Final Paper

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Students should prepare a 5-to-7 page paper (which excludes bibliography and endnotes) analyzing the books by Voltaire. Marx/Engels, Hoffer, and Memmi. How do they address man's alienation in modern society and how do their solutions for man's alienation compare with and differ from each other? Do not use any secondary sources other than the textbook.

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Running head: FINAL PAPER

Final Paper
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FINAL PAPER

2

How do they address man’s alienation in modern society?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: The Communist Manifesto
According to Marx and Engels in their book The Communist Manifestation, the theory of
alienation of man in the modern world and in the society holds that it is more likely for a human
being to lose control of their life after losing control of their work or jobs which makes the
workers or rather the employees to cease being autonomous beings in a capitalism world. He
gives an example of a shoe maker in a pre- capitalism world where a shoe maker would set up
his own shop, determine his own working days and hours as well, organize his working
conditions, make his product which he will eventually have a say on how it should be sold. In
this situation, the shoe maker would have a less personal character with the people with whom he
would deal with or work with in the process. In comparison of the modern factory production in
the modern world, a worker is there to serve and is termed as a replicable ‘cog’ taking part in an
impersonal production apparatus. In this conditions, the workers have no decree o what they
should do rather they are closely supervised with tasks and do not have control over the process
of production in an industry.
This also applies to the product that they produce and the relationships that they have or
develop with each other which results to estrangement from their human nature. According to
Marx the human nature should be of free and productive activity and it was not compete for a
man to gain the human nature under these types of conditions. In comparison with monarchial
rules and autocratic systems, capitalism is nowhere near their compatibility since it controls the
work places and the lives the workers lead while the later only controls people in the political
spectrum. In order to end the alienation of man in the modern world, Marx suggests that there
should exist a social, economic and political democracy. Until then, man will be considered to be
a free citizen in a democratic society. Real liberty is when the workers are allowed to control
their workplaces, the products they produce and their relationships with each other. They must
also work under their own volunteerism and direction. However, in the modern world, man is
alienated from the control of his operations, direction and working capacities and therefore
individualism cannot be achieved because the modern production capacities have outdone
individual production. Marx defines socialism as the ownership of communal, democratic and
economic aspects in the production platform. Socialism is bound to increase the levels of
freedom and self-determination in people.
According to Marx, the main form of alienation of man in the modern society is through
the process of their work. He gives an example of an artist who works under his own supervision
an can do so for long hours even under adverse conditions, though sometimes they may be
influenced by economical needs, the self-drive in him creates an expression of his own desires.
In the modern world, planners and managers simplify larger pieces of work which in most cases
become repetitive and daily routines which the workers perform in machine-like fashion. It is
true to say that the production capacities of the workers highly depend on the machines which
they are assigned to, that is, the faster the machine the faster the worker has to deliver which
essentially turns him into a machine. He has no control over what he has to deliver as they are
perceived as mere passive objects. This is dehumanizing and drudgery work according to Marx,
despite the fact that its production is high. Therefore, alienation sets in when the labor is external
to the worke...


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