rel212 week 10 final paper assignment

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FINAL PAPER: World View Chart Writing Assignment

Due Week 10 and worth 235 points

This assignment uses the information you have gathered for your weekly World View Chart Assignments.

Choose ONE (1) category (origin of all things, nature of god, view of human nature, view of good and evil, etc.) from the chart to focus on for this assignment. Consider how the selected category relates to all of the religions covered and to your own social or work experiences.

Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you:

  1. Select ONE (1) category from the completed World View Chart. Provide a rationale for choosing this category. What is compelling about this category? Why is it important in the study of religion?
  2. Describe the selected content and explain the significance of the selected category across all of the religions studied. Show in what ways the category is significant for each religion.
  3. Give an example of how you have noticed this category in your life, town or country. What impact does this category have in the everyday lives of people who practice religion in your area? (You do not have to give examples of all the religions in your area, just one you have noticed besides any you practice). For example, in Cincinnati, Ohio we have Hindu, Greek Orthodox, Catholic festivals in the summer. So if my category were “Festivals and Celebrations” I could use those events as my example.
  4. Use at least three (3) quality resources as references for the assignment and document your sources using APA Style for in-text citations and references. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.
  5. Write clearly and coherently using correct grammar, punctuation, spelling, and mechanics.

Your assignment must:

  • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

  • Analyze what is meant by religion.
  • Analyze the similarities and differences in the primary beliefs held by major religious traditions and the cultures in which these religions evolved.
  • Describe the varieties of religious experience and practice in a wide range of cultures.
  • Recognize how daily life within various religions and current affairs are influenced by religion.
  • Develop written pieces that demonstrate an analysis of a topic relevant to the course.
  • Use technology and information resources to research issues in religion.
  • Write clearly and concisely about world religions using proper writing mechanics.

