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Running head: PSYCHOLOGICAL REAL WORLD PROBLEM Psychological Real World Problem Shaima Munye October 03, 2017 1 PSYCHOLOGICAL REAL WORLD PROBLEM 2 Real world problem Major depressive disorder is a serious psychological problem, which is affecting many people currently across the world. It results from sustained and untreated depression, which many individuals tend to assume. Young adults are more likely to develop major depressive disorder. Based on the findings of the report published in the Journal of American association women are more likely to suffer major depressive disorder at 26% compared to men at 12%. The current statistics show that 14 million adults in the United States have been directly affected by the major depressive disorder. This represents about 6.7% of the total population. This is a very high percentage because major depressive disorder can be effectively controlled before it escalates based on the development of better control measures (Bockting et al., 2014). Many people tend to assume the impact of depression majorly based on the understanding that stress is part of life and it is very difficult to detect when stress has escalated to depression in a given individual. Seeking medical advice regarding individual wellbeing is an important consideration, which can be put in place to ensure that an individual is positively engaged. Major depressive disorder is a condition that can be significantly countered if there is a better engagement among individuals. There are some factors which are likely to lead to a major depressive disorder is an individual is not engaged. These factors include sustained stress, divorce or serious illness such as chronic illness, which drain an individual in thoughts making it difficult for them to recover. These are issues, which can be controlled through the development of better interventions across different environments. The objective of addressing major depressive disorder is to sensitize the society about the ability to control the disorder and create an understanding of major interventions, which can be incorporated to develop a positive understanding of the major depressive disorder (Young & Cashwell, 2016). PSYCHOLOGICAL REAL WORLD PROBLEM 3 Addressing major depressive disorder There are different psychological considerations, which can be used to provide an understanding of the major depressive disorder and its overall control within the environment. Different psychological perspectives that are put in place provide a different understanding of the issue at hand, which creates a better environment where it is possible to have a crucial understanding on the issue from different psychological perspectives. Psychological perspectives provide different environments under which human interactions can be explained and ensure that there is a positive understanding of the essential elements that need to be considered in order solve the problem. The two perspectives that are considered in this case will include behavioral and cognitive psychological perspective. Behavioral perspective Behavioral psychology perspective focuses on understanding the well-being of an individual or a given issue based on their interaction. Psychologists believe that behavior is formed from the interaction of an individual with the environment. The environment, in this case, forms social environment under which an individual is engaged. The social interaction, in this case, creates diverse forms of understanding which results into a varied reflection on individual wellbeing. Developing stress within a social environment is mainly as a result of negative interaction within a social environment. The response to a given stimuli is crucial in defining the overall well-being of an individual. Therefore behavioral, psychological perspective focus on understanding the key underlying elements, which help in defining the overall well-being of an individual. Major depressive disorder, in this case, can be said to form as a result of negative engagement by individual based on their response to certain stimulus (Bockting et al., 2014). PSYCHOLOGICAL REAL WORLD PROBLEM 4 To have a better understanding of a mental health situation, it is important first to understand the cause of the issue, and thus behaviorism theory provides the platform needed to effectively understand the whole process and develop the best treatment model that fits the situation. It is important to understand that there are different causes of mental health and thus it is very difficult to find a solution to a problem that has not been significantly analyzed. Cognitive psychology perspective This psychological perspective aims at creating an understanding of how people perceive, remember, think and solve problems. Cognitive psychology acknowledges the existence of the internal mental state and its overall critical influence on how an individual can perceive things. It also highlights that memory structures determine how information is perceived. Individuals tend to have different ways on how they perceive things. The manner in which an individual can perceive a given aspect plays an important role in informing how they tend to act (Young & Cashwell, 2016). Attention and perception play a very crucial role in defining the reaction of an individual. The difference in reaction to the same thing is mainly explained by the difference in attention, which influences the perception and thus creating a varied environment on the reaction process of a given aspect. Attention is a selective response to stimuli while perception is the consideration or the understanding an individual has towards certain aspects within a given context. To effectively understand the aspect of attention and perception, it is important to consider certain key experiments, which are vital in developing a better-engaged environment. Cognitive psychological perspective provides a clear environment where major depressive disorder development can be understood. The disorder utilizes the negative perception that has been made regarding a given PSYCHOLOGICAL REAL WORLD PROBLEM 5 stimuli. It is very important to develop a greater focus on the underlying issues in determining the mental state of an individual within a given environment (Shea, 2016). Peer-reviewed article that would address the problem Slavich and Irwin (2014) assert that treatment of Major depressive disorder involves both pharmacological processes and non-pharmacological processes. Different interventions can be put in place to control the impact of the disorder. Pharmacological interventions, which have been put in place, provide a short-term solution with major side effects, which are detrimental to the overall health of an individual in the long term. The findings from the study highlight that there is the need to emphasis on non-pharmacological intervention, which concentrates on controlling an individual behavior and tendency to adopt negative understanding on issues based on the outlined considerations. Physical exercise has been highlighted as major interventions which play a key role in positively engaging an individual suffering from the major depressive disorder. Physical exercises help individuals in