
Indigenous
peoples
consider
themselves
connected to all
forms of life
due to their
pantheistic
world view.
They
acknowledge a
Circle of Right
Relationships,
requiring them
to respectively
cultivate and
maintain order
among all
forms of life
and the natural
order. Humans
are seen as
capable of
good or bad
and under the
influence of
curses, vows,
incantations, or
evil spirits. In
this sense, they
may be
animistic. Many
have a special
shaman or
witch doctor
who is
supposed to
Indigenous
peoples
recognize
that both
benevolent
and
malevolent
forces exist in
the spiritual
realm. These
forces can
have an
impact upon
individuals,
circumstance
and events in
the physical
world.
Good and
evil are seen
as forces that
compete for
dominance in
a person and
in the world.
Sometimes
there is an
ethnocentric
idea that ‘our’
group is the
good one and
all outsiders
are ‘bad’.
This idea can
lead to wars
and conflicts.
Fisher, 2014,
The idea of
the path or
the way or a
lifeway is
their main
idea of
salvation. It
is the path to
the good.
This idea is
closely
aligned with a
responsibility
for nature
and this
world,
connected
with the idea
of the Circle
of Right
Relationships
and the
holistic
connection
among all
things in the
natural world.
Oneness with
nature is for
some seen
as a goal of
life. Others
see
‘salvation’ as
surviving and
not being
defeated by
Many
indigenous
peoples
acknowledge
a spiritual
existence in
the afterlife,
evidenced by
rituals and
practices
surrounding
ancestor
veneration.
Some groups
have a notion
of an afterlife,
but others do
not. For
example,
some Native
American
groups believe
in a “Happy
Hunting
Ground’ or
that one goes
to be with the
ancestors
and/or the
Great Spirit.
Many
indigenous
peoples are
terrified of
death and use
their rituals to
ward it off.
Varies by
country or
group. Some
have animal
sacrifices or
smoke various
substances in
a ritualistic
manner.
Practices and
rituals may
include a
Sweat Lodge
ceremony or a
Vision Quest
among some
Native
Americans.
Dance is often
used to
express
stories and
tales of the
tribe or group
or the gods.
Body
decoration,
paint,
garments and
drums are
often used in
the ritual
dances. To
placate the
spirits, they
may also cut
themselves or
Varies by
country or
group. Some
have
celebrations
tied to the
seasons of
the year.
Others have
celebrations
of victory in
war or at
weddings.
The birth of
children is
often a time
of great
celebration.
Death is
universally
observed in
various ways
depending on
the culture
and local
beliefs. The
finding of
good prey
when hunting
would be a
cause for
celebration
as well.
Some
Indigenous
peoples
celebrate a
Week 1
Sources
Week 2
Hinduis
m and
Jainism
Fisher, M.P.
(2014) Living
Religions
Pearson:
Upper Saddle
River, NJ
text www.godonthe.
net/evidence/atri
bute.htm
help them
connect to the
spirit world.
Fisher, 2014,
pp. 34-36, 39 –
52.
pp. 41, 44 –
46, 51 - 52
the dark
spirits, thus
having a long
life. Fisher,
2014, pp. 39
- 48
Fisher, 2014,
pp.40 – 41,
53 - 55
text
text
text www.britanni
ca.com/.../ind
igenousreligion
text
in some cases
engage in
cannibalism or
headhunting.
An example:
the Sawi
people of New
Guinea make
peace with an
enemy by
swapping
infants
between the
tribes. As
long as the
children live
there will be
peace
between the
two tribes.
One family per
tribe agrees to
take in the
other child and
give up their
own. Fisher,
2014, pp. 55 60
text
first fruits or
harvest
festival.
Fisher, 2014,
pp. 55 – 59.
text
Wk 2
sources
Week 3
Buddhis
m
Wk 3
sources
Week 4
Daoism
and
Confucia
nism
Wk 4
sources
Week 5
Shinto
Wk 5
sources
Week 6
Judaism
Wk 6
sources
Week 7
Christian
ity
Wk 7
sources
Week 8
Islam
Muslims
believe that
the
Allah
created the
world.
Accordingly,
the
Allah
created the
heavens and
Muslims believe
in monotheism
or
oneness,
unique
and
without
any
equals is very
essential to all.
According
to
Islam faith, Allah
Muslims
believe
that
humans are the
greatest of all
creatures and
the purpose for
human creation
is to love, obey
and
serve
According to
Muslims
believe, both
good and evil
are
from
Allah.
However, evil
occurs as a
result
of
According to
Muslims
believe,
a
believer
should
live
pleasing
Allah in order
to
gain
paradise. The
Muslims
believe in life
after
death.
Accordingly,
there
is
relationship
between
conduct
on
earth and life
Muslim
practices and
rituals
are
important as
they
signify
history,
express
conviction and
growth
in
Muslims have
few holidays
compared to
other
religions.
However, the
few
celebrated
are of big
earth
and
everything in
and around it
in six days.
The
Allah
created the
sun,
the
moon,
and
the
planets
with their own
courses
or
orbits.
In
addition,
Allah created
every living
thing
from
water
According to
Muslim faith,
the universe
continues to
expand
through child
birth,
seed
sprouting and
development
of
new
species.
is
above
all
creations
and
has 99 attributes
some of which
can
be
understood by
human
being
while
others
cannot due to
limited
mental
capacity. They
believe
that
supremacy
of
Allah
is
important
for
their
success
and that man
has
an
opportunity
to
choose between
right and wrong.
However,
he
has no control
over
any
decision made
by Allah. They
believe
that
Allah loves his
creation and in
particular
humans and his
kindness has no
limits.
Allah.
The
name
Islam
interpreted to
mean
submission or
obedience
to
Allah. A Muslim
is one who
submits
or
surrenders to
God
and
recognizes
Muhammad as
God's prophet.
According
to
Muslims faith,
human beings
are
naturally
submissive to
Allah and that
true repentance
from
sin
cleanses
individuals from
sin. In addition,
rebellion
and
pride are some
of
the
omissions that
fail
human
beings.
Through pride,
human
being
tries to partner
themselves
with God and
end
up
destroying the
unity of God.
To this end,
interference
from
devil
who
puts
human into
temptations
to commit evil
and therefore
it
remains
moral
responsibility
of the human
to
select
through his
natural
instinct
the
right choice.
In addition to
natural
instinct,
Islamic
teaching
guides
on
how
to
differentiate
between the
two.
The
teaching
emphasizes
on the virtues
of
justice,
mercy
and
forgiveness.
The sources
of
evil
includes but
not limited to
worshiping
other beings
as the equal
of
God,
Muslims
doctrine
portrays the
unbelievers
as ungrateful
and sinners
will
be
condemned.
However,
they strongly
believe that
those
who
repent
receive
forgiveness
from
Allah
and will enter
into paradise
upon death.
They believe
that
at
puberty
stage,
an
account
of
each
person's
deeds
is
opened and
that it will be
used at the
Day
of
Judgment to
determine his
eternal fate.
The concept
of paradise
and hell is
taken
for
granted.
Paradise is a
beyond. The
afterlife will be
one
of
rewards and
punishments
which
are
commensurat
e with earthily
conduct.
To
this end, there
exists a day of
judgment
when
all
humans
will
be separated
into
the
eternal
destinations of
Paradise and
Hell.
The
judgment day
commonly
referred to the
last day is the
day when the
world will be
destroyed and
Allah will raise
all people and
jinn from the
dead to be
judged.
devotion.
Prayers
in
Muslims faith
are practiced
on daily basis
while
some
holidays are
practiced
annually. The
practices and
rituals consists
of
the
commonly
known
Five
Islamic pillars
which are the
five religious
duties
expected
of
every Muslim.
The five are
pillars
confession of
faith through
prayers
five
times a day,
alms
tax,
fasting during
the month of
Ramadhan,
Pilgrimage to
Mecca
and
purification
and
Animal
sacrifice.
significant. It
is worth to
note
that
most Islamic
holidays
either
celebrates
events in the
life of the
prophet
Muhammad
or are special
days founded
by
him.
Among
the
major
festivities
include 'Id AlFitr, 'Id AlAdha
and
one month of
daytime
fasting
(Ramadan).
Also Ashura,
which is also
an important
Shiite festival.
The popular
festival
of
Mawlid
anNabi
celebrates
the birthday
of the prophet
Muhammad,
but
is
frowned upon
as
an
idolatrous
Wk 8
sources
Week 9
Sikhism
Wk 9
sources
Week 10
New
Religiou
s
Moveme
nts
Wk 10
sources
http://www.fir
stthings.com/
blogs/leithart/
2014/02/seve
n-heavens
pride
is
a
serious sin to
Islam's
faith
whereas
submission is
highly
respected
virtue.
committing
murder
or
failing
to
pray.