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Insert surname1 Professor’s name Student’s name Course title Date Sikhism In the historical development and present usage of symbolization concepts, various categories and relationships must necessarily be differentiated. Religious symbols are utilized in conveying concepts which are concerned with relationships of humanity to the holy, or sacred, and also to the material or social world. Ian Sikhism, Kesh is the practice which allows a natural growth of one’s hair and this symbolizes respect to the God’s perfection in His creation. Kesh is a symbol which symbolizes devotion to God and this is a reminder to the Sikhs that they should obey their God. The uncut hair comes from believe that people must maintain God’s given form in order to be one with Him. This includes not shaving or cutting hair as hair is one of the many gifts from God and it should be respected. Sikhs believe that they were created with long hair for a reason and they accept it as beautiful part of their bodies. However, they do not mind if other people cut their hair (Kaur, Charanjeet & Zinta, 2017). Insert surname2 Works Cited Kaur, Charanjeet, and R. L. Zinta. "Assessment of Paranormal Beliefs among Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Christian Population." Assessment 2.3 (2017). Religion Cosmogony Origin of the Universe Nature of God/Creator View of Human Nature View of Good and Evil View of “Salvation” View of After Life Practices and Rituals Celebrations and Festivals Week 1 Indigeno us Peoples Most indigenous peoples have creation stories where they believe the Creator or Great Father in the Sky made the earth, the animals and all humans, e.g., the union of Sky Father and Earth Mother. Fisher, 2014, p. 36 Indigenous religions are typically polytheistic and pantheistic, involving a belief that the divine is manifested throughout the physical realm, often involving a supreme god, e.g., Great Spirit. They believe the dark gods of the spirit world are the ones to be afraid of or to placate. Indigenous peoples believe in the importance of maintaining a right relationship with the creator god and the numerous gods governing natural phenomena and forces. Fisher, 2014, p. 40 Indigenous peoples consider themselves connected to all forms of life due to their pantheistic world view. They acknowledge a Circle of Right Relationships, requiring them to respectively cultivate and maintain order among all forms of life and the natural order. Humans are seen as capable of good or bad and under the influence of curses, vows, incantations, or evil spirits. In this sense, they may be animistic. Many have a special shaman or witch doctor who is supposed to Indigenous peoples recognize that both benevolent and malevolent forces exist in the spiritual realm. These forces can have an impact upon individuals, circumstance and events in the physical world. Good and evil are seen as forces that compete for dominance in a person and in the world. Sometimes there is an ethnocentric idea that ‘our’ group is the good one and all outsiders are ‘bad’. This idea can lead to wars and conflicts. Fisher, 2014, The idea of the path or the way or a lifeway is their main idea of salvation. It is the path to the good. This idea is closely aligned with a responsibility for nature and this world, connected with the idea of the Circle of Right Relationships and the holistic connection among all things in the natural world. Oneness with nature is for some seen as a goal of life. Others see ‘salvation’ as surviving and not being defeated by Many indigenous peoples acknowledge a spiritual existence in the afterlife, evidenced by rituals and practices surrounding ancestor veneration. Some groups have a notion of an afterlife, but others do not. For example, some Native American groups believe in a “Happy Hunting Ground’ or that one goes to be with the ancestors and/or the Great Spirit. Many indigenous peoples are terrified of death and use their rituals to ward it off. Varies by country or group. Some have animal sacrifices or smoke various substances in a ritualistic manner. Practices and rituals may include a Sweat Lodge ceremony or a Vision Quest among some Native Americans. Dance is often used to express stories and tales of the tribe or group or the gods. Body decoration, paint, garments and drums are often used in the ritual dances. To placate the spirits, they may also cut themselves or Varies by country or group. Some have celebrations tied to the seasons of the year. Others have celebrations of victory in war or at weddings. The birth of children is often a time of great celebration. Death is universally observed in various ways depending on the culture and local beliefs. The finding of good prey when hunting would be a cause for celebration as well. Some Indigenous peoples celebrate a Week 1 Sources Week 2 Hinduis m and Jainism Fisher, M.P. (2014) Living Religions Pearson: Upper Saddle River, NJ text www.godonthe. net/evidence/atri bute.htm help them connect to the spirit world. Fisher, 2014, pp. 34-36, 39 – 52. pp. 41, 44 – 46, 51 - 52 the dark spirits, thus having a long life. Fisher, 2014, pp. 39 - 48 Fisher, 2014, pp.40 – 41, 53 - 55 text text text www.britanni ca.com/.../ind igenousreligion text in some cases engage in cannibalism or headhunting. An example: the Sawi people of New Guinea make peace with an enemy by swapping infants between the tribes. As long as the children live there will be peace between the two tribes. One family per tribe agrees to take in the other child and give up their own. Fisher, 2014, pp. 55 60 text first fruits or harvest festival. Fisher, 2014, pp. 55 – 59. text Wk 2 sources Week 3 Buddhis m Wk 3 sources Week 4 Daoism and Confucia nism Wk 4 sources Week 5 Shinto Wk 5 sources Week 6 Judaism Wk 6 sources Week 7 Christian ity Wk 7 sources Week 8 Islam Muslims believe that the Allah created the world. Accordingly, the Allah created the heavens and Muslims believe in monotheism or oneness, unique and without any equals is very essential to all. According to Islam faith, Allah Muslims believe that humans are the greatest of all creatures and the purpose for human creation is to love, obey and serve According to Muslims believe, both good and evil are from Allah. However, evil occurs as a result of According to Muslims believe, a believer should live pleasing Allah in order to gain paradise. The Muslims believe in life after death. Accordingly, there is relationship between conduct on earth and life Muslim practices and rituals are important as they signify history, express conviction and growth in Muslims have few holidays compared to other religions. However, the few celebrated are of big earth and everything in and around it in six days. The Allah created the sun, the moon, and the planets with their own courses or orbits. In addition, Allah created every living thing from water According to Muslim faith, the universe continues to expand through child birth, seed sprouting and development of new species. is above all creations and has 99 attributes some of which can be understood by human being while others cannot due to limited mental capacity. They believe that supremacy of Allah is important for their success and that man has an opportunity to choose between right and wrong. However, he has no control over any decision made by Allah. They believe that Allah loves his creation and in particular humans and his kindness has no limits. Allah. The name Islam interpreted to mean submission or obedience to Allah. A Muslim is one who submits or surrenders to God and recognizes Muhammad as God's prophet. According to Muslims faith, human beings are naturally submissive to Allah and that true repentance from sin cleanses individuals from sin. In addition, rebellion and pride are some of the omissions that fail human beings. Through pride, human being tries to partner themselves with God and end up destroying the unity of God. To this end, interference from devil who puts human into temptations to commit evil and therefore it remains moral responsibility of the human to select through his natural instinct the right choice. In addition to natural instinct, Islamic teaching guides on how to differentiate between the two. The teaching emphasizes on the virtues of justice, mercy and forgiveness. The sources of evil includes but not limited to worshiping other beings as the equal of God, Muslims doctrine portrays the unbelievers as ungrateful and sinners will be condemned. However, they strongly believe that those who repent receive forgiveness from Allah and will enter into paradise upon death. They believe that at puberty stage, an account of each person's deeds is opened and that it will be used at the Day of Judgment to determine his eternal fate. The concept of paradise and hell is taken for granted. Paradise is a beyond. The afterlife will be one of rewards and punishments which are commensurat e with earthily conduct. To this end, there exists a day of judgment when all humans will be separated into the eternal destinations of Paradise and Hell. The judgment day commonly referred to the last day is the day when the world will be destroyed and Allah will raise all people and jinn from the dead to be judged. devotion. Prayers in Muslims faith are practiced on daily basis while some holidays are practiced annually. The practices and rituals consists of the commonly known Five Islamic pillars which are the five religious duties expected of every Muslim. The five are pillars confession of faith through prayers five times a day, alms tax, fasting during the month of Ramadhan, Pilgrimage to Mecca and purification and Animal sacrifice. significant. It is worth to note that most Islamic holidays either celebrates events in the life of the prophet Muhammad or are special days founded by him. Among the major festivities include 'Id AlFitr, 'Id AlAdha and one month of daytime fasting (Ramadan). Also Ashura, which is also an important Shiite festival. The popular festival of Mawlid anNabi celebrates the birthday of the prophet Muhammad, but is frowned upon as an idolatrous Wk 8 sources Week 9 Sikhism Wk 9 sources Week 10 New Religiou s Moveme nts Wk 10 sources http://www.fir stthings.com/ blogs/leithart/ 2014/02/seve n-heavens pride is a