cooling down as well as burning extra calories, which help an individual remain alert and positively engaged. Counselling sessions provide primary intervention where an individual can provide crucial information where critical assessment is done to engage an individual by evaluating their conditions (Slavich & Irwin, 2014). Zarate et.al (2013) piloted a randomized add-on trial of an N-Methyl-D-Aspartate antagonist in the treatment of treatment-resistant bipolar depression. The study based on the existing therapies of bipolar depression, which have lagged in the onset of action. The randomized trial sought to determine whether an N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor antagonist produces rapid antidepressant effects in the subjects with bipolar depression. A randomized placebo controlled double blind crossover add-on study. The results revealed that from the first 40 minutes depressive symptoms in subjects receiving ketamine compared with placebo. The patients with treatment PSYCHOLOGICAL REAL WORLD PROBLEM 6 resistant bipolar depression, robust and rapid antidepressant effects results from a single intravenous dose of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate antagonist (Zarate et.al, 2013). PSYCHOLOGICAL REAL WORLD PROBLEM 7 References Bockting, C. L., Hollon, S. D., Jarrett, R. B., Kuyken, W., & Dobson, K. (2015). A lifetime approach to major depressive disorder: The contributions of psychological interventions in preventing relapse and recurrence. Clinical psychology review, 41, 16-26. Park, S. C., Oh, H. S., Oh, D. H., Jung, S. A., Na, K. S., Lee, H. Y., ... & Park, Y. C. (2014). Evidence-based, non-pharmacological treatment guideline for depression in Korea. Journal of Korean medical science, 29(1), 12-22. Shea, S. C. (2016). Psychiatric interviewing: the art of understanding: a practical guide for psychiatrists, psychologists, counselors, social workers, nurses, and other mental health professionals. Elsevier Health Sciences. Slavich, G. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2014). From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. Psychological bulletin, 140(3), 774. Young, J. S., & Cashwell, C. S. (Eds.). (2016). Clinical Mental Health Counseling: Elements of Effective Practice. SAGE Publications. Zarate, C. A., Mathews, D., Ibrahim, L., Chaves, J. F., Marquardt, C., Ukoh, I., ... & Luckenbaugh, D. A. (2013). A randomized trial of a low-trapping nonselective N-methyl-D-aspartate channel blocker in major depression. Biological doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.10.019 psychiatry, 74(4), 257-264. PSYCHOLOGICAL REAL WORLD PROBLEM 8 Annotated Bibliography Dumas, G., de Guzman, G. C., Tognoli, E., & Kelso, J. S. (2014). The human dynamic clamp as a paradigm for social interaction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(35), E3726-E3734. Retrieved from: http://doi 10.1073/pnas.1407486111 The researchers sought to determine how human behavior is influenced by social interaction through consideration of the human dynamic camp. Human behavior has different consideration that bring a better understanding of the developmental process, which is very important in the social interactions that an individual is able to have. Therefore, the study sought to create a better understanding of the human dynamic, which allows a person to interact in real time with a virtual partner itself driven by other dynamic models. The Human Dynamic Clamp is a very important model that provides important consideration into the understanding of human interaction. It is a powerful model because it provides a very significant opportunity to explore a parameter ranges and perturbations that are not very much accessible among human interaction. The experiments conducted provided a significant understanding of human behavior and the interaction between human behavior and social interactions. The experiments showed that the range of social interactions is much higher because of bidirectional coupling. The process of generalizing findings indicates how the human dynamic clamp can be exploited as a general model to investigate social interactions. Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2013). Social contagion theory: examining dynamic social networks and human behavior. Statistics in medicine, 32(4), 556-577. PSYCHOLOGICAL REAL WORLD PROBLEM 9 The study sought to examine the dynamic social networks and human behavior. Human behavior can be defined in a number of ways where there is better understanding on the underlying issues, which help in creating an effective environment for better behavior understanding. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish human behavior and social networks interactions through the social contagion theory. The study was able to determine that social networks are greatly developed with respect to common consideration of individuals with similar traits who are able to have same social interactions. The consideration of the specific elements within the study was aimed at creating a common and specific engagement between different participants in the study. Thus, social interactions play a very significant role in influencing the overall engagement between individual with different character traits. van der Velden, A. M., Kuyken, W., Wattar, U., Crane, C., Pallesen, K. J., Dahlgaard, J., ... & Piet, J. (2015). A systematic review of mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the treatment of recurrent major depressive disorder. Clinical psychology review, 37, 26-39. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.001 The study focused on systematic review on mechanisms involved in mindfulness based cognitive therapy in the treatment of recurrent major depressive disorder in individuals. The study was developed on the existing assertion that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is crucial in treatment of recurrent major depressive disorder however, the specific mechanisms in which mindfulness-based cognitive therapy lead to therapeutic change remains widely unclear. Preliminary studies reviewed indicated that changes in attention, memory specificity, emotional reactivity and momentary positive and negative might be crucial in developing an understanding on how mindfulness based cognitive therapy exerts PSYCHOLOGICAL REAL WORLD PROBLEM 10 its clinical effects. Therefore, the findings from the study show that mindfulness based cognitive therapy could work effectively based on the MBCT model that are developed. The study also highlighted the need to develop more rigorous designs that can have a greater assessment of recurrent major depressive disorder.
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Running head: PSYCHOLOGICAL REAL LIFE PROBLEM REFLECTION

Psychological Real Life Problem Reflection
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PSYCHOLOGICAL REAL LIFE PROBLEM REFLECTION

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The major depressive disorder is a serious mental condition, which can be easily controlled
by focusing on the risk factors. Developing a major depressive disorder is a gradual process that
results from common psychological issues such a...


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