However,
even
the
greatest evil
done by an
individual
can receive
forgiveness
and mercy
for
an
individual to
change to a
moral path.
place
of
physical and
spiritual
pleasure,
with
lofty
mansions
,delicious
food
and
drink,
and
virgin
companions
The Muslim
also
emphasize
on faith and
good work for
salvation
“Islamic Beliefs
About Human
Nature.” Religio
nFacts.com. 9
Apr. 2017.
http://www.bb
c.co.uk/schoo
ls/gcsebitesiz
e/rs/god/isgo
odandevilrev
2.shtml
“Salvation in
Islam.” Religi
onFacts.com.
22
Jun.
2017.
innovation by
conservative
Muslims.
“Islamic
Beliefs About
the
Afterlife.” Relig
ionFacts.com.
9 Apr. 2017.
“Muslim rituals
and
practices.” Rel
igionFacts.co
m. 21 Nov.
2016.
“Islamic
Holidays and
Festivals.” Re
ligionFacts.co
m. 5 Mar.
2017.
Religion
Cosmogony Origin of the
Universe
Nature of
God/Creator
View of Human
Nature
View of Good
and Evil
View of
“Salvation”
View of After
Life
Practices and
Rituals
Celebrations
and Festivals
Week 1
Indigeno
us
Peoples
Most
indigenous
peoples have
creation
stories where
they believe
the Creator
or Great
Father in the
Sky made the
earth, the
animals and
all humans,
e.g., the
union of Sky
Father and
Earth Mother.
Fisher, 2014,
p. 36
Indigenous
religions are
typically
polytheistic and
pantheistic,
involving a belief
that the divine is
manifested
throughout the
physical realm,
often involving a
supreme god,
e.g., Great
Spirit. They
believe the dark
gods of the spirit
world are the
ones to be afraid
of or to placate.
Indigenous
peoples believe
in the
importance of
maintaining a
right relationship
with the creator
god and the
numerous gods
governing
natural
phenomena and
forces. Fisher,
2014, p. 40
Indigenous
peoples
consider
themselves
connected to all
forms of life
due to their
pantheistic
world view.
They
acknowledge a
Circle of Right
Relationships,
requiring them
to respectively
cultivate and
maintain order
among all
forms of life
and the natural
order. Humans
are seen as
capable of
good or bad
and under the
influence of
curses, vows,
incantations, or
evil spirits. In
this sense, they
may be
animistic. Many
have a special
shaman or
witch doctor
who is
supposed to
Indigenous
peoples
recognize
that both
benevolent
and
malevolent
forces exist in
the spiritual
realm. These
forces can
have an
impact upon
individuals,
circumstance
and events in
the physical
world.
Good and
evil are seen
as forces that
compete for
dominance in
a person and
in the world.
Sometimes
there is an
ethnocentric
idea that ‘our’
group is the
good one and
all outsiders
are ‘bad’.
This idea can
lead to wars
and conflicts.
Fisher, 2014,
The idea of
the path or
the way or a
lifeway is
their main
idea of
salvation. It
is the path to
the good.
This idea is
closely
aligned with a
responsibility
for nature
and this
world,
connected
with the idea
of the Circle
of Right
Relationships
and the
holistic
connection
among all
things in the
natural world.
Oneness with
nature is for
some seen
as a goal of
life. Others
see
‘salvation’ as
surviving and
not being
defeated by
Many
indigenous
peoples
acknowledge
a spiritual
existence in
the afterlife,
evidenced by
rituals and
practices
surrounding
ancestor
veneration.
Some groups
have a notion
of an afterlife,
but others do
not. For
example,
some Native
American
groups believe
in a “Happy
Hunting
Ground’ or
that one goes
to be with the
ancestors
and/or the
Great Spirit.
Many
indigenous
peoples are
terrified of
death and use
their rituals to
ward it off.
Varies by
country or
group. Some
have animal
sacrifices or
smoke various
substances in
a ritualistic
manner.
Practices and
rituals may
include a
Sweat Lodge
ceremony or a
Vision Quest
among some
Native
Americans.
Dance is often
used to
express
stories and
tales of the
tribe or group
or the gods.
Body
decoration,
paint,
garments and
drums are
often used in
the ritual
dances. To
placate the
spirits, they
may also cut
themselves or
Varies by
country or
group. Some
have
celebrations
tied to the
seasons of
the year.
Others have
celebrations
of victory in
war or at
weddings.
The birth of
children is
often a time
of great
celebration.
Death is
universally
observed in
various ways
depending on
the culture
and local
beliefs. The
finding of
good prey
when hunting
would be a
cause for
celebration
as well.
Some
Indigenous
peoples
celebrate a
Week 1
Sources
Week 2
Hinduis
m and
Jainism
Fisher, M.P.
(2014) Living
Religions
Pearson:
Upper Saddle
River, NJ
text www.godonthe.
net/evidence/atri
bute.htm
help them
connect to the
spirit world.
Fisher, 2014,
pp. 34-36, 39 –
52.
pp. 41, 44 –
46, 51 - 52
the dark
spirits, thus
having a long
life. Fisher,
2014, pp. 39
- 48
Fisher, 2014,
pp.40 – 41,
53 - 55
text
text
text www.britanni
ca.com/.../ind
igenousreligion
text
in some cases
engage in
cannibalism or
headhunting.
An example:
the Sawi
people of New
Guinea make
peace with an
enemy by
swapping
infants
between the
tribes. As
long as the
children live
there will be
peace
between the
two tribes.
One family per
tribe agrees to
take in the
other child and
give up their
own. Fisher,
2014, pp. 55 60
text
first fruits or
harvest
festival.
Fisher, 2014,
pp. 55 – 59.
text
Wk 2
sources
Week 3
Buddhis
m
Wk 3
sources
Week 4
Daoism
and
Confucia
nism
Wk 4
sources
Week 5
Shinto
Wk 5
sources
Week 6
Judaism
Wk 6
sources
Week 7
Christian
ity
Wk 7
sources
Week 8
Islam
Muslims
believe that
the
Allah
created the
world.
Accordingly,
the
Allah
created the
heavens and
Muslims believe
in monotheism
or
oneness,
unique
and
without
any
equals is very
essential to all.
According
to
Islam faith, Allah
Muslims
believe
that
humans are the
greatest of all
creatures and
the purpose for
human creation
is to love, obey
and
serve
According to
Muslims
believe, both
good and evil
are
from
Allah.
However, evil
occurs as a
result
of
According to
Muslims
believe,
a
believer
should
live
pleasing
Allah in order
to
gain
paradise. The
Muslims
believe in life
after
death.
Accordingly,
there
is
relationship
between
conduct
on
earth and life
Muslim
practices and
rituals
are
important as
they
signify
history,
express
conviction and
growth
in
Muslims have
few holidays
compared to
other
religions.
However, the
few
celebrated
are of big
earth
and
everything in
and around it
in six days.
The
Allah
created the
sun,
the
moon,
and
the
planets
with their own
courses
or
orbits.
In
addition,
Allah created
every living
thing
from
water
According to
Muslim faith,
the universe
continues to
expand
through child
birth,
seed
sprouting and
development
of
new
species.
is
above
all
creations
and
has 99 attributes
some of which
can
be
understood by
human
being
while
others
cannot due to
limited
mental
capacity. They
believe
that
supremacy
of
Allah
is
important
for
their
success
and that man
has
an
opportunity
to
choose between
right and wrong.
However, he has
no control over
any
decision
made by Allah.
They
believe
that Allah loves
his creation and
in
particular
humans and his
kindness has no
limits.
Allah.
The
name
Islam
interpreted to
mean
submission or
obedience
to
Allah. A Muslim
is one who
submits
or
surrenders to
God
and
recognizes
Muhammad as
God's prophet.
According
to
Muslims faith,
human beings
are
naturally
submissive to
Allah and that
true repentance
from
sin
cleanses
individuals from
sin. In addition,
rebellion
and
pride are some
of
the
omissions that
fail
human
beings.
Through pride,
human
being
tries to partner
themselves
with God and
end
up
destroying the
unity of God. To
this end, pride
interference
from
devil
who
puts
human into
temptations
to commit evil
and therefore
it
remains
moral
responsibility
of the human
to
select
through his
natural
instinct
the
right choice.
In addition to
natural
instinct,
Islamic
teaching
guides
on
how
to
differentiate
between the
two.