serious sin to Islam's faith whereas submission is highly respected virtue. committing murder or failing to pray. However, even the greatest evil done by an individual can receive forgiveness and mercy for an individual to change to a moral path. place of physical and spiritual pleasure, with lofty mansions ,delicious food and drink, and virgin companions The Muslim also emphasize on faith and good work for salvation “Islamic Beliefs About Human Nature.” Religio nFacts.com. 9 Apr. 2017. http://www.bb c.co.uk/schoo ls/gcsebitesiz e/rs/god/isgo odandevilrev 2.shtml “Salvation in Islam.” Religi onFacts.com. 22 Jun. 2017. innovation by conservative Muslims. “Islamic Beliefs About the Afterlife.” Relig ionFacts.com. 9 Apr. 2017. “Muslim rituals and practices.” Rel igionFacts.co m. 21 Nov. 2016. “Islamic Holidays and Festivals.” Re ligionFacts.co m. 5 Mar. 2017. Religion Cosmogony Origin of the Universe Nature of God/Creator View of Human Nature View of Good and Evil View of “Salvation” View of After Life Practices and Rituals Celebrations and Festivals Week 1 Indigeno us Peoples Most indigenous peoples have creation stories where they believe the Creator or Great Father in the Sky made the earth, the animals and all humans, e.g., the union of Sky Father and Earth Mother. Fisher, 2014, p. 36 Indigenous religions are typically polytheistic and pantheistic, involving a belief that the divine is manifested throughout the physical realm, often involving a supreme god, e.g., Great Spirit. They believe the dark gods of the spirit world are the ones to be afraid of or to placate. Indigenous peoples believe in the importance of maintaining a right relationship with the creator god and the numerous gods governing natural phenomena and forces. Fisher, 2014, p. 40 Indigenous peoples consider themselves connected to all forms of life due to their pantheistic world view. They acknowledge a Circle of Right Relationships, requiring them to respectively cultivate and maintain order among all forms of life and the natural order. Humans are seen as capable of good or bad and under the influence of curses, vows, incantations, or evil spirits. In this sense, they may be animistic. Many have a special shaman or witch doctor who is supposed to Indigenous peoples recognize that both benevolent and malevolent forces exist in the spiritual realm. These forces can have an impact upon individuals, circumstance and events in the physical world. Good and evil are seen as forces that compete for dominance in a person and in the world. Sometimes there is an ethnocentric idea that ‘our’ group is the good one and all outsiders are ‘bad’. This idea can lead to wars and conflicts. Fisher, 2014, The idea of the path or the way or a lifeway is their main idea of salvation. It is the path to the good. This idea is closely aligned with a responsibility for nature and this world, connected with the idea of the Circle of Right Relationships and the holistic connection among all things in the natural world. Oneness with nature is for some seen as a goal of life. Others see ‘salvation’ as surviving and not being defeated by Many indigenous peoples acknowledge a spiritual existence in the afterlife, evidenced by rituals and practices surrounding ancestor veneration. Some groups have a notion of an afterlife, but others do not. For example, some Native American groups believe in a “Happy Hunting Ground’ or that one goes to be with the ancestors and/or the Great Spirit. Many indigenous peoples are terrified of death and use their rituals to ward it off. Varies by country or group. Some have animal sacrifices or smoke various substances in a ritualistic manner. Practices and rituals may include a Sweat Lodge ceremony or a Vision Quest among some Native Americans. Dance is often used to express stories and tales of the tribe or group or the gods. Body decoration, paint, garments and drums are often used in the ritual dances. To placate the spirits, they may also cut themselves or Varies by country or group. Some have celebrations tied to the seasons of the year. Others have celebrations of victory in war or at weddings. The birth of children is often a time of great celebration. Death is universally observed in various ways depending on the culture and local beliefs. The finding of good prey when hunting would be a cause for celebration as well. Some Indigenous peoples celebrate a Week 1 Sources Week 2 Hinduis m and Jainism Fisher, M.P. (2014) Living Religions Pearson: Upper Saddle River, NJ text www.godonthe. net/evidence/atri bute.htm help them connect to the spirit world. Fisher, 2014, pp. 34-36, 39 – 52. pp. 41, 44 – 46, 51 - 52 the dark spirits, thus having a long life. Fisher, 2014, pp. 39 - 48 Fisher, 2014, pp.40 – 41, 53 - 55 text text text www.britanni ca.com/.../ind igenousreligion text in some cases engage in cannibalism or headhunting. An example: the Sawi people of New Guinea make peace with an enemy by swapping infants between the tribes. As long as the children live there will be peace between the two tribes. One family per tribe agrees to take in the other child and give up their own. Fisher, 2014, pp. 55 60 text first fruits or harvest festival. Fisher, 2014, pp. 55 – 59. text Wk 2 sources Week 3 Buddhis m Wk 3 sources Week 4 Daoism and Confucia nism Wk 4 sources Week 5 Shinto Wk 5 sources Week 6 Judaism Wk 6 sources Week 7 Christian ity Wk 7 sources Week 8 Islam Muslims believe that the Allah created the world. Accordingly, the Allah created the heavens and Muslims believe in monotheism or oneness, unique and without any equals is very essential to all. According to Islam faith, Allah Muslims believe that humans are the greatest of all creatures and the purpose for human creation is to love, obey and serve According to Muslims believe, both good and evil are from Allah. However, evil occurs as a result of According to Muslims believe, a believer should live pleasing Allah in order to gain paradise. The Muslims believe in life after death. Accordingly, there is relationship between conduct on earth and life Muslim practices and rituals are important as they signify history, express conviction and growth in Muslims have few holidays compared to other religions. However, the few celebrated are of big earth and everything in and around it in six days. The Allah created the sun, the moon, and the planets with their own courses or orbits. In addition, Allah created every living thing from water According to Muslim faith, the universe continues to expand through child birth, seed sprouting and development of new species. is above all creations and has 99 attributes some of which can be understood by human being while others cannot due to limited mental capacity. They believe that supremacy of Allah is important for their success and that man has an opportunity to choose between right and wrong. However, he has no control over any decision made by Allah. They believe that Allah loves his creation and in particular humans and his kindness has no limits. Allah. The name Islam interpreted to mean submission or obedience to Allah. A Muslim is one who submits or surrenders to God and recognizes Muhammad as God's prophet. According to Muslims faith, human beings are naturally submissive to Allah and that true repentance from sin cleanses individuals from sin. In addition, rebellion and pride are some of the omissions that fail human beings. Through pride, human being tries to partner themselves with God and end up destroying the unity of God. To this end, pride interference from devil who puts human into temptations to commit evil and therefore it remains moral responsibility of the human to select through his natural instinct the right choice. In addition to natural instinct, Islamic teaching guides on how to differentiate between the two. The teaching emphasizes on the virtues of justice, mercy and forgiveness. The sources of evil includes but not limited to worshiping other beings as the equal of God, Muslims doctrine portrays the unbelievers as ungrateful and sinners will be condemned. However, they strongly believe that those who repent receive forgiveness from Allah and will enter into paradise upon death. They believe that at puberty stage, an account of each person's deeds is opened and that it will be used at the Day of Judgment to determine his eternal fate. The concept of paradise and hell is taken for granted. Paradise is a beyond. The afterlife will be one of rewards and punishments which are commensurat e with earthily conduct. To this end, there exists a day of judgment when all humans will be separated into the eternal destinations of Paradise and Hell. The judgment day commonly referred to the last day is the day when the world will be destroyed and Allah will raise all people and jinn from the dead to be judged. devotion. Prayers in Muslims faith are practiced on daily basis while some holidays are practiced annually. The practices and rituals consists of the commonly known Five Islamic pillars which are the five religious duties expected of every Muslim. The five are pillars confession of faith through prayers five times a day, alms tax, fasting during the month of Ramadhan, Pilgrimage to Mecca and purification and Animal sacrifice. significant. It is worth to note that most Islamic holidays either celebrates events in the life of the prophet Muhammad or are special days founded by him. Among the major festivities include 'Id AlFitr, 'Id AlAdha and one month of daytime fasting (Ramadan). Also Ashura, which is also an important Shiite festival. The popular festival of Mawlid anNabi celebrates the birthday of the prophet Muhammad, but is frowned upon as an idolatrous innovation by Wk 8 sources Week 9 Sikhism Wk 9 sources Week 10 New Religiou s Moveme nts Wk 10 sources http://www.fir stthings.com/ blogs/leithart/ 2014/02/seve n-heavens is a serious sin to Islam's faith whereas submission is highly respected virtue. committing murder or failing to pray. However, even the greatest evil done by an individual can receive forgiveness and mercy for an individual to change to a moral path. place of physical and spiritual pleasure, with lofty mansions ,delicious food and drink, and virgin companions The Muslim also emphasize on faith and good work for salvation “Islamic Beliefs About Human Nature.” Religio