Parkinsons Disease research

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A research paper about Parkinson's Disease. Sources must come for three primary references only( no websites, news articles, reviews), 10-12 pages long, double spaced.

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Attached.

Running head: PARKINSON’S DISEASE

A RESEARCH ON PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Student Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date

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Parkinson’s Disease

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Introduction

Parkinson's Disease is a type of neuron-related disorder, the second most common
disease of this category after Alzheimer’s disorder. It proceeds gradually as small clusters of
dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain start to die. This slow loss of these neurons causes a
reduction of a critical neurotransmitter chemical called dopamine, which is responsible for
transmitting messages to various parts of the brain that usually bring coordination to muscle
movement.
Studies have depicted that the symptoms of Parkinson’s mostly start appearing after 50
percent or more of the dopamine neurons in the midbrain have already been lost. This is when
common motor symptoms such as tremors or shaking in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face; rigidity
or stiffness of limbs and trunk; bradykinesia, or slowness of movement; and difficulties with
balance, speech, and coordination. Symptoms usually start slowly and with time worsens.
Other non-motor collections of symptoms include the poor sense of smell, depression,
cognitive impairment, constipation, fatigue, and further other impairments that also come along
with Parkinson’s. Some of these non-motor symptoms may develop many years before the start
of motor symptoms.
Research suggests that Parkinson’s Disease affects an average of 500,000 people in the
United States, but it is feared that more than that number are affected. Society pays a huge price
for Parkinson’s disease. The total cost to the country is believed to exceed $6 billion yearly. The
financial and public health effects of this disease are predicted to rise as the population grows
elder.
In most recent years, Parkinson’s Disease research has greatly increased, this is all in
attempt to bringing this disorder to a stop and even preventing the disease are all considered
achievable goals. However, we cannot yet effectively cure any major neurodegenerative disease,
and overcoming Parkinson’s Disease still remains a major challenge.
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), part of the
National Institutes of Health (NIH), has a long past of providing support for Parkinson’s Disease
research. In 1997, recognizing the requirement to speed up the pace of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s Disease

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research, Congress made into law the Morris K. Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Act. The
Udall Act guided the NIH to increase and coordinate Parkinson’s research with the objective of
obtaining a cure or treatment for this disorder, and to award Key Center Grants known as Morris
K. Udall Centers of Excellence for PD Research to encourage research and to training scientists
who undertake Parkinson’s Disease research.
Parkinson’s Disease research goals matrix
➢ To understand the gene and environmental interactions that influence PD.
➢ To find out the regions hard hit with Pd.
➢ To find out the possible causes of PD.
➢ To come up with techniques and ways to prevent and even cure PD.
Stages of Parkinson’s disease
Stage I
Unilateral involvement only, usually with minimal or no functional impairment
In this stage, the patient has tremor, slowness, rigidity and begins experiencing paucity of
movement, or poor condition of the arm on one particular side of the body. Mostly one side of
the face is also involved, resulting in an asymmetry of expression that can sometimes look like
the impacts of a mild stroke or Bell’s palsy. This phase of Parkinson’s is frequently missed
entirely. For instance, when the treatment is made at a more advanced Stage, the patient may
remember having realized and frequent tremor of one hand or leg for many years before.
Stage II
Bilateral or midline involvement, without impairment of balance
Months or years to come same symptoms and signs are realized on the other side of the
body, or other symptoms appear in “midline” what doctors call “Axial” signs. These may
incorporate: loss of facial expression; reduced blinking; speech disorders; soft voice, fading
volume after beginning to speak loudly, rigidity of truncal muscles making the patient appear
awkward resulting in neck and back pain; postural changes resulting in stooping, slowness in, but
still one has the ability to carry out all daily activities.

Parkinson’s Disease

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Stage III
First signs of impaired righting reflexes

This is demonstrated when he is pushed from norma...


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