The
teaching
emphasizes
on the virtues
of
justice,
mercy
and
forgiveness.
The sources
of
evil
includes but
not limited to
worshiping
other beings
as the equal
of
God,
Muslims
doctrine
portrays the
unbelievers
as ungrateful
and sinners
will
be
condemned.
However,
they strongly
believe that
those
who
repent
receive
forgiveness
from
Allah
and will enter
into paradise
upon death.
They believe
that
at
puberty
stage,
an
account
of
each
person's
deeds
is
opened and
that it will be
used at the
Day
of
Judgment to
determine his
eternal fate.
The concept
of paradise
and hell is
taken
for
granted.
Paradise is a
beyond. The
afterlife will be
one of rewards
and
punishments
which
are
commensurat
e with earthily
conduct.
To
this end, there
exists a day of
judgment
when
all
humans will be
separated into
the
eternal
destinations of
Paradise and
Hell.
The
judgment day
commonly
referred to the
last day is the
day when the
world will be
destroyed and
Allah will raise
all people and
jinn from the
dead to be
judged.
devotion.
Prayers
in
Muslims faith
are practiced
on daily basis
while
some
holidays are
practiced
annually. The
practices and
rituals consists
of
the
commonly
known
Five
Islamic pillars
which are the
five religious
duties
expected
of
every Muslim.
The five are
pillars
confession of
faith through
prayers
five
times a day,
alms
tax,
fasting during
the month of
Ramadhan,
Pilgrimage to
Mecca
and
purification
and
Animal
sacrifice.
significant. It
is worth to
note that most
Islamic
holidays
either
celebrates
events in the
life of the
prophet
Muhammad
or are special
days founded
by
him.
Among
the
major
festivities
include 'Id AlFitr, 'Id AlAdha and one
month
of
daytime
fasting
(Ramadan).
Also Ashura,
which is also
an important
Shiite festival.
The popular
festival
of
Mawlid
anNabi
celebrates
the birthday of
the prophet
Muhammad,
but is frowned
upon as an
idolatrous
innovation by
Wk 8
sources
Week 9
Sikhism
Wk 9
sources
Week 10
New
Religiou
s
Moveme
nts
Wk 10
sources
http://www.fir
stthings.com/
blogs/leithart/
2014/02/seve
n-heavens
is a serious sin
to Islam's faith
whereas
submission is
highly
respected
virtue.
committing
murder
or
failing
to
pray.
However,
even
the
greatest evil
done by an
individual
can receive
forgiveness
and mercy
for
an
individual to
change to a
moral path.
place
of
physical and
spiritual
pleasure, with
lofty
mansions
,delicious
food
and
drink,
and
virgin
companions
The Muslim
also
emphasize
on faith and
good work for
salvation
“Islamic Beliefs
About Human
Nature.” Religio
nFacts.com. 9
Apr. 2017.
http://www.bb
c.co.uk/schoo
ls/gcsebitesiz
e/rs/god/isgo
odandevilrev
2.shtml
“Salvation in
Islam.” Religi
onFacts.com.
22
Jun.
2017.
conservative
Muslims.
“Islamic
Beliefs About
the
Afterlife.” Relig
ionFacts.com.
9 Apr. 2017.
“Muslim rituals
and
practices.” Rel
igionFacts.co
m. 21 Nov.
2016.
“Islamic
Holidays and
Festivals.” Re
ligionFacts.co
m. 5 Mar.
2017.
Running head: Hinduism
Week 2 Assignment
Hinduism
George Geysimonyan
Strayer University
Rel212: World Religions
Professor Margaret Rinck
Running head: Hinduism
REL212 WORLD VIEW CHART
This chart contains all the research you need to write the final paper for this course. If you do the research and reading on the religion(s) we study each
week, and if you give yourself a good guide to the religions using this chart, you will have a good foundation for that final paper. The more information you
provide for yourself with this chart, the easier it will be to write your final paper. Do not forget to provide adequate material for any in-text citations and be
sure to include a reference page as well.
Complete and submit the following worksheet. Provide citations for any source(s) you used to explain or provide examples for in your research. List in
APA Style full references for any in-text citations and source(s) made in the above chart.
Student Name:
RELIGION(S) OF THE WEEK
•
State the name of the Religion being addressed in this chart.
•
Please address ONLY ONE (1) religion per chart.
ORIGIN OF ALL THINGS
Provide your response in this column.
Hinduism
Provide your response in this column.
Running head: Hinduism
•
State the creation story that this religion uses to explain the creation of the
Hinduism is named as the most ancient Indian religions. According to
universe. If you cannot identify a creation story for this religion, offer a
Hinduism the universe really does exist with souls that are existing,
suggestion as to why this religion may not have one.
others being non-living things example; space and is not something
•
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
under any illusion. The story revolves that universe will exist forever
•
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. and not prone to destruction. Further, it goes that universe wasn’t
created by any god (Gombrich,1975). Souls of all living things hang
on the universe. The universe remains intact, example, human beings
cannot alter it.
Gombrich, R. F. (1975). Ancient Indian Cosmology (pp. 110-142).
George Allen et Unwin.
NATURE OF GOD/CREATOR
•
Provide your response in this column.
State the nature of the god(s) worshiped by this religion. If you cannot
Majority of the people will describe Hinduism religion as polytheistic
identify a god (or gods) for this religion, offer a suggestion as to why this
which is not the case. Though having different gods to worship,
religion may not have one.
Hinduism is narrowed to be a monotheistic religion based on Brahman
•
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
idea of maintaining unity (Flood, 1996).On the other hand, Hinduism
•
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. which as old as nature is an intrinsic quality of every soul with the
Running head: Hinduism
close association of karma. Hinduism has a doctrine of universe is
that they have always existed disregarding the creator. Example: soul,
matter, time, space and motion issue). Here God not at the center of
the world since they believe in individuals being omnipresent,
omnipotent and omniscient.
Flood, G. D. (1996). An introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge
University Press
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
Provide your response in this column.
•
State how this religion views human beings.
Hinduism on human nature is that human beings are connected with
•
How are human beings viewed with regard to their characteristics and their
identical souls with a central hub. Human beings are viewed as actors
place in the universe? If you cannot identify how this religion defines
and not play writers with Saguna Brahman, having powers over the
human beings, offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't.
universe.
•
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
•
A Bradley, D. G. (1963). A Guide to the World's Religions.
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. Englewood Cliffs
Running head: Hinduism
VIEW OF GOOD & EVIL
Provide your response in this column.
•
State how this religion defines the concept of good and evil.
The Hindu scripture’s good is manifested through sattva (purity) in the
•
Most religions encourage their adherents to be good and to shun evil. How
virtue of selflessness, immortality, and order. Impurity, extremist,
does this religion define these terms for those who practice this religion? If
sinful conduct is drawn as evil among beings. The demons act to
you cannot identify how this religion defines good and evil, offer a
struggle bodies to sin. Good is manifested through divinities whereas
suggestion as to why it doesn't.
evil brought about by demons (Doniger, 1976). Jainism believes the
•
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
presence of evil if they don’t enjoy omnipotence but when perfection
•
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. happens is the sign of good such as a perfect soul. Both of the
religions dislike evil deeds due to attached universe unseen forces
advocating good practices.
Doniger, W. (1976). The origins of evil in Hindu mythology (No. 6).
Univ of California Press
VIEW OF SALVATION
•
Provide your response in this column.
All religions suggest that human beings are faced with a “problem” that
On knowing your immortal soul is the path to salvation. Being saved
needs to be overcome. What is the “problem” this religion identifies, and
is believed to be a way of avoiding harm and getting protection against
how does it suggest that we can overcome it? If you cannot identify how
any mischievous ways. People belief and deeds bring salvation
Running head: Hinduism
this religion defines the “problem,” or how to overcome it, offer a
against their problems. Religious identifiers like basic God’s tenets of
suggestion as to why it doesn't.
showing respect to God, fellow human beings is a common identifier
•
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
to salvation (Von Glasenapp,1999)
•
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete.
Von Glasenapp, H. (1999).Jainism: An Indian religion of salvation
(Vol. 14). Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
VIEW OF AFTERLIFE
•
Provide your response in this column.
What does this religion teach about “what comes next” after all is said and
For the Hindus, human spirit remains intact even after death but the
done? For Eastern religions that teach reincarnation, this question is about
physical bodies’ changes. Further, the spirit (atman) undergoes
what happens after moksha is attained. For Western religions, this question
reincarnation with death being inevitable. There are many heavens and
is about what happens when we die. If you cannot identify how this religion hells after death. On death, the soul is transmigrated to something new
defines the afterlife,
offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't.
