Chapter 3 Research Methodology Introduction: This is the third chapter of this project called methodology. where methodology of this project is being discussed in this chapter three experiments are performed which are discus below. In this project waste plastic used in Pavements we started in the search for relevant information on the subject and that are important in providing the necessary information to develop the report. Also, the study focuses on the adequacy of the waste plastic as bitumen cement and design rate of a mixture of plastic with bitumen for road paving, material used in this study is the waste plastic, aggregates and bitumen. The aim of test to measuring resistance mix and amount of deformation that occurs in the mix under load and calculate the percentage of the air spaces in the mixture compressed. The experimental method is used in this study to identify the suitability of the waste plastic as an alternative to the business units and keeping them in a sieve in the bitumen mix and achieve maximum stability and durability. This research focus on the appropriateness of the plastic as cement and bitumen design ratio waste plastic with bitumen for road surfaces. The main materials used in this study are the plastic, waste plastic and bitumen. Wash properly Waste plastic and dried beforehand made in scrap. This will be mixed and heated to aggregates and hot bitumen. MIXING PROCEDURE AT HOT MIX PLANT: Step I: Plastics waste like bags, bottles made from PE and PP cut into a size between 2.36 mm and 4.75mm using shredding machine. Care should be taken that PVC waste should be eliminated before it proceeds into next process. Step II: The aggregate mix is heated to 1650C and then it is transferred to mixing chamber. Similarly, the bitumen is to be heated up to a maximum of 1600C. This is done to obtain a good binding and to prevent weak bonding. During this process monitoring the temperature is very important. [1] Step III: At the mixing chamber, the shredded plastics waste is added over the hot aggregate. It gets coated uniformly over the aggregate within 30 to 45 seconds. It gives an oily coated look to the aggregate. Step IV: The plastics waste coated aggregate is mixed with hot bitumen. Then this final resulted mix is used for laying roads. The road laying temperature is between 110oC 120OC. The roller used should be of is 8-ton capacity Classification of Plastic Waste: a) Polyethylene: LDPE (Low Density Poly-Ethylene): Low density poly-ethylene this plastic waste available in the form of carry bags generally in stores these plastic bags are very thin and easily available. HDPE (High Density Poly-Ethylene): Generally High-density polyethylene type of plastic waste is available in the form of carry bags and easily available in the market. b) Polypropylene: This plastic may be available in the form of carry bags or solid plastic it’s depend upon the use and need of the industries. It is available in the form of plastic bottles and mat sheets etc ADVANTAGE OF WASTE PLASTIC BITUMINOUS MIX: 1) Stronger road with increased Marshall Stability Value 2) Better resistance towards rain water and water stagnation 3) No stripping and no potholes. [2] 4) Increase binding and better bonding of the mix. 5) Reduction in pores in aggregate and hence less rutting and ravelling. Benefits of waste Plastic Roads:  Environmental Benefits  MSWM (Municipal Solid Waste Management)  Employment Generation  Farming Community  National Economy ENVIORNMENT BENEFITS: Today, plastic waste treatment is largely hazardous to the environment as most of the plastic is burnt resulting is toxic gases being released in the environment. By effectively managing the collection, separation and processing of plastic waste, the environmental damages can be limited by eliminating the waste from our streets. We can have international standard roads and pavements which are litter free. MSWM (MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT): Households and other units wrap all garbage into plastic bags and dispose them. The nonbiodegradable plastic bags act like a covering on the garbage preventing it from being converted into compost at present only 20% of the MSW is converted into compost. This can be considerably increased to 80-85% and more by systematically managing the plastic waste. FARMING COMMUNITY: One of the foremost areas that would directly benefit is agriculture. At present only 20% of MSW is converted into compost. This can be converted to 80-85% once the plastic from the MSW is segregated. Farmers can directly purchase from MSWM if plastic separated. NATIONAL ECONOMY: Cumulative benefits to the National Economy –Environmental –Employment generation– Agricultural efficiency When life