Create a power point on Infective Endocarditis using the attached information.

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1 Pima Medical Institute Infective Endocarditis 2 Infective Endocarditis Endocarditis is medically described as a bacterial infection within the heart muscle inner lining. The heart valves are the primary victims of infective endocarditis because they are covered by the same affected inner lining. Infective endocarditis has multiple types, acute and sub-acute bacterial endocarditis to name a few. These two forms share similar symptoms but are caused by different bacteria. Acute bacterial endocarditis affects healthy heart valves while subacute bacterial endocarditis effects previously damaged heart valves, (National Organization for Rare Disorders, 2007). Infective endocarditis was a fatal disease dating back 3 generations. It wasn’t until the mid-20th century when researches come to a breakthrough from clinical research, in which they were able to apply diagnostics, and therapy using gathered evidence, (Cecilia and Solimene, 2011). Endocarditis was first described in 1885 by William Osler as an inflammatory process effecting the endocardium and may have an infective or non-infective origin, (Ashley EA, Niebauer J, 2014) Endocarditis is once in a while an undeniable conclusion for a generalist. It might give a wide assortment of clinical signs, some inconspicuous; the analysis might be troublesome or the signs deluding, and there is a wide differential conclusion to consider. In any case, there is an abundance of clinical signs to search for in patients with unclear or summed up protected manifestations. Common symptoms of endocarditis include but are not limited to; pale skin, a fever, chills, night sweats, muscle pain, joint pain nausea, a decreased appetite, a full feeling in the upper left part of your stomach and weight loss. Severe signs and symptoms of endocarditis include but are not limited to; blood in your urine, swollen feet, swollen legs, swollen stomach, shortness of breath, a cough, weight loss, an enlarged spleen, which may be tender to touch and a heart murmur, which is an unusual sounding heartbeat. On the off chance that any of these signs 3 happen together with a fever, the patient ought to be critically alluded to a cardiologist for blood societies and echocardiography. Individuals are at risk of developing Endocarditis if they have had endocarditis before, heart defect, using contaminated needles, and or the individual has scarring from heart valve damage. The disease is transmitted when germs enter one’s circulatory system; they travel to heart, and connect to abnormal heart valves or harmed heart tissue. Certain types of microscopic organisms cause most cases, however fungi or different microorganisms likewise might be dependable. When treating infective endocarditis, the primary approach is to completely destroy the infection agent from the thrombus and to discourse the complications of valvular infection. If caused by bacteria, endocarditis can be treated with antibiotics via pills or through an IV until infection and inflammation is treated. Anti-microbial may help a late leeway if managed intravenously inside 2-3 hour time frame. Surgery is another option to fix damaged heart valve by removing and replacing the affected valves with artificial valves. Infective endocarditis is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Several published studies have reported in-hospital mortality of 15 percent to 20 percent and 1-year mortality of 40 percent. A variety of complications contribute to the high rates of morbidity and mortality in infective endocarditis, particularly heart failure, which occurs in approximately 40 percent of patients, (Rattue, G, 2011). New technological progress including new character of prosthetic valves and use of homograft or the Ross functioning is said to give a greater theory of choosing the best solution in a particular case. Antimicrobial chemotherapy is mainly based on medical researchers understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and efficaciousness of the antibiotics achieved in an experimental animal exemplar of endocarditis. 4 Todd Kiefer, M.D., Ph.D., of Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and his team carried out an investigation in order to analyze the microbiological, clinical, and echocardiography variables connected with heart failure development in individuals with infective endocarditis. 1, 359 of the 4,075 participants with infective endocarditis and known HF status factor had heart failure, while 66.7% were categorized as having New York Heart Association class III of IV symptom status. 839 of patients with heart failure underwent valvular surgery during the index hospitalization. The team discovered that for the entire heart failure cohort, in-hospital mortality was 29.7%. Lower mortality was observed in individuals who underwent valvular surgery compared to patients who only received medical treatment, (Gutschik, E, 1999). References 5 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (n.d.). Endocarditis, Infective. Retrieved December 17, 2017, from https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/endocarditis-infective G RINBERG, M., & S OLIMENE, M. (2011). Historical aspects of infective endocarditis [PDF]. Elsevier Editora Ltd and Brazilian Medical Association. Ashley EA, Niebauer J. Cardiology Explained. London: Remedica; 2004. Chapter 10, Infective endocarditis. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2208/ Horstkotte, D., Follath, F., Gutschik, E., Lengyel, M., Oto, A., Pavie, A., . . . Vardas, P. (2004, February 01). Guidelines on Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis Executive Summary: The Task Force on Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology | European Heart Journal | Oxford Academic. Retrieved December 28, 2017, from https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/25/3/267/563471 Rattue, G. (2011, November 24). Patients With Infective Endocarditis And Heart Failure Have Reduced Mortality With Valvular Surgery. Retrieved December 17, 2017, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/238212.php Gutschik, E. (1999, October). New developments in the treatment of infective endocarditis infective cardiovasculitis. Retrieved December 17, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10595566
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Infective Endocarditis
Student’s Name
Affiliation
January 9th, 2018

Introduction
•Infective Endocarditis is a bacteria infection within the heart
muscle inner lining mainly affecting the valves. It can be

either acute or sub-acute. Acute infective endocarditis affects
healthy heart valves while sub-acute affects previously
damaged heart valves (National Organization for Rare
Disorders, n.d.)
•This disease was first described in 1885 by William Osler as
an inflammatory process effecting the endocardium and may
have an infective and non-infective origin (Ashley, Niebauer,
2014)

Signs and Symptoms
• Some of the symptoms are non-specific. Common ones
include: pale skin, fever, chills, night sweats, joint pains,

muscle pains, decreased appetite and weight loss.
• Clinical signs include: swollen feet, hematuria, swollen
stomach, difficulties, enlarged spleen which may be painful
on touch, heart murmur.
• Cardiologist review and echocardiography are necessary.

• Risk factors include previous infection of infective
endocarditis, damaged heart valves and use of contaminated
needles.

Treatment
•Main aim is to eliminate the infective agent completely
from the thrombus and prevent valvular damage.
•Choice of anti-microbial therapy is dependent on the
causative agent.
•For bacterial endocarditis treatment involves oral or
intravenous antibiotics together with anti-inflammatory
drugs. Ideally management should be started 2two to three
hours
•Surgery can be done to fix damaged heart valves

Bacteria Infective Endocarditis

Complications Of Infective Endocarditis
•In-hospital mortality is 15-20% and 1-year mortality of
40%
•Complications resulting to high morbidly and mortality
rates of infective endocarditis include, heart failure (HF)
which occurs in 40% of the patients (Rattue, 2011)
•Advances in treatment of infective endocarditis have been
made to reduce morbidity and mortality. These include the
use of prosthetic valves and homografts, and evidenced
based antimicrobial chemotherapy.

A prosthetic valve

Research on Infective Endocarditis
•The most significant research has been done by Dr. Todd
Kiefer and his team at Duke University Medical center to
analyze the microbiological, clinical and endocardiography
variables connected with heart failure development in
individuals with infective endocarditis.
•The study established that 1359 out of 4075 participants with
IE had heart failure and 66.7% were categorized as the New
York Heart Association class III or IV symptom status. 839 of
the patien...


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