•
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
•
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete.
by not having shed all Karmas. Hinduism believe in Karma.
Running head: Hinduism
PRACTICES AND RITUALS
Provide your response in this column.
•
How do members of this religion “practice” their “faith?”
With rituals like Puja, family rites of passage, festivals did yearly and
•
What ceremonies, or rituals, do they use to help pass this religion on to the
family pilgrimages, Hindus use that as a social moment as the show of
next generation? If you cannot identify how this religion is practiced, offer
faith. Information about their practices is copied to the next generation
a suggestion as to why it doesn't have any rituals or practices.
through such occasions. Example: nuns and monks going through the
•
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
ascetic style.
•
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete.
CELEBRATIONS AND FESTIVALS
•
Identify one or two celebrations and/or festivals that members of this
religion use to express their beliefs in public, or in private.
Provide your response in this column.
Running head: Hinduism
•
Name the festival(s) and give a short explanation of how it is observed. If
Just like Jainism carry a number of festivals such as Jayanti, new year
you cannot identify any celebrations or festivals for this religion, offer a
celebrations, Pausha Panchami and Maun-Agiyara, Hindus have the
suggestion as to why it doesn't have any.
hyped Maha Shivaratri at which their followers follow some rituals
•
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
through rituals and fasting (Basham, 1991). Lord Shiva is honored that
•
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. night as Hindu deity. January 13 they observe maker Sankranti as their
first holiday as per their calendar.
Basham, A. L. (1991). The origins and development of classical
Hinduism. Oxford University Press,
REL212 WORLD VIEW CHART (alternate version)
This chart contains all the research you need to write the final paper for this course. If you do the research and reading on the religion(s) we study each
week, and if you give yourself a good guide to the religions using this chart, you will have a good foundation for that final paper. The more information you
provide for yourself with this chart, the easier it will be to write your final paper. Do not forget to provide adequate material for any in-text citations and be
sure to include a reference page as well.
Complete and submit the following worksheet. Provide citations for any source(s) you used to explain or provide examples for in your research. List in APA
Style full references for any in-text citations and source(s) made in the above chart.
Student Name:
RELIGION(S) OF THE WEEK
•
•
State the name of the Religion being addressed in this chart.
Please address ONLY ONE (1) religion per chart.
ORIGIN OF ALL THINGS
•
•
•
State the creation story that this religion uses to explain the creation of the
universe. If you cannot identify a creation story for this religion, offer a suggestion
as to why this religion may not have one.
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete.
NATURE OF GOD/CREATOR
•
•
•
State the nature of the god(s) worshiped by this religion. If you cannot identify a
god (or gods) for this religion, offer a suggestion as to why this religion may not
have one.
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete.
Provide your response in this column.
Buddhism
Provide your response in this column.
There is no creator god. The origin of the universe is not explained.
They believe everything depends on everything else. In other words,
present events are a result of past events and a cause of future events.
Provide your response in this column.
They do not believe in God or the existence of a god. They recite the
name of Buddha and pray to him, but he is not a deity or supreme
being. They believe the religion is a collection of teachings and
methods that help us get in touch with ourselves.
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
•
•
•
•
State how this religion views human beings.
How are human beings viewed with regard to their characteristics and their place in
the universe? If you cannot identify how this religion defines human beings, offer a
suggestion as to why it doesn't.
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete.
Provide your response in this column.
According to Buddha, everything is impermanent (anicca). Human
nature and existence comprise of physical forms (rupa), feelings or
sensations (vedana), ideations (sanna), mental formations or
dispositions (sankhara), and consciousness (vinnana). It teaches that
humans arise because of many conditions, the most important being
moral actions (karma) in one’s previous lifetime.
VIEW OF GOOD & EVIL
•
•
•
•
State how this religion defines the concept of good and evil.
Most religions encourage their adherents to be good and to shun evil. How does
this religion define these terms for those who practice this religion? If you cannot
identify how this religion defines good and evil, offer a suggestion as to why it
doesn't.
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete.
Provide your response in this column.
In Buddhism, good and evil are innate, inseparable aspects of life
because they are connected to karma. Good and evil are looked at
based on their impacts on our lives and not rules of conduct. Evil
actions arise from narrow selfishness. Good is the basis of
enlightenment, absolute freedom, happiness and profound selfknowledge.
VIEW OF SALVATION
•
•
•
All religions suggest that human beings are faced with a “problem” that needs to be
overcome. What is the “problem” this religion identifies, and how does it suggest
that we can overcome it? If you cannot identify how this religion defines the
“problem,” or how to overcome it, offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't.
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete.
Provide your response in this column.
Realizing salvation is reaching nirvana. It must be achieved during
one’s lifetime. Nirvana is a blissful and spiritual state of nothingness
where one becomes a Buddha. To achieve it, you must realize all the
Noble Eightfold Pat.
VIEW OF AFTERLIFE
•
•
•
What does this religion teach about “what comes next” after all is said and done?
For Eastern religions that teach reincarnation, this question is about what happens
after moksha is attained. For Western religions, this question is about what
happens when we die. If you cannot identify how this religion defines the afterlife,
offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't.
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete.
Provide your response in this column.
They believe that life is a cycle of death. They have a belief in rebirth
known as samsara. People often struggle to escape samsara through
karma and enlightenment. Their aim is to achieve nirvana, which is an
end to suffering.
PRACTICES AND RITUALS
•
•
•
•
How do members of this religion “practice” their “faith?”
What ceremonies, or rituals, do they use to help pass this religion on to the next
generation? If you cannot identify how this religion is practiced, offer a suggestion
as to why it doesn't have any rituals or practices.
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete.
CELEBRATIONS AND FESTIVALS
•
•
•
•
Identify one or two celebrations and/or festivals that members of this religion use to
express their beliefs in public, or in private.
Name the festival(s) and give a short explanation of how it is observed. If you
cannot identify any celebrations or festivals for this religion, offer a suggestion as to
why it doesn't have any.
Back up your statement with explanation and/or example.
You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete.
Provide your response in this column.
They have a variety of rituals and practices. The rituals and practices
help in the journey of enlightenment. The major practice is meditation
derived from the experiences of Buddha and his teachings.
Provide your response in this column.
They have many special festivals and celebrations. They celebrate the
birthdays of Bodhisattvas in the Mahayana tradition. They have
significant celebrations in May on the night of full moon. During this
time, they celebrate the birth, enlightenment, and death of Buddha,
Buddha Day. Their festivals are joyous. During festivals, they offer
food to the monks. They take the Five Precepts. They listen to
Dharma talk. They distribute food to the poor and later attends the
ceremony of circumambulation. In the end, they chant Buddha’
teachings and meditation.
Week 3
Buddhis
m
The
Buddhists
view of the
origin of the
universe is
based on the
understandin
g that the
world has
neither a
beginning nor
an end. In
other words,
the lack of
human
knowledge is
what makes
them believe
that
everything
has a start
and has an
end. Hence
to the
Buddhists
think that the
world has
always
existed and
changed in
form over
millions of
years and as
such it
breaks away
from itself
and
reconstructs
itself. In a
nutshell, the
While the
Buddhists do not
directly indicate
their belief in a
God or gods,
they emphasize
humanity. To
them, human
beings are
precious and
significant. Also,
they believe that
all humans are
capable of
becoming a
Buddha which is
a perfect state of
being that
comes when
one gets rid of
hatred, jealousy,
and anger and
replacing all
these with love,
generosity and
patience. In
general, the
concept of the
divine is not
emphasized by
Buddhists.
In Buddhism,
human nature
is understood
by the
philosophy that
humans are
unique and that
they are
capable of
attaining
enlightenment
like a Buddha.
Understanding
can as such be
achieved
through the
realms of the
Śuddhāvāsa
deities. A
bodhisattva can
appear in
different forms
in life
sometimes as
an animal and
sometimes as
an animal or as
a deva. Even
so, the religion
considers that
humans are
very much
favored
because they
are capable of
seeking
Dharma and
still they have
the means to
When it
comes to the
concept of
good and
evil,
Buddhists
believe that
good and evil
and
inseparable
and innate.
Based on this
ideology, the
Buddhists
cannot point
out that an
individual or
a group of
individuals
are either
good or evil.
Moreover, in
their
understandin
g, every
single person
can be able
to do acts
that are noble
and acts that
are the
basest evil.
Additionally,
in this religion
both evil and
good are not
classified as
absolute,
they are,
however,
The idea of
salvation is
best
explained
using the
words,
Nirvana.