of a road is doubled, then the savings that accrue to the [3] national exchequer are in thousands of crores. Segregating the plastic from the MSW at the municipal yard involves application of resources, the cost of which runs into crores of rupees. A substantial amount of this can be saved. FLOW DIAGRAM OF PLASTIC COATED BITUMIN MIX ROAD Materials and Methods: Materials which are used for performing the experiments are: 1.Bitumen 2. Waste Plastic 3. Aggregates After collected the materials then going to perform some experiments to find and check the strength and durability. And mixing the bitumen with waste plastic what the effect in happen on the construction of road. The project is basically about performing the experiments and show the results that what is the change of mixing bitumen with waste plastic else of any other materials the aggregates in available in our institute laboratory but the other two materials is collected from the company with the help of my teachers and friends. [4] Waste plastic is collected from the garbage trucks, roads and dumpsites or compost plants. Or the water bottles which we used for drinking water. The bitumen is collected from one company with the help of my one friend. The bitumen which is using is the melted form without any mixture. After getting the bitumen, the experiments are performing in our college laboratory to get the results. After collection of materials the experiments which is perform the name are as follows: 1.Softening Point Test 2. Marshal Stability Test 3.Penetration Test Now going to discuss briefly about each experiment in detail with the procedure. Experiment No.1 Softening Point Test Bitumen does not suddenly change from solid to liquid state, but as the temperature increases, it gradually becomes softer until it flows readily. All semi-solid-state bitumen grades need sufficient fluidity before they are used for application with the aggregate mix. For this purpose, bitumen is sometimes cutback with a solvent like kerosene. The common procedure however is to liquefy the bitumen by heating. The softening point is the temperature at which the substance attains degree of softening under specified condition of test. For bitumen, it is usually determined by Ring & Ball test. Is important in choosing that consistency about bitumen as person part done fabricating up the consistency for shipments alternately wellsprings for supply. Softening side of the point may be the temperature toward which the bituminous blankets bring a proportional consistency (i. E. Those consistencies of the significant number of assessments will a chance to be same toward that softening perspective e. G. On the off risk that two samples bring softening purposes from claiming 40 °C and 80 °C separately, both will have those same consistencies at their softening perspective.). That test provides for a considered perfect those temperatures toward which those bituminous materials accomplish a viscosity. Bitumen for higher softening side of the point may a chance to be favouring to hotter spots. Softening purpose ought on make higher over those practically total day temperature, which may be relied upon around there by and large bitumen could enough assuage Also achieve each emptying [5] Procedure:  USP Glycerin: need a glimmer motivation behind 160°C (320°F) concerning illustration for every test technique d 92.  Ethylene Glycol: for a breaking point some place around 195 and 197°C (383 Also 387°F).  Rings: a metal conveyed ring.  Balls: A steel ball, 9. 53 mm (3/8") for width, weighing some place around 3. 45 What's more 3. 55 grams.  Ball-Centering Guides: An associate to centering the ball What's more aggravated of metal.  Ring holder What's more Assembly: A metal holder planned with reinforce those two rings to a much position upheld in the get together. The build of the exhaust rings in the ring holder ought to make 25 mm (1. 0 on.) In the upper surface of the build plate, and the bring down surface of the base plate might be 166 3 mm (5⁄8 6 1⁄8 in.) starting with those bases of the shower.  Metal spilling Plate: A level, smooth birch metal plate harshly 75 Eventually Tom's perusing 50 mm that need been managed for on keep the bituminous material starting with staying to it. A suitableness medication is will cover the plate just in the recent past utilization with a shaky layer of a mix from claiming glycerine What's more dextrin, talc, alternately china soil.  Bath: a glass vessel, fit for being warmed, in any event 85 mm in estimation also toward those minimum 120 mm inside Furthermore crazy from the base of the flare.  