nFacts.com. 9 Apr. 2017. http://www.bb c.co.uk/schoo ls/gcsebitesiz e/rs/god/isgo odandevilrev 2.shtml “Salvation in Islam.” Religi onFacts.com. 22 Jun. 2017. conservative Muslims. “Islamic Beliefs About the Afterlife.” Relig ionFacts.com. 9 Apr. 2017. “Muslim rituals and practices.” Rel igionFacts.co m. 21 Nov. 2016. “Islamic Holidays and Festivals.” Re ligionFacts.co m. 5 Mar. 2017. Running head: Hinduism Week 2 Assignment Hinduism George Geysimonyan Strayer University Rel212: World Religions Professor Margaret Rinck Running head: Hinduism REL212 WORLD VIEW CHART This chart contains all the research you need to write the final paper for this course. If you do the research and reading on the religion(s) we study each week, and if you give yourself a good guide to the religions using this chart, you will have a good foundation for that final paper. The more information you provide for yourself with this chart, the easier it will be to write your final paper. Do not forget to provide adequate material for any in-text citations and be sure to include a reference page as well. Complete and submit the following worksheet. Provide citations for any source(s) you used to explain or provide examples for in your research. List in APA Style full references for any in-text citations and source(s) made in the above chart. Student Name: RELIGION(S) OF THE WEEK • State the name of the Religion being addressed in this chart. • Please address ONLY ONE (1) religion per chart. ORIGIN OF ALL THINGS Provide your response in this column. Hinduism Provide your response in this column. Running head: Hinduism • State the creation story that this religion uses to explain the creation of the Hinduism is named as the most ancient Indian religions. According to universe. If you cannot identify a creation story for this religion, offer a Hinduism the universe really does exist with souls that are existing, suggestion as to why this religion may not have one. others being non-living things example; space and is not something • Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. under any illusion. The story revolves that universe will exist forever • You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. and not prone to destruction. Further, it goes that universe wasn’t created by any god (Gombrich,1975). Souls of all living things hang on the universe. The universe remains intact, example, human beings cannot alter it. Gombrich, R. F. (1975). Ancient Indian Cosmology (pp. 110-142). George Allen et Unwin. NATURE OF GOD/CREATOR • Provide your response in this column. State the nature of the god(s) worshiped by this religion. If you cannot Majority of the people will describe Hinduism religion as polytheistic identify a god (or gods) for this religion, offer a suggestion as to why this which is not the case. Though having different gods to worship, religion may not have one. Hinduism is narrowed to be a monotheistic religion based on Brahman • Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. idea of maintaining unity (Flood, 1996).On the other hand, Hinduism • You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. which as old as nature is an intrinsic quality of every soul with the Running head: Hinduism close association of karma. Hinduism has a doctrine of universe is that they have always existed disregarding the creator. Example: soul, matter, time, space and motion issue). Here God not at the center of the world since they believe in individuals being omnipresent, omnipotent and omniscient. Flood, G. D. (1996). An introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE Provide your response in this column. • State how this religion views human beings. Hinduism on human nature is that human beings are connected with • How are human beings viewed with regard to their characteristics and their identical souls with a central hub. Human beings are viewed as actors place in the universe? If you cannot identify how this religion defines and not play writers with Saguna Brahman, having powers over the human beings, offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't. universe. • Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. • A Bradley, D. G. (1963). A Guide to the World's Religions. You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. Englewood Cliffs Running head: Hinduism VIEW OF GOOD & EVIL Provide your response in this column. • State how this religion defines the concept of good and evil. The Hindu scripture’s good is manifested through sattva (purity) in the • Most religions encourage their adherents to be good and to shun evil. How virtue of selflessness, immortality, and order. Impurity, extremist, does this religion define these terms for those who practice this religion? If sinful conduct is drawn as evil among beings. The demons act to you cannot identify how this religion defines good and evil, offer a struggle bodies to sin. Good is manifested through divinities whereas suggestion as to why it doesn't. evil brought about by demons (Doniger, 1976). Jainism believes the • Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. presence of evil if they don’t enjoy omnipotence but when perfection • You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. happens is the sign of good such as a perfect soul. Both of the religions dislike evil deeds due to attached universe unseen forces advocating good practices. Doniger, W. (1976). The origins of evil in Hindu mythology (No. 6). Univ of California Press VIEW OF SALVATION • Provide your response in this column. All religions suggest that human beings are faced with a “problem” that On knowing your immortal soul is the path to salvation. Being saved needs to be overcome. What is the “problem” this religion identifies, and is believed to be a way of avoiding harm and getting protection against how does it suggest that we can overcome it? If you cannot identify how any mischievous ways. People belief and deeds bring salvation Running head: Hinduism this religion defines the “problem,” or how to overcome it, offer a against their problems. Religious identifiers like basic God’s tenets of suggestion as to why it doesn't. showing respect to God, fellow human beings is a common identifier • Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. to salvation (Von Glasenapp,1999) • You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. Von Glasenapp, H. (1999).Jainism: An Indian religion of salvation (Vol. 14). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. VIEW OF AFTERLIFE • Provide your response in this column. What does this religion teach about “what comes next” after all is said and For the Hindus, human spirit remains intact even after death but the done? For Eastern religions that teach reincarnation, this question is about physical bodies’ changes. Further, the spirit (atman) undergoes what happens after moksha is attained. For Western religions, this question reincarnation with death being inevitable. There are many heavens and is about what happens when we die. If you cannot identify how this religion hells after death. On death, the soul is transmigrated to something new defines the afterlife, offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't. • Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. • You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. by not having shed all Karmas. Hinduism believe in Karma. Running head: Hinduism PRACTICES AND RITUALS Provide your response in this column. • How do members of this religion “practice” their “faith?” With rituals like Puja, family rites of passage, festivals did yearly and • What ceremonies, or rituals, do they use to help pass this religion on to the family pilgrimages, Hindus use that as a social moment as the show of next generation? If you cannot identify how this religion is practiced, offer faith. Information about their practices is copied to the next generation a suggestion as to why it doesn't have any rituals or practices. through such occasions. Example: nuns and monks going through the • Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. ascetic style. • You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. CELEBRATIONS AND FESTIVALS • Identify one or two celebrations and/or festivals that members of this religion use to express their beliefs in public, or in private. Provide your response in this column. Running head: Hinduism • Name the festival(s) and give a short explanation of how it is observed. If Just like Jainism carry a number of festivals such as Jayanti, new year you cannot identify any celebrations or festivals for this religion, offer a celebrations, Pausha Panchami and Maun-Agiyara, Hindus have the suggestion as to why it doesn't have any. hyped Maha Shivaratri at which their followers follow some rituals • Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. through rituals and fasting (Basham, 1991). Lord Shiva is honored that • You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. night as Hindu deity. January 13 they observe maker Sankranti as their first holiday as per their calendar. Basham, A. L. (1991). The origins and development of classical Hinduism. Oxford University Press, REL212 WORLD VIEW CHART (alternate version) This chart contains all the research you need to write the final paper for this course. If you do the research and reading on the religion(s) we study each week, and if you give yourself a good guide to the religions using this chart, you will have a good foundation for that final paper. The more information you provide for yourself with this chart, the easier it will be to write your final paper. Do not forget to provide adequate material for any in-text citations and be sure to include a reference page as well. Complete and submit the following worksheet. Provide citations for any source(s) you used to explain or provide examples for in your research. List in APA Style full references for any in-text citations and source(s) made in the above chart. Student Name: RELIGION(S) OF THE WEEK • • State the name of the Religion being addressed in this chart. Please address ONLY ONE (1) religion per chart. ORIGIN OF ALL THINGS • • • State the creation story that this religion uses to explain the creation of the universe. If you cannot identify a creation story for this religion, offer a suggestion as to why this religion may not have one. Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. NATURE OF GOD/CREATOR • • • State the nature of the god(s) worshiped by this religion. If you cannot identify a god (or gods) for this religion, offer a suggestion as to why this religion may not have one. Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. Provide your response in this column. Buddhism Provide your response in this column. There is no creator god. The origin of the universe is not explained. They believe everything depends on everything else. In other words, present events are a result of past events and a cause of future events. Provide your response in this column. They do not believe in God or the existence of a god. They recite the name of Buddha and pray to him, but he is not a deity or supreme being. They believe the religion is a collection of teachings and methods that help us get in touch with ourselves. VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE • • • • State how this religion views human beings. How are human beings viewed with regard to their characteristics and their place in the universe? If you cannot identify how this religion defines human beings, offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't. Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. Provide your response in this column. According to Buddha, everything is impermanent (anicca). Human nature and existence comprise of physical forms (rupa), feelings or sensations (vedana), ideations (sanna), mental formations or dispositions (sankhara), and consciousness (vinnana). It teaches that humans arise because of many conditions, the most important being moral actions (karma) in one’s previous lifetime. VIEW OF GOOD & EVIL • • • • State how this religion defines the concept of good and evil. Most religions encourage their adherents to be good and to shun evil. How does this religion define these terms for those who practice this religion? If you cannot identify how this religion defines good and evil, offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't. Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. Provide your response in this column. In Buddhism, good and evil are innate, inseparable aspects of life because they are connected to karma. Good and evil are looked at based on their impacts on our lives and not rules of conduct. Evil actions arise from narrow selfishness. Good is the basis of enlightenment, absolute freedom, happiness and profound selfknowledge. VIEW OF SALVATION • • • All religions suggest that human beings are faced with a “problem” that needs to be overcome. What is the “problem” this religion identifies, and how does it suggest that we can overcome it? If you cannot identify how this religion defines the “problem,” or how to overcome it, offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't. Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. Provide your response in this column. Realizing salvation is reaching nirvana. It must be achieved during one’s lifetime. Nirvana is a blissful and spiritual state of nothingness where one becomes a Buddha. To achieve it, you must realize all the Noble Eightfold Pat. VIEW OF AFTERLIFE • • • What does this religion teach about “what comes next” after all is said and done? For Eastern religions that teach reincarnation, this question is about what happens after moksha is attained. For Western religions, this question is about what happens when we die. If you cannot identify how this religion defines the afterlife, offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't. Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. Provide your response in this column. They believe that life is a cycle of death. They have a belief in rebirth known as samsara. People often struggle to escape samsara through karma and enlightenment. Their aim is to achieve nirvana, which is an end to suffering. PRACTICES AND RITUALS • • • • How do members of this religion “practice” their “faith?” What ceremonies, or rituals, do they use to help pass this religion on to the next generation? If you cannot identify how this religion is practiced, offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't have any rituals or practices. Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. CELEBRATIONS AND FESTIVALS • • • • Identify one or two celebrations and/or festivals that members of this religion use to express their beliefs in public, or in private. Name the festival(s) and give a short explanation of how it is observed. If you cannot identify any celebrations or festivals for this religion, offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't have any. Back up your statement with explanation and/or example. You should have a minimum of 3 complete sentences when this is complete. Provide your response in this column. They have a variety of rituals and practices. The rituals and practices help in the journey of enlightenment. The major practice is meditation derived from the experiences of Buddha and his teachings. Provide your response in this column. They have many special festivals and celebrations. They celebrate the birthdays of Bodhisattvas in the Mahayana tradition. They have significant celebrations in May on the night of full moon. During this time, they celebrate the birth, enlightenment, and death of Buddha, Buddha Day. Their festivals are joyous. During festivals, they offer food to the monks. They take the Five Precepts. They listen to Dharma talk. They distribute food to the poor and later attends the ceremony of circumambulation. In the end, they chant Buddha’ teachings and meditation. Week 3 Buddhis m The Buddhists view of the origin of the universe is based on the understandin g that the world has neither a beginning nor an end. In other words, the lack of human knowledge is what makes them believe that everything has a start and has an end. Hence to the Buddhists think that the world has always existed and changed in form over millions of years and as such it breaks away from itself and reconstructs itself. In a nutshell, the While the Buddhists do not directly indicate their belief in a God or gods, they emphasize humanity. To them, human beings are precious and significant. Also, they believe that all humans are capable of becoming a Buddha which is a perfect state of being that comes when one gets rid of hatred, jealousy, and anger and replacing all these with love, generosity and patience. In general, the concept of the divine is not emphasized by Buddhists. In Buddhism, human nature is understood by the philosophy that humans are unique and that they are capable of attaining enlightenment like a Buddha. Understanding can as such be achieved through the realms of the Śuddhāvāsa deities. A bodhisattva can appear in different forms in life sometimes as an animal and sometimes as an animal or as a deva. Even so, the religion considers that humans are very much favored because they are capable of seeking Dharma and still they have the means to When it comes to the concept of good and evil, Buddhists believe that good and evil and inseparable and innate. Based on this ideology, the Buddhists cannot point out that an individual or a group of individuals are either good or evil. Moreover, in their understandin g, every single person can be able to do acts that are noble and acts that are the basest evil. Additionally, in this religion both evil and good are not classified as absolute, they are, however, The idea of salvation is best explained using the words, Nirvana. Nirvana is a state of nothingness, transcendent al, spiritual and blissful nature, and better still, one becoming a Buddha. Hence to gains salvation by reaching Nirvana, one must adhere to the Noble Eightfold Path that include; Right Understandin g, Right Resolve, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Occupation, Right Effort, Right Contemplatio When it comes to life after death, the Buddhists believe that life moves in a cycle and as such when one dies, they are reborn in a process called samsara. However, if one engages in karma and eventually enlightenment, they can escape samsara and achieve Nirvana which means they are not reborn but are saved from sufferings of the natural life. Buddhism incorporates many rituals, celebrations and even practices. All these are intended to help in the journey to enlightenment and get blessings for the person and for others. Meditation is very central in the religion even though there are other practices that they have adopted as a result of influence form other religions. The other practices are; Meditation for mental concentration, Mantras for sacred sounds, mudras which is symbolic hand gestures, prayer wheel where one Rituals and celebrations are quite a number and the most significant ones are Wesak thatis celebrated on full moon, bathing the Buddha is another ceremony where water is poured on Buddha’s shoulder as a reminder of purity for the followers. There is also Buddha Celebration but this vary from one country to another and finally the release of caged birds which is symbolic to mean that one is wishing well to all beings. world to Buddhists has its systems appearing and disappearing within the universe. Wk 3 sources Jacobson, P., N., (2010). Understandin g Buddhism. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. listen as well as follow it. Jacobson, P., N., (2010). Understanding Buddhism. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Jacobson, P., N., (2010). Understanding Buddhism. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. relative. Finally, the doctrine proposes the philosophy that acts of good and acts of evil is judged based on their impacts on the life of the actor and the lives of others. Therefore, actions of good and evil are not judged based on abstract rules of behavior. Jacobson, P., N., (2010). Understandin g Buddhism. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. n and Right Meditation. Jacobson, P., N., (2010). Understandin g Buddhism. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. recites mantras while turning a wheel, monasticism, pilgrimage visits to sacred sites and veneration of Buddhas and the Deities Jacobson, P., N., (2010). Understanding Buddhism. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Jacobson, P., N., (2010). Understanding Buddhism. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Jacobson, P., N., (2010). Understandin g Buddhism. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Religion Cosmogony Origin of the Universe Nature of God/Creator View of Human Nature View of Good and Evil View of “Salvation” View of After Life Practices and Rituals Celebrations and Festivals Week 1 Indigeno us Peoples Most indigenous peoples have creation stories where they believe the Creator or Great Father in the Sky made the earth, the animals and all humans, e.g., the union of Sky Father and Earth Mother. Fisher, 2014, p. 36 Indigenous religions are typically polytheistic and pantheistic, involving a belief that the divine is manifested throughout the physical realm, often involving a supreme god, e.g., Great Spirit. They believe the dark gods of the spirit world are the ones to be afraid of or to placate. Indigenous peoples believe in the importance of maintaining a right relationship with the creator god and the numerous gods governing natural phenomena and forces. Fisher, 2014, p. 40 Indigenous peoples consider themselves connected to all forms of life due to their pantheistic world view. They acknowledge a Circle of Right Relationships, requiring them to respectively cultivate and maintain order among all forms of life and the natural order. Humans are seen as capable of good or bad and under the influence of curses, vows, incantations, or evil spirits. In this sense, they may be animistic. Many have a special shaman or witch doctor who is supposed to Indigenous peoples recognize that both benevolent and malevolent forces exist in the spiritual realm. These forces can have an impact upon individuals, circumstance and events in the physical world. Good and evil are seen as forces that compete for dominance in a person and in the world. Sometimes there is an ethnocentric idea that ‘our’ group is the good one and all outsiders are ‘bad’. This idea can lead to wars and conflicts. Fisher, 2014, The idea of the path or the way or a lifeway is their main idea of salvation. It is the path to the good. This idea is closely aligned with a responsibility for nature and this world, connected with the idea of the Circle of Right Relationships and the holistic connection among all things in the natural world. Oneness with nature is for some seen as a goal of life. Others see ‘salvation’ as surviving and not being defeated by Many indigenous peoples acknowledge a spiritual existence in the afterlife, evidenced by rituals and practices surrounding ancestor veneration. Some groups have a notion of an afterlife, but others do not. For example, some Native American groups believe in a “Happy Hunting Ground’ or that one goes to be with the ancestors and/or the Great Spirit. Many indigenous peoples are terrified of death and use their rituals to ward it off. Varies by country or group. Some have animal sacrifices or smoke various substances in a ritualistic manner. Practices and rituals may include a Sweat Lodge ceremony or a Vision Quest among some Native Americans. Dance is often used to express stories and tales of the tribe or group or the gods. Body decoration, paint, garments and drums are often used in the ritual dances. To placate the spirits, they may also cut themselves or Varies by country or group. Some have celebrations tied to the seasons of the year. Others have celebrations of victory in war or at weddings. The birth of children is often a time of great celebration. Death is universally observed in various ways depending on the culture and local beliefs. The finding of good prey when hunting would be a cause for celebration as well. Some Indigenous peoples celebrate a Week 1 Sources Week 2 Hinduis m and Jainism Fisher, M.P. (2014) Living Religions Pearson: Upper Saddle River, NJ text www.godonthe. net/evidence/at ribute.htm help them connect to the spirit world. Fisher, 2014, pp. 34-36, 39 – 52. pp. 41, 44 – 46, 51 - 52 the dark spirits, thus having a long life. Fisher, 2014, pp. 39 - 48 Fisher, 2014, pp.40 – 41, 53 - 55 text text text www.britann ica.com/.../in digenousreligion text in some cases engage in cannibalism or headhunting. An example: the Sawi people of New Guinea make peace with an enemy by swapping infants between the tribes. As long as the children live there will be peace between the two tribes. One family per tribe agrees to take in the other child and give up their own. Fisher, 2014, pp. 55 60 text first fruits or harvest festival. Fisher, 2014, pp. 55 – 59. text Wk 2 sources Week 3 Buddhis m Wk 3 sources Week 4 Daoism and Confucia nism According to Daoism, the universe the earth was formed from the chaos that and disarray that existed even as the heaven was mixed with the universe. In that confusion the universe sloe in the form of an egg. When the egg eventually hatched after 18000 years, the egg brought pure substances that floated in the heavens called Yang, and the lesser pure Daoism does not have a God or gods. Even though their theory of creation talks of Dao as the source of nature, Tao is not a Gog or god but guides things as they happen in the universe. Dao is also not worshiped (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). Based on their view of the universe Confucianism does not have a god nor do they believe in the existence of a God/god. They only believe in the interrelationship In their understanding of human nature, Confucianism believes a lot in the welfare and supremacy of humans. In fact, to them, humans are almost divine since he says that morality is in the human person (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). Hence to them, humans are important, and their welfare should come first. He, however, directs humans to respect religious components. Meaning According to Daoism, the concept of evil arises from an individual’s view of the evil thing. In the sense that, only until someone considers something as good that is when the existence of its opposite which is evil arises (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). Moreover, they believe that if the concept of right does not exist the things would According to Confucius, he did not promote any concept of self-salvation, but he believed in the teachings on social relationships and virtues that strengthened social relationships (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). Similarly, Daoism does not believe in salvation, they also think in morals (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). However, to them, death Daoism believe in the existence of heaven, and so, they think that when people die, they go to heaven (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). As such their concept of death is described as shijie of “release from the dead body” and what happens after the release is defined as transformation , also called immortality and ascension to heaven. Confucius was a believer in Daoism have rituals, and their rituals are mainly rituals of purification, mediation and giving offerings to deities (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). Worshiping the ancestors in Confucianism is an important practice. Similarly, they also did practices such as rituals of purity veneration and giving an offering to deities as well as meditation. Confucians celebrate the same holidays as those observed by other religions. They celebrate the Chinese new year, the Ching Ming Festival, Confucius holiday and birthday (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). They also commemorat e some celebrations that originated from Asian countries such as Buddhism, Daoism, elements formed the earth called Yin. Yin and Yang produced a giant Pan Ku whom with the help of a Phoenix, a Dragon, Tortoise and Unicorn created the universe as it is today (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). 18000 years later Pan Ku died, and his right eye formed the sun, the left eye created the moon, his body formed the soil, blood formed rivers and waters and from the fleas in his body became humanity. In other words, they believe in the creation from of organisms in the earth. However, its initiators believed in Tao (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). humans must respect religion. In their understanding, Daoism believes that humans are important, but they must align themselves with nature for their welfare (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). Hence, they should take care of environment and take care of themselves. As such they believe that actions such as physical exercise are part of aligning oneself with nature. be nonsensical. Confucianism believes in the essential virtues that they consider as what defines being right, and hence anyone that violates these virtues is evil (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). In this case, the merits are, love, charity, righteousnes s, proper conduct, good manners, wisdom, integrity, trustworthine ss, faithfulness, filial piety Elders loves younger, younger respect elders, selfcontrol, boldness, decisiveness exists as a means of going back to Tao. veneration of the ancestors this explained his belief in the existence of humans in a different form (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). In his teachings, he told that the physical death or lack of breathing did not mean an end to life. He, however, believed that there was a different way in which people survived even when dead hence ancestors would be generated. Shinto, and Confucianism . Daoism on the other hand also celebrates several celebrations. Most of their ceremonies are done in the Taoist temples. Their festivals include Ghost Festival, Chinese New Year, the Festival of Lanterns, Mid-Autumn festival, the Dragon Boat Festival which are all observed festivals (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). Wk 4 sources the egg and Pan Ku. Confucianism , on the other hand, does not believe in the creation myths. Instead, the universe is a vast integrated unit where nature is interconnecte d (Coogan, & Narayanan, 2005). Using the philosophy of naturalism and holism they believe there is no creator God but there is “Tu Weiming” continuity of beings. Coogan, D., M.,& Narayanan, V., (2005). Eastern religions : origins, beliefs, practices, holy texts, sacred and Harmony and Peace. Coogan, D., M.,& Narayanan, V., (2005). Eastern religions : origins, beliefs, practices, holy texts, sacred places. Oxford ; New York : Oxford Coogan, D., M.,& Narayanan, V., (2005). Eastern religions : origins, beliefs, practices, holy texts, sacred places. Oxford ; New York : Oxford Coogan, D., M.,& Narayanan, V., (2005). Eastern religions : origins, beliefs, practices, holy texts, sacred Coogan, D., M.,& Narayanan, V., (2005). Eastern religions : origins, beliefs, practices, holy texts, sacred Coogan, D., M.,& Narayanan, V., (2005). Eastern religions : origins, beliefs, practices, holy texts, sacred places. Oxford Coogan, D., M.,& Narayanan, V., (2005). Eastern religions : origins, beliefs, practices, holy texts, sacred places. Oxford Coogan, D., M.,& Narayanan, V., (2005). Eastern religions : origins, beliefs, practices, holy texts, sacred places. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2005. Week 5 Shinto Wk 5 sources Week 6 Judaism Wk 6 sources Week 7 Christian ity Wk 7 sources Week 8 Islam Wk 8 sources Week 9 Sikhism Wk 9 sources Week 10 New Religiou s Moveme nts Wk 10 sources University Press, 2005. University Press, 2005. places. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2005. places. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2005. ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2005. ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2005. places. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2005. Religion Cosmogony Origin of the Universe Nature of God/Creator View of Human Nature View of Good and Evil View of “Salvation” View of After Life Practices and Rituals Celebrations and Festivals Week 1 Indigeno us Peoples Most indigenous peoples have creation stories where they believe the Creator or Great Father in the Sky made the earth, the animals and all humans, e.g., the union of Sky Father and Earth Mother. Fisher, 2014, p. 36 Indigenous religions are typically polytheistic and pantheistic, involving a belief that the divine is manifested throughout the physical realm, often involving a supreme god, e.g., Great Spirit. They believe the dark gods of the spirit world are the ones to be afraid of or to placate. Indigenous peoples believe in the importance of maintaining a right relationship with the creator god and the numerous gods governing natural phenomena and forces. Fisher, 2014, p. 40 Indigenous peoples consider themselves connected to all forms of life due to their pantheistic world view. They acknowledge a Circle of Right Relationships, requiring them to respectively cultivate and maintain order among all forms of life and the natural order. Humans are seen as capable of good or bad and under the influence of curses, vows, incantations, or evil spirits. In this sense, they may be animistic. Many have a special shaman or Indigenous peoples recognize that both benevolent and malevolent forces exist in the spiritual realm. These forces can have an impact upon individuals, circumstance and events in the physical world. Good and evil are seen as forces that compete for dominance in a person and in the world. Sometimes there is an ethnocentric idea that ‘our’ group is the good one and all outsiders are ‘bad’. This idea can lead to wars and conflicts. Fisher, 2014, The idea of the path or the way or a lifeway is their main idea of salvation. It is the path to the good. This idea is closely aligned with a responsibili ty for nature and this world, connected with the idea of the Circle of Right Relationshi ps and the holistic connection among all things in the natural world. Oneness with nature is for some seen as a goal of life. Others see Many indigenous peoples acknowledge a spiritual existence in the afterlife, evidenced by rituals and practices surrounding ancestor veneration. Some groups have a notion of an afterlife, but others do not. For example, some Native American groups believe in a “Happy Hunting Ground’ or that one goes to be with the ancestors and/or the Great Spirit. Many indigenous peoples are terrified of death and use their Varies by country or group. Some have animal sacrifices or smoke various substances in a ritualistic manner. Practices and rituals may include a Sweat Lodge ceremony or a Vision Quest among some Native Americans. Dance is often used to express stories and tales of the tribe or group or the gods. Body decoration, paint, garments and drums are often used in the Varies by country or group. Some have celebrations tied to the seasons of the year. Others have celebrations of victory in war or at weddings. The birth of children is often a time of great celebration. Death is universally observed in various ways depending on the culture and local beliefs. The finding of good prey when hunting would be a cause for celebration as well. Some Indigenous peoples celebrate a witch doctor who is supposed to help them connect to the spirit world. Fisher, 2014, pp. 34-36, 39 – 52. pp. 41, 44 – 46, 51 - 52 ‘salvation’ as surviving and not being defeated by the dark spirits, thus having a long life. Fisher, 2014, pp. 39 - 48 rituals to ward it off. Fisher, 2014, pp.40 – 41, 53 - 55 ritual dances. To placate the spirits, they may also cut themselves or in some cases engage in cannibalism or headhunting . An example: the Sawi people of New Guinea make peace with an enemy by swapping infants between the tribes. As long as the children live there will be peace between the two tribes. One family per tribe agrees to take in the other child and give up their own. Fisher, 2014, pp. 55 - 60 first fruits or harvest festival. Fisher, 2014, pp. 55 – 59. Week 1 Sources Fisher, M.P. (2014) Living Religions Pearson: Upper Saddle River, NJ text text www.godonthe.ne t/evidence/atribut e.htm Shinto believe the land they inhabit its environs as the children of Kami. They depict the very sense of nature It is believed that multiple aspects of nature contain divinity, as is the nature of Kami. These include: Rocks, rivers, text text www.brita nnica.com/ .../indigen ousreligion text text text The basic ethical analogy of Shinto believers is that everything in the world is good. However, evil is brought The Shinto religion concept of salvation is based of belief that all mankind have a Among the Shinto, they believe that the human spirit is meant to remain, similar to that Shinto rituals are a cornerstone of Japanese national festivals. They’re performed The biggest festival among the Shinto is the Taisai. It goes on for an unregulated Week 2 Hinduis m and Jainism Wk. 2 sources Week 3 Buddhis m Wk. 3 sources Week 4 Daoism and Confucia nism Wk. 4 sources Week 5 SHINTO & ZOROA STRIAN ISM Humans aren’t held in high regard as would be assumed. They are traditionally believed to be as actually being divinity. (Frenschkowski , 2015, p.457475) An appreciation of life to Kami is accorded since they are the originators of all life. In Zoroastrianism, They regard Ahura Mazda as the supreme being above all. He is the believed to be the universal source and the fountain of life. However, Zarvan Akarana comes into play as the space from whence Ahura Mazda came from. (Hardacre, 2017, p.299322) animals to name a few. In Zoroastrianism, God is creation being in itself perfect and worth respect. They believe spirits called Amesha Spentas assisted in world creation. These spirits are six: Spenta Ameraiti, Asha Vahishta, Vohu Manah, Hauravatat, Khashathra Vairya and Ameretat. (Frenschkowski, 2015, p.457-475) These spirits also represent certain virtues. For example, Asha Vahishta represents truth. a part of creation. This draws in the lesson of selflessness, since all creation is dependent on each other. This further draws in the fact that they believe that spiritual satisfaction is the foundation of all human life. Human beings are meant to be full of integrity. This is how it’s meant to be according to Zarathustra. He claimed that in the struggle to attain integrity, each and everyone has a Guardian Angel to catalyze achievement of the virtue. about by evil spirits. They bring calamity in terms, for example, disease, reducing the effectiveness of humans to resist temptation. (Hardacre, 2017, p.299322) Consequentiall y, it causes one to miss out on blessings from Kami. In Zoroastrianism, it is believed that in the end times, a great resurrection will occur. This will allow all good creation to cross into another free of ‘sin’. soul: kami. These spirits live among the people. Kami are different in terms of power level, but all should be revered. In Zoroastrian ism, Zarathustra ’s message engages people to seek selfrealization and completion. Boyce, M. (n.d. p.4048) Freedom from all vices such as fake spirituality. of Kami. They aren’t focused on after life but are firm that spirits will protect them; since they live in both worlds according to the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki. (Frenschkow ski, 2015, p.457-475) In Zoroastrianis m tradition, after the death of the physical body, the soul remains under the protection of Sraosha, for three days and nights. On the morning of the fourth day, it is said that the spirit crosses over to another world. by male priests, assisted by a female functionary (also known as a miko). Purification is the most common ritual. It involves washing or bathing done with water. In Zoroastriani sm, prayers are made 5 times a day. They have three types of calendars: Shenshai, Qadimi and Fasli. Once every 120 years, the three calendars coincide. Boyce, M. (n.d. p.4048) number of days depending on those involved. The festival is comparable to the American Thanksgiving. In order to feel closer to Kami, a mobile shrine called Mikoshi moves around to any house having a Shime hanging on the front door. (Hardacre, 2017, p.299322) Zoroastrianis m has festivals into two broad categories. They include seven feasts of obligation that form the religious year. The second category has both major and minor feasts. Week 5 Sources Week 6 Judaism Wk. 6 sources Week 7 Christian ity Wk. 7 sources Week 8 Islam Wk. 8 sources Week 9 Sikhism Wk. 9 sources Week 10 New Religiou s Moveme nts Wk 10 sources http://www.inte rfaithsustain.co m/shinto-faithstatement-ontheenvironment/ http://www.bbc.co .uk/religion/religio