Nirvana is a
state of
nothingness,
transcendent
al, spiritual
and blissful
nature, and
better still,
one
becoming a
Buddha.
Hence to
gains
salvation by
reaching
Nirvana, one
must adhere
to the Noble
Eightfold
Path that
include; Right
Understandin
g, Right
Resolve,
Right
Speech,
Right Action,
Right
Occupation,
Right Effort,
Right
Contemplatio
When it
comes to life
after death,
the Buddhists
believe that
life moves in a
cycle and as
such when
one dies, they
are reborn in a
process called
samsara.
However, if
one engages
in karma and
eventually
enlightenment,
they can
escape
samsara and
achieve
Nirvana which
means they
are not reborn
but are saved
from
sufferings of
the natural life.
Buddhism
incorporates
many rituals,
celebrations
and even
practices. All
these are
intended to
help in the
journey to
enlightenment
and get
blessings for
the person
and for others.
Meditation is
very central in
the religion
even though
there are other
practices that
they have
adopted as a
result of
influence form
other religions.
The other
practices are;
Meditation for
mental
concentration,
Mantras for
sacred
sounds,
mudras which
is symbolic
hand
gestures,
prayer wheel
where one
Rituals and
celebrations
are quite a
number and
the most
significant
ones are
Wesak thatis
celebrated on
full moon,
bathing the
Buddha is
another
ceremony
where water
is poured on
Buddha’s
shoulder as a
reminder of
purity for the
followers.
There is also
Buddha
Celebration
but this vary
from one
country to
another and
finally the
release of
caged birds
which is
symbolic to
mean that
one is
wishing well
to all beings.
world to
Buddhists
has its
systems
appearing
and
disappearing
within the
universe.
Wk 3
sources
Jacobson, P.,
N., (2010).
Understandin
g Buddhism.
Carbondale:
Southern
Illinois
University
Press.
listen as well as
follow it.
Jacobson, P.,
N., (2010).
Understanding
Buddhism.
Carbondale:
Southern Illinois
University
Press.
Jacobson, P.,
N., (2010).
Understanding
Buddhism.
Carbondale:
Southern
Illinois
University
Press.
relative.
Finally, the
doctrine
proposes the
philosophy
that acts of
good and
acts of evil is
judged based
on their
impacts on
the life of the
actor and the
lives of
others.
Therefore,
actions of
good and evil
are not
judged based
on abstract
rules of
behavior.
Jacobson, P.,
N., (2010).
Understandin
g Buddhism.
Carbondale:
Southern
Illinois
University
Press.
n and Right
Meditation.
Jacobson, P.,
N., (2010).
Understandin
g Buddhism.
Carbondale:
Southern
Illinois
University
Press.
recites
mantras while
turning a
wheel,
monasticism,
pilgrimage
visits to
sacred sites
and
veneration of
Buddhas and
the Deities
Jacobson, P.,
N., (2010).
Understanding
Buddhism.
Carbondale:
Southern
Illinois
University
Press.
Jacobson, P.,
N., (2010).
Understanding
Buddhism.
Carbondale:
Southern
Illinois
University
Press.
Jacobson, P.,
N., (2010).
Understandin
g Buddhism.
Carbondale:
Southern
Illinois
University
Press.
Religion
Cosmogony Origin of the
Universe
Nature of
God/Creator
View of Human
Nature
View of Good
and Evil
View of
“Salvation”
View of After
Life
Practices and
Rituals
Celebrations
and Festivals
Week 1
Indigeno
us
Peoples
Most
indigenous
peoples have
creation
stories where
they believe
the Creator
or Great
Father in the
Sky made the
earth, the
animals and
all humans,
e.g., the
union of Sky
Father and
Earth Mother.
Fisher, 2014,
p. 36
Indigenous
religions are
typically
polytheistic and
pantheistic,
involving a belief
that the divine is
manifested
throughout the
physical realm,
often involving a
supreme god,
e.g., Great
Spirit. They
believe the dark
gods of the spirit
world are the
ones to be afraid
of or to placate.
Indigenous
peoples believe
in the
importance of
maintaining a
right relationship
with the creator
god and the
numerous gods
governing
natural
phenomena and
forces. Fisher,
2014, p. 40
Indigenous
peoples
consider
themselves
connected to all
forms of life
due to their
pantheistic
world view.
They
acknowledge a
Circle of Right
Relationships,
requiring them
to respectively
cultivate and
maintain order
among all
forms of life
and the natural
order. Humans
are seen as
capable of
good or bad
and under the
influence of
curses, vows,
incantations, or
evil spirits. In
this sense, they
may be
animistic. Many
have a special
shaman or
witch doctor
who is
supposed to
Indigenous
peoples
recognize
that both
benevolent
and
malevolent
forces exist in
the spiritual
realm. These
forces can
have an
impact upon
individuals,
circumstance
and events in
the physical
world.
Good and
evil are seen
as forces that
compete for
dominance in
a person and
in the world.
Sometimes
there is an
ethnocentric
idea that ‘our’
group is the
good one and
all outsiders
are ‘bad’.
This idea can
lead to wars
and conflicts.
Fisher, 2014,
The idea of
the path or
the way or a
lifeway is
their main
idea of
salvation. It
is the path to
the good.
This idea is
closely
aligned with a
responsibility
for nature
and this
world,
connected
with the idea
of the Circle
of Right
Relationships
and the
holistic
connection
among all
things in the
natural world.
Oneness with
nature is for
some seen
as a goal of
life. Others
see
‘salvation’ as
surviving and
not being
defeated by
Many
indigenous
peoples
acknowledge
a spiritual
existence in
the afterlife,
evidenced by
rituals and
practices
surrounding
ancestor
veneration.
Some groups
have a notion
of an afterlife,
but others do
not. For
example,
some Native
American
groups believe
in a “Happy
Hunting
Ground’ or
that one goes
to be with the
ancestors
and/or the
Great Spirit.
Many
indigenous
peoples are
terrified of
death and use
their rituals to
ward it off.
Varies by
country or
group. Some
have animal
sacrifices or
smoke various
substances in
a ritualistic
manner.
Practices and
rituals may
include a
Sweat Lodge
ceremony or a
Vision Quest
among some
Native
Americans.
Dance is often
used to
express
stories and
tales of the
tribe or group
or the gods.
Body
decoration,
paint,
garments and
drums are
often used in
the ritual
dances. To
placate the
spirits, they
may also cut
themselves or
Varies by
country or
group. Some
have
celebrations
tied to the
seasons of
the year.
Others have
celebrations
of victory in
war or at
weddings.
The birth of
children is
often a time
of great
celebration.
Death is
universally
observed in
various ways
depending on
the culture
and local
beliefs. The
finding of
good prey
when hunting
would be a
cause for
celebration
as well.
Some
Indigenous
peoples
celebrate a
Week 1
Sources
Week 2
Hinduis
m and
Jainism
Fisher, M.P.
(2014) Living
Religions
Pearson:
Upper Saddle
River, NJ
text www.godonthe.
net/evidence/at
ribute.htm
help them
connect to the
spirit world.
Fisher, 2014,
pp. 34-36, 39 –
52.
pp. 41, 44 –
46, 51 - 52
the dark
spirits, thus
having a long
life. Fisher,
2014, pp. 39
- 48
Fisher, 2014,
pp.40 – 41,
53 - 55
text
text
text www.britann
ica.com/.../in
digenousreligion
text
in some cases
engage in
cannibalism or
headhunting.
An example:
the Sawi
people of New
Guinea make
peace with an
enemy by
swapping
infants
between the
tribes. As
long as the
children live
there will be
peace
between the
two tribes.
One family per
tribe agrees to
take in the
other child and
give up their
own. Fisher,
2014, pp. 55 60
text
first fruits or
harvest
festival.
Fisher, 2014,
pp. 55 – 59.
text
Wk 2
sources
Week 3
Buddhis
m
Wk 3
sources
Week 4
Daoism
and
Confucia
nism
According to
Daoism, the
universe the
earth was
formed from
the chaos
that and
disarray that
existed even
as the
heaven was
mixed with
the universe.
In that
confusion the
universe sloe
in the form of
an egg.
When the
egg
eventually
hatched after
18000 years,
the egg
brought pure
substances
that floated in
the heavens
called Yang,
and the
lesser pure
Daoism does
not have a God
or gods. Even
though their
theory of
creation talks of
Dao as the
source of
nature, Tao is
not a Gog or
god but guides
things as they
happen in the
universe. Dao is
also not
worshiped
(Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005).