Thermometers: having a range starting with - 2 will +80°C. Experiment No.2 Penetration Test In this test we examine consistency of a sample of bitumen by determining the distance in terms of mm that a standard needle vertically penetrates the bitumen specimen under known condition of loading, time & temperature. This is most widely used method of measuring hardness of bituminous material. Then afterward bond is readied it starts to get tough amid this technique strong progressions from its liquid stage will solid phase which is known as setting chance of bond. Keeping to personality the limit objective should know the setting the [6] long run about robust door test Similarly as shown Eventually Tom's perusing ASTM c 403 will be performed for mortars of robust (NATIONAL building CONFERENCE, 2015). This test measures those invasion imperviousness (psi) advertised Eventually Tom's perusing the robust mortars following A percentage duration of the time. Energy obliged on penetrate A needle for known bearing area will a profundity about 1in in robust mortality table may be known as door imperviousness. Equipment used to choose invasion safety may be penetrometer with which needle for Different sizes are provided for (National cement asphalt engineering organization Centre, 2008). The initial Furthermore last setting chance might not bring any affiliation for the asphalt's direct and will be subjective yet at the same duration of the time provides for A considered perfect the cements initial caliber headway qualities (National cement asphalt innovation Centre, 2008). Door test will be performed on the mortality table sieved starting with strong blend, what’s more chooses the starting What's more last setting chance about bond Hosting a hang regard a greater amount noticeable over zero. Procedure: Take a gander at the needle holder Also manual to develop the nonattendance of water What's more diverse coincidental materials. Clean a doorway needle for telic corrosive or other suitableness dissolvable, dry for a immaculate material, What's more implant the needle under the penetrometer. Unless by shown spot the 50-gram weight through the needle, making those aggravator weight 100 ± 0. 1 gram. Spot the example compartment in the return dish spread the holder completely with water with the unfaltering temperature shower also set the return dish on the remained of the penetrometer. Position the needle Eventually Tom's perusing bit by bit bringing down it until its tip just achieves that surface of the example. This will be master toward bringing those real needle tips under contact with its picture pondered those surfaces of the case starting with an authentically set wellspring from claiming light. Whichever observe of the examining of the penetrometer dial or bring that pointer should zero. Quickly release the needle holder for the predefined time allotment Also change the instrument flying to quantify that division entered on tenths of a millimetre. On the off opportunity that those holder moves, negligence those result. Settle on no short of what three determinations in concentrates on the surface of the example in those altogether any rate 10 mm from the side of the compartment Also in any event 10 mm differentiated. On the off risk that the return dish is utilized, exchange that sample Furthermore trade dish of the unfaltering temperature shower between determinations. Use a flawless needle to each determination. On [7] the off possibility that the doorway may be more conspicuous over 200, utilize no short of what three needles abandoning them in the sample until the three determinations have been done. Experiment No.3 Marshal Stability and Flow Value Test Marshall Stability Value: It is defined as the maximum load at which the specimen fails under the application of the vertical load. It is the maximum load supported by the test specimen at a loading rate of 50.8 mm/minute (2 inches/minute). Generally, the load was increased until it reached the maximum & then when the load just began to reduce, the loading was stopped and the maximum load was recorded by the proving ring. Marshall Flow Value: It is defined as the deformation undergone by the specimen at the maximum load where the failure occurs. During the loading, an attached dial gauge measures the specimen's plastic flow because of the loading. The flow value was recorded in 0.25 mm (0.01 inch) increments at the same time when the maximum load was recorded. Procedure: With the use of waste plastic in bitumen, it will be environmentally beneficial, it can improve the bitumen binder properties and durability, and it will also have a potential to be cost effective. Conventional bituminous materials have been used satisfactorily in most highway pavement Environmental factors such as temperature, air, and water can have a profound effect on durability