ns/zoroastrian/beli efs/god.html http://www.int erfaithsustain. com/shintofaithstatement-ontheenvironment/ http://www.brit annica.com/top ic/Shinto Religion Cosmogony Origin of the Universe Nature of God/Creator View of Human Nature View of Good and Evil View of “Salvation” View of After Life Practices and Rituals Celebrations and Festivals Week 1 Indigeno us Peoples Most indigenous peoples have creation stories where they believe the Creator or Great Father in the Sky made the earth, the animals and all humans, e.g., the union of Sky Father and Earth Mother. Fisher, 2014, p. 36 Indigenous religions are typically polytheistic and pantheistic, involving a belief that the divine is manifested throughout the physical realm, often involving a supreme god, e.g., Great Spirit. They believe the dark gods of the spirit world are the ones to be afraid of or to placate. Indigenous peoples believe in the importance of maintaining a right relationship with the creator god and the numerous gods governing natural Indigenous peoples consider themselves connected to all forms of life due to their pantheistic world view. They acknowledge a Circle of Right Relationships, requiring them to respectively cultivate and maintain order among all forms of life and the natural order. Humans are seen as capable of good or bad and under the influence of curses, vows, incantations, or evil spirits. In this sense, they may be animistic. Many have a special shaman or witch doctor who is supposed to Indigenous peoples recognize that both benevolent and malevolent forces exist in the spiritual realm. These forces can have an impact upon individuals, circumstance and events in the physical world. Good and evil are seen as forces that compete for dominance in a person and in the world. Sometimes there is an ethnocentric idea that ‘our’ group is the good one and all outsiders are ‘bad’. This idea can lead to wars and conflicts. Fisher, 2014, The idea of the path or the way or a lifeway is their main idea of salvation. It is the path to the good. This idea is closely aligned with a responsibility for nature and this world, connected with the idea of the Circle of Right Relationships and the holistic connection among all things in the natural world. Oneness with nature is for some seen as a goal of life. Others see ‘salvation’ as surviving and not being defeated by the dark spirits, thus having a long life. Fisher, 2014, pp. 39 - 48 Many indigenous peoples acknowledge a spiritual existence in the afterlife, evidenced by rituals and practices surrounding ancestor veneration. Some groups have a notion of an afterlife, but others do not. For example, some Native American groups believe in a “Happy Hunting Ground’ or that one goes to be with the ancestors and/or the Great Spirit. Many indigenous peoples are terrified of death and use their rituals to ward it off. Varies by country or group. Some have animal sacrifices or smoke various substances in a ritualistic manner. Practices and rituals may include a Sweat Lodge ceremony or a Vision Quest among some Native Americans. Dance is often used to express stories and tales of the tribe or group or the gods. Body decoration, paint, garments and drums are often used in the ritual dances. To placate the spirits, they may also cut themselves or in some cases engage in cannibalism or headhunting. An example: the Varies by country or group. Some have celebrations tied to the seasons of the year. Others have celebrations of victory in war or at weddings. The birth of children is often a time of great celebration. Death is universally observed in various ways depending on the culture and local beliefs. The finding of good prey when hunting would be a cause for celebration as well. Some Indigenous peoples celebrate a first fruits or harvest festival. Fisher, 2014, pp. 55 – 59. Week 1 Sources Week 2 Hinduis m and Jainism Week 2 sources Week 3 Buddhis m Week 3 sources Fisher, M.P. (2014) Living Religions Pearson: Upper Saddle River, NJ phenomena and forces. Fisher, 2014, p. 40 help them connect to the spirit world. Fisher, 2014, pp. 34-36, 39 – 52. pp. 41, 44 – 46, 51 - 52 text www.godonth e.net/evidenc e/atribute.ht m text text Fisher, 2014, pp.40 – 41, 53 - 55 text www.britannica.co m/.../indigenousreligion text Sawi people of New Guinea make peace with an enemy by swapping infants between the tribes. As long as the children live there will be peace between the two tribes. One family per tribe agrees to take in the other child and give up their own. Fisher, 2014, pp. 55 - 60 text text Week 4 Daoism and Confucia nism Week 4 sources Week 5 Shinto Week 5 sources Week 6 Judaism There are two essential stories of creation according to Hebrew scriptures. The first one involves how God created the earth and all its inhabitations in 6 days. He is known to have created man (Adam) and woman (Eve) on the 6th day. He (God) made them the masters over all other creation. Secondly, it talks of how Eve (created to help Adam) Judaism followers believe in monotheism; the belief of the existence of one sole God. (Fisher, 2011, p.245) God is believed to be omnipotent, omnipresent and transcendent. He is believed to be without gender, but is commonly referred to in a male aspect. God is believed to be just, and the same time vengeful against the unjust. The Exile is a recurrent topic in Judaism law. Once they falter and sin, they are banned from their ‘spiritual home’ and have to seek it back. Moreover, in an ethical perspective that God created them in his own image. This means that he wished mankind to mirror his virtues of wisdom, integrity among others. Their religious book, the Torah, contains 613 The Jewish people believe in the representatio n of God as good and evil being associated with Satan. (Fisher, 2011, p.242) The perception of good and evil is recurrent in Hebrew writings. One of the most famous encounters is that of a man named Job. He is a wealthy man who owes his allegiance to God. Satan is given The Jewish believe in 613 commandments from God that are to be followed to the latter. They believe living according to these commandments is the way to living a life in sync with God’s will. Of these, there are 10 main commandments. 1. You shall have no other gods before me. 2. You shall not worship any false idols. 3. Do not take the Lord’s name in vain. 4. Remember the Sabbath The perspective of afterlife according to Jewish beliefs has always been vague. Some believe that only the righteous will be resurrected and live with God in ‘heaven’. Others believe there will a resurrection of all mankind, followed by a day of judgment. These beliefs vary from multiple sources. The Hebrew Bible itself only but slightly hints One of the practices include circumcision (Removal of the foreskin in males). It’s referred to as Brit Milah. It’s conducted on the 8th day after birth of the male offspring. Mikveh is a special bath in which women immerse themselves in during their menstrual periods. During this period, they are also to refrain from sexual intercourse. (Fisher, 2011, p. 279) The Jewish new year is referred to as Rosh Hashanah. It’s celebrated on the first two days of the seventh month. Bar Mitzvah is a ceremony for the “coming of age” of the young Jewish children. They are asked to recite a passage from the Hebrew passage from the book of Prophets. During fall, Sukkot is a celebration held pertaining the belief that God is the only true ‘home’ to which we all belong. Yom Kippur is a Week 6 sources Week 7 Christian ity was tempted by a serpent to eat fruit from the tree of knowledge against God’s will. (Fisher, 2011, p.242) The serpent is believed to have been a manifestation of Satan. This resulted them being banished from their home with several other consequences. Jewish hold firm in their belief of a special covenant between them and God. commandment s that delve into issues such as criminal procedures, diet and family law. It, however, does not differentiate between secular and a sacred way of living. Fisher, M.P. (2011) Living Religions Pearson: Upper Saddle River, NJ http://www.myj ewishlearning. com/beliefs/Th eology/Afterlif e_and_Messia h/Life_After_D eath_Prn.html www.britannica .com/.../indigen ous-religion permission to deceive in order to see whether his faith will waver. He becomes ill, his children killed and his wealth diminishes. However, he remains steadfast and is rewarded with even more than before. (Fisher, 2011, pp. 277-278) day and keep it holy. 5. Honor your Mother and your Father. 6. You shall not murder. 7. You shall not commit adultery. 8. You shall not steal. 9. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. 10. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, slaves or livestock. (Fisher, 2011, pp. 244, 248) about it too. Most theories appear to have developed post-biblical eras. One essential aspect of Jewish tradition is prayer. Most of the praying is done by the men since women have domestic responsibilities to attend to. similarly important festival that marks the end of the High Holy days. It also marks the renewal of one’s sacred covenant with God. (Fisher, 2011 pp. 282 – 286) Week 7 sources Week 8 Islam Week 8 sources Week 9 Sikhism Week 9 sources Week 10 New Religiou s Moveme nts Week 10 sources
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Running head: WORLD VIEW CHART FINAL

World View Chart Writing Assignment
Student Name
REL 212 – World Religions
Week 10 Final Paper
Professor Name
Date

1

WORLD VIEW CHART FINAL

2
Introduction

One of the most essential aspects to any religion has to definitely be that of Afterlife. It is
actually compelling to find out if there will be a physical realm that you will inhabit after death,
and the fact that faith in the afterlife is the cornerstone in religion. In my opinion most faiths are
based on this topic. The basis of the fact that there is a reward system dependent on how you
lived your life up until the point of death. Whether you go to heaven to be surrounded by the
faithful and the angels of god, or your soul is damned to the fiery pits of hell as we see in
Christianity (Fisher & Rinehart, 2017). Or, in the case if you are Buddhist and you reach
enlightenment and all your memories reincarnate into another body (...


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