Based on their
view of the
universe
Confucianism
does not have a
god nor do they
believe in the
existence of a
God/god. They
only believe in
the
interrelationship
In their
understanding
of human
nature,
Confucianism
believes a lot in
the welfare and
supremacy of
humans. In
fact, to them,
humans are
almost divine
since he says
that morality is
in the human
person
(Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005). Hence
to them,
humans are
important, and
their welfare
should come
first. He,
however,
directs humans
to respect
religious
components.
Meaning
According to
Daoism, the
concept of
evil arises
from an
individual’s
view of the
evil thing. In
the sense
that, only
until
someone
considers
something as
good that is
when the
existence of
its opposite
which is evil
arises
(Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005).
Moreover,
they believe
that if the
concept of
right does not
exist the
things would
According to
Confucius, he
did not
promote any
concept of
self-salvation,
but he
believed in
the teachings
on social
relationships
and virtues
that
strengthened
social
relationships
(Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005).
Similarly,
Daoism does
not believe in
salvation,
they also
think in
morals
(Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005).
However, to
them, death
Daoism
believe in the
existence of
heaven, and
so, they think
that when
people die,
they go to
heaven
(Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005). As
such their
concept of
death is
described as
shijie of
“release from
the dead
body” and
what happens
after the
release is
defined as
transformation
, also called
immortality
and ascension
to heaven.
Confucius was
a believer in
Daoism have
rituals, and
their rituals
are mainly
rituals of
purification,
mediation and
giving
offerings to
deities
(Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005).
Worshiping
the ancestors
in
Confucianism
is an important
practice.
Similarly, they
also did
practices such
as rituals of
purity
veneration
and giving an
offering to
deities as well
as meditation.
Confucians
celebrate the
same
holidays as
those
observed by
other
religions.
They
celebrate the
Chinese new
year, the
Ching Ming
Festival,
Confucius
holiday and
birthday
(Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005). They
also
commemorat
e some
celebrations
that
originated
from Asian
countries
such as
Buddhism,
Daoism,
elements
formed the
earth called
Yin. Yin and
Yang
produced a
giant Pan Ku
whom with
the help of a
Phoenix, a
Dragon,
Tortoise and
Unicorn
created the
universe as it
is today
(Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005). 18000
years later
Pan Ku died,
and his right
eye formed
the sun, the
left eye
created the
moon, his
body formed
the soil,
blood formed
rivers and
waters and
from the fleas
in his body
became
humanity. In
other words,
they believe
in the
creation from
of organisms in
the earth.
However, its
initiators
believed in Tao
(Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005).
humans must
respect
religion.
In their
understanding,
Daoism
believes that
humans are
important, but
they must align
themselves
with nature for
their welfare
(Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005). Hence,
they should
take care of
environment
and take care
of themselves.
As such they
believe that
actions such as
physical
exercise are
part of aligning
oneself with
nature.
be
nonsensical.
Confucianism
believes in
the essential
virtues that
they consider
as what
defines being
right, and
hence
anyone that
violates these
virtues is evil
(Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005). In this
case, the
merits are,
love, charity,
righteousnes
s, proper
conduct,
good
manners,
wisdom,
integrity,
trustworthine
ss,
faithfulness,
filial piety Elders loves
younger,
younger
respect
elders, selfcontrol,
boldness,
decisiveness
exists as a
means of
going back to
Tao.
veneration of
the ancestors
this explained
his belief in
the existence
of humans in a
different form
(Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005). In his
teachings, he
told that the
physical death
or lack of
breathing did
not mean an
end to life. He,
however,
believed that
there was a
different way
in which
people
survived even
when dead
hence
ancestors
would be
generated.
Shinto, and
Confucianism
.
Daoism on
the other
hand also
celebrates
several
celebrations.
Most of their
ceremonies
are done in
the Taoist
temples.
Their festivals
include Ghost
Festival,
Chinese New
Year, the
Festival of
Lanterns,
Mid-Autumn
festival, the
Dragon Boat
Festival
which are all
observed
festivals
(Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005).
Wk 4
sources
the egg and
Pan Ku.
Confucianism
, on the other
hand, does
not believe in
the creation
myths.
Instead, the
universe is a
vast
integrated
unit where
nature is
interconnecte
d (Coogan, &
Narayanan,
2005). Using
the
philosophy of
naturalism
and holism
they believe
there is no
creator God
but there is
“Tu Weiming”
continuity of
beings.
Coogan, D.,
M.,&
Narayanan,
V., (2005).
Eastern
religions :
origins,
beliefs,
practices,
holy texts,
sacred
and Harmony
and Peace.
Coogan, D.,
M.,&
Narayanan, V.,
(2005). Eastern
religions :
origins, beliefs,
practices, holy
texts, sacred
places. Oxford ;
New York :
Oxford
Coogan, D.,
M.,&
Narayanan, V.,
(2005). Eastern
religions :
origins, beliefs,
practices, holy
texts, sacred
places. Oxford ;
New York :
Oxford
Coogan, D.,
M.,&
Narayanan,
V., (2005).
Eastern
religions :
origins,
beliefs,
practices,
holy texts,
sacred
Coogan, D.,
M.,&
Narayanan,
V., (2005).
Eastern
religions :
origins,
beliefs,
practices,
holy texts,
sacred
Coogan, D.,
M.,&
Narayanan,
V., (2005).
Eastern
religions :
origins,
beliefs,
practices, holy
texts, sacred
places. Oxford
Coogan, D.,
M.,&
Narayanan,
V., (2005).
Eastern
religions :
origins,
beliefs,
practices, holy
texts, sacred
places. Oxford
Coogan, D.,
M.,&
Narayanan,
V., (2005).
Eastern
religions :
origins,
beliefs,
practices,
holy texts,
sacred
places.
Oxford ; New
York : Oxford
University
Press, 2005.
Week 5
Shinto
Wk 5
sources
Week 6
Judaism
Wk 6
sources
Week 7
Christian
ity
Wk 7
sources
Week 8
Islam
Wk 8
sources
Week 9
Sikhism
Wk 9
sources
Week 10
New
Religiou
s
Moveme
nts
Wk 10
sources
University
Press, 2005.
University
Press, 2005.
places.
Oxford ; New
York : Oxford
University
Press, 2005.
places.
Oxford ; New
York : Oxford
University
Press, 2005.
; New York :
Oxford
University
Press, 2005.
; New York :
Oxford
University
Press, 2005.
places.
Oxford ; New
York : Oxford
University
Press, 2005.
Religion
Cosmogony Origin of the
Universe
Nature of
God/Creator
View of
Human Nature
View of Good
and Evil
View of
“Salvation”
View of After
Life
Practices
and Rituals
Celebrations
and Festivals
Week 1
Indigeno
us
Peoples
Most
indigenous
peoples have
creation stories
where they
believe the
Creator or
Great Father in
the Sky made
the earth, the
animals and all
humans, e.g.,
the union of
Sky Father and
Earth Mother.
Fisher, 2014, p.
36
Indigenous
religions are
typically
polytheistic and
pantheistic,
involving a belief
that the divine is
manifested
throughout the
physical realm,
often involving a
supreme god, e.g.,
Great Spirit. They
believe the dark
gods of the spirit
world are the ones
to be afraid of or
to placate.
Indigenous
peoples believe in
the importance of
maintaining a right
relationship with
the creator god
and the numerous
gods governing
natural
phenomena and
forces. Fisher,
2014, p. 40
Indigenous
peoples
consider
themselves
connected to
all forms of life
due to their
pantheistic
world view.
They
acknowledge
a Circle of
Right
Relationships,
requiring them
to respectively
cultivate and
maintain order
among all
forms of life
and the
natural order.
Humans are
seen as
capable of
good or bad
and under the
influence of
curses, vows,
incantations,
or evil spirits.
In this sense,
they may be
animistic.
Many have a
special
shaman or
Indigenous
peoples
recognize that
both
benevolent and
malevolent
forces exist in
the spiritual
realm. These
forces can
have an impact
upon
individuals,
circumstance
and events in
the physical
world.
Good and evil
are seen as
forces that
compete for
dominance in a
person and in
the world.
Sometimes
there is an
ethnocentric
idea that ‘our’
group is the
good one and
all outsiders
are ‘bad’. This
idea can lead
to wars and
conflicts.
Fisher, 2014,
The idea of
the path or
the way or
a lifeway is
their main
idea of
salvation.
It is the
path to the
good. This
idea is
closely
aligned
with a
responsibili
ty for
nature and
this world,
connected
with the
idea of the
Circle of
Right
Relationshi
ps and the
holistic
connection
among all
things in
the natural
world.
Oneness
with nature
is for some
seen as a
goal of life.