of these pavements. The ideal bitumen should be strong enough, at optimum temperatures, to withstand rutting or permanent deformation, and soft enough to avoid excessive thermal stresses, at low pavement temperatures, and fatigue, at moderate temperatures. After adding the waste plastic in bitumen, the properties of the bitumen will be checked. As disposal of waste plastic has become a worldwide problem and has caused worry to administrators, researchers and environmentalists. This paper is intended to study the feasibility of the waste plastic as a blending material in bitumen, which is used for road construction. The Waste plastic appears to possess the potential to be partially added in bitumen, providing a recycling opportunity. If Waste or used plastic can be added in bitumen for improving the properties, and disposing off the plastic, thus the environmental gains can be achieved. [8] Chapter 4 Data Analysis Introduction: In this chapter of project is discuss about the results and analysis that result and compare it with the previous research which is already perform. If the results are close to that results which we got after performing the experiments then it will be shown that our readings are used for the road construction in the field. Experiment No.1 Softening Point Test Experimental Program: Accumulate the mechanical gathering for the rings, ASTM thermometer 15 °C alternately I5 °F, and ball keeping tabs guides over position Also fill the shower for characteristically bubbled water to A profundity from claiming in those Verwoerd any rate as 102mm Furthermore not more than 108mm. Keep up those shower temperatures during 5 ± 1°C to 15 min, setting the test holder on ice water though vital. Using forceps, place a ball, already conformed of the shower temperature, over each ball-focusing aide. Apply warm for such a way, to the point that those temperature of the liquid is brought up 5°C/min. Avoid the effect of drafts, using shields if vital. (Unbending adherence of the recommended rate of warming may be totally significant to reproducible for outcomes. Whichever An gas burner or electric hotter might a chance to be utilized; afterward again, the most recent ought be of the low-slack, variable yield kind should keep up those key rate from claiming warming.). The rate about rising for temperature may be uniform furthermore ought not be landed during the midpoint of over those the long run of the test. Those The majority amazing permissible assortment from claiming any 1-mm time after the beginning 3 mm ought to make ± 0. 5°C. Release at tests to which the rate from claiming Ascent doesn't fall inside about these separating focuses. Record to each ring and ball those temperature seemed Eventually Tom's perusing the thermometer toward those minute those illustration including the ball touches those build plate. Settle on no amendment to those eminent come of the thermometer. On the off opportunity that the difference between the characteristics obtained in the duplicate determinations surpasses 1°C repeat those tests. In the occasion from claiming Hosting softening perspective over 80°C USP glycerine may be used as opposed [9] water, ASTM thermometer for l6°C or 16°F would use and showering is started toward 32°C (Civil architects.) Results and Discussion: The results obtained from the Ring and Ball experiment to determine the softening point of Bitumen. The apparatus stopped when the second ball touched the plate placed below. Thus, the temperature of the ball is shown below and the average temperature shows the value at which the bitumen starts softening. Therefore, the softening point of Bitumen is 38°C. Table 1 shows the softening point of Bitumen Softening point of Bitumen Average: Difference: Right ball: Left ball: 53.4 °C 22.6 °C 38 °C 30.8 °C Softening point indicates the temperature at which binders possess the same viscosity. Bituminous materials do not have a melting point. Rather, the change of state from solid to liquid is gradual over a wide range of temperature. Softening point has significance for materials to be used as joint and crack fillers. Higher softening point ensures that they will not flow during service. Higher the softening point, lesser the temperature susceptibility. Bitumen with higher softening point is preferred in warmer places. Whereas according to the standard reference of ASTM D36 / D36M the softening point of Bitumen emerged in distilled water is 30 to 80° C while the results obtained in lab is 38° C. [10] Softening side of the point indicates the temperature in which fasteners have the same thickness. Bituminous materials don't have a softening side of the point. Maybe, that change of state from solid will liquid will be moderate