Others see
Many
indigenous
peoples
acknowledge
a spiritual
existence in
the afterlife,
evidenced by
rituals and
practices
surrounding
ancestor
veneration.
Some groups
have a notion
of an afterlife,
but others do
not. For
example,
some Native
American
groups
believe in a
“Happy
Hunting
Ground’ or
that one goes
to be with the
ancestors
and/or the
Great Spirit.
Many
indigenous
peoples are
terrified of
death and
use their
Varies by
country or
group.
Some have
animal
sacrifices or
smoke
various
substances
in a
ritualistic
manner.
Practices
and rituals
may include
a Sweat
Lodge
ceremony or
a Vision
Quest
among
some Native
Americans.
Dance is
often used
to express
stories and
tales of the
tribe or
group or the
gods. Body
decoration,
paint,
garments
and drums
are often
used in the
Varies by
country or
group. Some
have
celebrations
tied to the
seasons of
the year.
Others have
celebrations
of victory in
war or at
weddings.
The birth of
children is
often a time
of great
celebration.
Death is
universally
observed in
various ways
depending on
the culture
and local
beliefs. The
finding of
good prey
when hunting
would be a
cause for
celebration
as well.
Some
Indigenous
peoples
celebrate a
witch doctor
who is
supposed to
help them
connect to the
spirit world.
Fisher, 2014,
pp. 34-36, 39
– 52.
pp. 41, 44 – 46,
51 - 52
‘salvation’
as
surviving
and not
being
defeated
by the dark
spirits, thus
having a
long life.
Fisher,
2014, pp.
39 - 48
rituals to
ward it off.
Fisher, 2014,
pp.40 – 41,
53 - 55
ritual
dances. To
placate the
spirits, they
may also cut
themselves
or in some
cases
engage in
cannibalism
or
headhunting
. An
example:
the Sawi
people of
New Guinea
make peace
with an
enemy by
swapping
infants
between the
tribes. As
long as the
children live
there will be
peace
between the
two tribes.
One family
per tribe
agrees to
take in the
other child
and give up
their own.
Fisher,
2014, pp. 55
- 60
first fruits or
harvest
festival.
Fisher, 2014,
pp. 55 – 59.
Week 1
Sources
Fisher, M.P.
(2014) Living
Religions
Pearson:
Upper Saddle
River, NJ
text
text www.godonthe.ne
t/evidence/atribut
e.htm
Shinto believe
the land they
inhabit its
environs as the
children of
Kami. They
depict the very
sense of nature
It is believed that
multiple aspects of
nature contain
divinity, as is the
nature of Kami.
These include:
Rocks, rivers,
text
text www.brita
nnica.com/
.../indigen
ousreligion
text
text
text
The basic
ethical analogy
of Shinto
believers is that
everything in
the world is
good. However,
evil is brought
The Shinto
religion
concept of
salvation is
based of
belief that
all mankind
have a
Among the
Shinto, they
believe that
the human
spirit is
meant to
remain,
similar to that
Shinto
rituals are a
cornerstone
of Japanese
national
festivals.
They’re
performed
The biggest
festival
among the
Shinto is the
Taisai. It
goes on for
an
unregulated
Week 2
Hinduis
m and
Jainism
Wk. 2
sources
Week 3
Buddhis
m
Wk. 3
sources
Week 4
Daoism
and
Confucia
nism
Wk. 4
sources
Week 5
SHINTO
&
ZOROA
STRIAN
ISM
Humans aren’t
held in high
regard as
would be
assumed.
They are
traditionally
believed to be
as actually
being divinity.
(Frenschkowski
, 2015, p.457475)
An
appreciation of
life to Kami is
accorded since
they are the
originators of
all life.
In
Zoroastrianism,
They regard
Ahura Mazda
as the supreme
being above all.
He is the
believed to be
the universal
source and the
fountain of life.
However,
Zarvan
Akarana comes
into play as the
space from
whence Ahura
Mazda came
from.
(Hardacre,
2017, p.299322)
animals to name a
few.
In Zoroastrianism,
God is creation
being in itself
perfect and worth
respect. They
believe spirits
called Amesha
Spentas assisted
in world creation.
These spirits are
six: Spenta
Ameraiti, Asha
Vahishta, Vohu
Manah,
Hauravatat,
Khashathra Vairya
and Ameretat.
(Frenschkowski,
2015, p.457-475)
These spirits also
represent certain
virtues. For
example, Asha
Vahishta
represents truth.
a part of
creation. This
draws in the
lesson of
selflessness,
since all
creation is
dependent on
each other.
This further
draws in the
fact that they
believe that
spiritual
satisfaction is
the foundation
of all human
life.
Human beings
are meant to
be full of
integrity. This
is how it’s
meant to be
according to
Zarathustra.
He claimed
that in the
struggle to
attain integrity,
each and
everyone has
a Guardian
Angel to
catalyze
achievement
of the virtue.
about by evil
spirits. They
bring calamity
in terms, for
example,
disease,
reducing the
effectiveness of
humans to
resist
temptation.
(Hardacre,
2017, p.299322)
Consequentiall
y, it causes one
to miss out on
blessings from
Kami.
In
Zoroastrianism,
it is believed
that in the end
times, a great
resurrection will
occur. This will
allow all good
creation to
cross into
another free of
‘sin’.
soul: kami.
These
spirits live
among the
people.
Kami are
different in
terms of
power
level, but
all should
be revered.
In
Zoroastrian
ism,
Zarathustra
’s message
engages
people to
seek selfrealization
and
completion.
Boyce, M.
(n.d. p.4048)
Freedom
from all
vices such
as fake
spirituality.
of Kami.
They aren’t
focused on
after life but
are firm that
spirits will
protect them;
since they
live in both
worlds
according to
the Kojiki and
the
Nihonshoki.
(Frenschkow
ski, 2015,
p.457-475)
In
Zoroastrianis
m tradition,
after the
death of the
physical
body, the
soul remains
under the
protection of
Sraosha, for
three days
and nights.
On the
morning of
the fourth
day, it is said
that the spirit
crosses over
to another
world.
by male
priests,
assisted by
a female
functionary
(also known
as a miko).
Purification
is the most
common
ritual. It
involves
washing or
bathing
done with
water.
In
Zoroastriani
sm, prayers
are made 5
times a day.
They have
three types
of
calendars:
Shenshai,
Qadimi and
Fasli. Once
every 120
years, the
three
calendars
coincide.
Boyce, M.
(n.d. p.4048)
number of
days
depending on
those
involved. The
festival is
comparable
to the
American
Thanksgiving.
In order to
feel closer to
Kami, a
mobile shrine
called
Mikoshi
moves
around to any
house having
a Shime
hanging on
the front
door.
(Hardacre,
2017, p.299322)
Zoroastrianis
m has
festivals into
two broad
categories.
They include
seven feasts
of obligation
that form the
religious
year. The
second
category has
both major
and minor
feasts.
Week 5
Sources
Week 6
Judaism
Wk. 6
sources
Week 7
Christian
ity
Wk. 7
sources
Week 8
Islam
Wk. 8
sources
Week 9
Sikhism
Wk. 9
sources
Week 10
New
Religiou
s
Moveme
nts
Wk 10
sources
http://www.inte
rfaithsustain.co
m/shinto-faithstatement-ontheenvironment/
http://www.bbc.co
.uk/religion/religio
ns/zoroastrian/beli
efs/god.html
http://www.int
erfaithsustain.
com/shintofaithstatement-ontheenvironment/
http://www.brit
annica.com/top
ic/Shinto
Religion
Cosmogony Origin of the
Universe
Nature of
God/Creator
View of Human
Nature
View of Good
and Evil
View of “Salvation”
View of After
Life
Practices and
Rituals
Celebrations and
Festivals
Week 1
Indigeno
us
Peoples
Most
indigenous
peoples have
creation stories
where they
believe the
Creator or
Great Father in
the Sky made
the earth, the
animals and all
humans, e.g.,
the union of
Sky Father and
Earth Mother.
Fisher, 2014, p.
36
Indigenous
religions are
typically
polytheistic
and
pantheistic,
involving a
belief that the
divine is
manifested
throughout the
physical
realm, often
involving a
supreme god,
e.g., Great
Spirit. They
believe the
dark gods of
the spirit world
are the ones
to be afraid of
or to placate.
Indigenous
peoples
believe in the
importance of
maintaining a
right
relationship
with the
creator god
and the
numerous
gods
governing
natural
Indigenous
peoples
consider
themselves
connected to all
forms of life
due to their
pantheistic
world view.
They
acknowledge a
Circle of Right
Relationships,
requiring them
to respectively
cultivate and
maintain order
among all
forms of life
and the natural
order. Humans
are seen as
capable of
good or bad
and under the
influence of
curses, vows,
incantations, or
evil spirits. In
this sense, they
may be
animistic. Many
have a special
shaman or
witch doctor
who is
supposed to
Indigenous
peoples
recognize
that both
benevolent
and
malevolent
forces exist in
the spiritual
realm. These
forces can
have an
impact upon
individuals,
circumstance
and events in
the physical
world.
Good and
evil are seen
as forces that
compete for
dominance in
a person and
in the world.
Sometimes
there is an
ethnocentric
idea that ‘our’
group is the
good one and
all outsiders
are ‘bad’.
This idea can
lead to wars
and conflicts.
Fisher, 2014,
The idea of the path
or the way or a
lifeway is their main
idea of salvation. It
is the path to the
good. This idea is
closely aligned with
a responsibility for
nature and this
world, connected
with the idea of the
Circle of Right
Relationships and
the holistic
connection among
all things in the
natural world.
Oneness with nature
is for some seen as
a goal of life. Others
see ‘salvation’ as
surviving and not
being defeated by
the dark spirits, thus
having a long life.
Fisher, 2014, pp. 39
- 48
Many
indigenous
peoples
acknowledge
a spiritual
existence in
the afterlife,
evidenced by
rituals and
practices
surrounding
ancestor
veneration.
Some groups
have a notion
of an afterlife,
but others do
not. For
example,
some Native
American
groups believe
in a “Happy
Hunting
Ground’ or
that one goes
to be with the
ancestors
and/or the
Great Spirit.
Many
indigenous
peoples are
terrified of
death and use
their rituals to
ward it off.
Varies by
country or
group. Some
have animal
sacrifices or
smoke various
substances in a
ritualistic
manner.
Practices and
rituals may
include a Sweat
Lodge ceremony
or a Vision
Quest among
some Native
Americans.
Dance is often
used to express
stories and tales
of the tribe or
group or the
gods. Body
decoration,
paint, garments
and drums are
often used in the
ritual dances. To
placate the
spirits, they may
also cut
themselves or in
some cases
engage in
cannibalism or
headhunting. An
example: the
Varies by country
or group. Some
have celebrations
tied to the
seasons of the
year. Others
have celebrations
of victory in war
or at weddings.
The birth of
children is often a
time of great
celebration.
Death is
universally
observed in
various ways
depending on the
culture and local
beliefs. The
finding of good
prey when
hunting would be
a cause for
celebration as
well. Some
Indigenous
peoples celebrate
a first fruits or
harvest festival.
Fisher, 2014, pp.
55 – 59.
Week 1
Sources
Week 2
Hinduis
m and
Jainism
Week 2
sources
Week 3
Buddhis
m
Week 3
sources
Fisher, M.P.
(2014) Living
Religions
Pearson:
Upper Saddle
River, NJ
phenomena
and forces.
Fisher, 2014,
p. 40
help them
connect to the
spirit world.
Fisher, 2014,
pp. 34-36, 39 –
52.
pp. 41, 44 –
46, 51 - 52
text www.godonth
e.net/evidenc
e/atribute.ht
m
text
text
Fisher, 2014,
pp.40 – 41,
53 - 55
text www.britannica.co
m/.../indigenousreligion
text
Sawi people of
New Guinea
make peace
with an enemy
by swapping
infants between
the tribes. As
long as the
children live
there will be
peace between
the two tribes.
One family per
tribe agrees to
take in the other
child and give
up their own.
Fisher, 2014,
pp. 55 - 60
text
text
Week 4
Daoism
and
Confucia
nism
Week 4
sources
Week 5
Shinto
Week 5
sources
Week 6
Judaism
There are two
essential
stories of
creation
according to
Hebrew
scriptures. The
first one
involves how
God created
the earth and
all its
inhabitations in
6 days. He is
known to have
created man
(Adam) and
woman (Eve)
on the 6th day.
He (God) made
them the
masters over
all other
creation.
Secondly, it
talks of how
Eve (created to
help Adam)
Judaism
followers
believe in
monotheism;
the belief of
the existence
of one sole
God. (Fisher,
2011, p.245)
God is
believed to be
omnipotent,
omnipresent
and
transcendent.
He is believed
to be without
gender, but is
commonly
referred to in a
male aspect.
God is
believed to be
just, and the
same time
vengeful
against the
unjust. The
Exile is a
recurrent topic
in Judaism law.
Once they
falter and sin,
they are
banned from
their ‘spiritual
home’ and
have to seek it
back.
Moreover, in an
ethical
perspective
that God
created them in
his own image.
This means
that he wished
mankind to
mirror his
virtues of
wisdom,
integrity among
others. Their
religious book,
the Torah,
contains 613
The Jewish
people
believe in the
representatio
n of God as
good and evil
being
associated
with Satan.
(Fisher,
2011, p.242)
The
perception of
good and evil
is recurrent in
Hebrew
writings. One
of the most
famous
encounters is
that of a man
named Job.
He is a
wealthy man
who owes his
allegiance to
God. Satan is
given
The Jewish believe
in 613
commandments
from God that are to
be followed to the
latter. They believe
living according to
these
commandments is
the way to living a
life in sync with
God’s will. Of these,
there are 10 main
commandments.
1. You shall
have no
other gods
before me.
2. You shall
not worship
any false
idols.
3. Do not take
the Lord’s
name in
vain.
4. Remember
the Sabbath
The
perspective of
afterlife
according to
Jewish beliefs
has always
been vague.
Some believe
that only the
righteous will
be resurrected
and live with
God in
‘heaven’.
Others believe
there will a
resurrection of
all mankind,
followed by a
day of
judgment.
These beliefs
vary from
multiple
sources. The
Hebrew Bible
itself only but
slightly hints
One of the
practices include
circumcision
(Removal of the
foreskin in
males). It’s
referred to as
Brit Milah. It’s
conducted on
the 8th day after
birth of the male
offspring.
Mikveh is a
special bath in
which women
immerse
themselves in
during their
menstrual
periods. During
this period, they
are also to
refrain from
sexual
intercourse.
(Fisher, 2011, p.
279)
The Jewish new
year is referred to
as Rosh
Hashanah. It’s
celebrated on the
first two days of
the seventh
month. Bar
Mitzvah is a
ceremony for the
“coming of age”
of the young
Jewish children.
They are asked
to recite a
passage from the
Hebrew passage
from the book of
Prophets.
During fall,
Sukkot is a
celebration held
pertaining the
belief that God is
the only true
‘home’ to which
we all belong.
Yom Kippur is a
Week 6
sources
Week 7
Christian
ity
was tempted by
a serpent to eat
fruit from the
tree of
knowledge
against God’s
will. (Fisher,
2011, p.242)
The serpent is
believed to
have been a
manifestation
of Satan. This
resulted them
being banished
from their home
with several
other
consequences.
Jewish hold
firm in their
belief of a
special
covenant
between them
and God.
commandment
s that delve into
issues such as
criminal
procedures,
diet and family
law. It,
however, does
not differentiate
between
secular and a
sacred way of
living.
Fisher, M.P.
(2011) Living
Religions
Pearson:
Upper Saddle
River, NJ
http://www.myj
ewishlearning.
com/beliefs/Th
eology/Afterlif
e_and_Messia
h/Life_After_D
eath_Prn.html
www.britannica
.com/.../indigen
ous-religion
permission to
deceive in
order to see
whether his
faith will
waver. He
becomes ill,
his children
killed and his
wealth
diminishes.
However, he
remains
steadfast and
is rewarded
with even
more than
before.
(Fisher,
2011, pp.
277-278)
day and
keep it holy.
5. Honor your
Mother and
your Father.
6. You shall
not murder.
7. You shall
not commit
adultery.
8. You shall
not steal.
9. You shall
not bear
false
witness
against your
neighbor.
10. You shall
not covet
your
neighbor’s
wife, slaves
or livestock.
(Fisher, 2011,
pp. 244, 248)
about it too.
Most theories
appear to
have
developed
post-biblical
eras.
One essential
aspect of Jewish
tradition is
prayer. Most of
the praying is
done by the men
since women
have domestic
responsibilities
to attend to.
similarly
important festival
that marks the
end of the High
Holy days. It also
marks the
renewal of one’s
sacred covenant
with God.
(Fisher, 2011 pp.
282 – 286)
Week 7
sources
Week 8
Islam
Week 8
sources
Week 9
Sikhism
Week 9
sources
Week 10
New
Religiou
s
Moveme
nts
Week 10
sources
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