over a far-reaching assortment of temperature. Softening perspective need vitality to materials on make used concerning illustration joint and break fillers. (The Constructor, 2014). Comparison between laboratory test and our experiment: Bitumen doesn't every one of a sudden change from solid to liquid state, yet rather Concerning illustration those temperature expands, it regulated gets should be milder until it streams immediately. All semi-strong state bitumen evaluations necessity sufficient simplicity when they are used for provision with that aggregate mix. For this reason, bitumen will be a percentage of the long run diminishment for a die feasible for example, light fuel. The general framework in any case will be will melt the bitumen toward warming. Those softening perspective will be the temperature toward which the substance accomplishes level from claiming softening under shown state about test. To bitumen, it is by directed by ring Also ring and ball test. Test Property Temp. @ which sample touches bottom plate (C) Ball NO 1 69.3 2 69.5 Table shows the softening point test. This is shows that the range of the ring and ball test is from 30 to 157 C. so our experiment got the temperature reading is 53.4 % and 23.6% and the mean is almost 39%.and the laboratory result the mean is almost 70%. So, the result of our experiment is better for using in pavements and it is better in hot climate. So, it is advisable to use PMB in pavement construction to minimize problems like, Rutting and skidding of vehicles during hot climate conditions. Experiment No.2 Penetration Test: The test determines the hardness of bitumen by measuring the depth (one tenths of a mm) to which a standard, and loaded needle will vertically penetrate in 5 seconds, in a sample of bitumen maintained at a temperature of 25C. The test was carried out in accordance with the procedure laid down in IS: 1203–1978. [11] Results and discussion: Sample# Penetration Reading Mean 78 76 1 76.32 74 79 75 2 76 74 80 75 76.12 3 73 Those test need been performed effectively and the mean infiltration esteem went out to make 79. 33. As stated by those tables those values going starting with 50 with 149 if bring Contrast for most extreme 4. Over the event the Contrast is = 80-79 = 1 which may be lessees that point 4 so our performed analyse and the infiltration worth may be right. We performed the test toward room temperature. [12] Comparison with Laboratory data: Penetration of a bituminous mixture is the distance in tenths of a `mm’, that a standard needle would penetrate vertically into a sample of material under standard conditions of temperature, load& time. Sr No. Readings (mm) Penetration Average (mm) Penetration (mm) Initial Final 1 145 179 34 2 149 186 37 35.66 3 151 187 36 From the result for unmodified bitumen, PP and HDPE modified bitumen, the sharp decrease in the penetration value of 104.3dmm for base bitumen to 88.03dmm for HDPE and 135.2dmm for PP at 0.5% concentration of polymer shows the increase in the hardness of the PMB. This is because of the use of the high molecular weight polymer, HDPE. The melting [13] temperature of HDPE and PP is 135 °C and 165 °C respectively, Polyethylene at temperature above 160 °C is in melt state; it absorbs some oil and release low molecular weight fraction into the bitumen which increases the viscosity of the PMB. Thus, it increases the viscosity by the end of mixing process, and by the time it cools harden mixture was formed. The hardening of the bitumen can be beneficial as it increases the stiffness of the material, thus the load spreading capabilities of the structure but also can lead to fretting or cracking. Penetration is related to viscosity and empirical relationships have been developed for Newtonian materials. If penetration is measured over a range of temperatures, the temperature susceptibility of the PMB/neat bitumen can be established. Experiment No.3 Marshal Stability and Flow Value test: However, with the use of waste plastic in bitumen, it will be environmentally beneficial, it can improve the bitumen binder properties and durability, and it will also have a potential to be cost effective. Conventional bituminous materials have been used satisfactorily in most highway pavement Environmental factors such as temperature, air, and water can have a profound effect on durability of these pavements. The ideal bitumen should be strong enough, at optimum temperatures, to withstand rutting or permanent deformation, and soft enough to avoid excessive thermal stresses, at low pavement temperatures, and fatigue, at moderate temperatures. After adding the waste plastic in bitumen, the properties of the bitumen will be checked. As disposal plastic has become a worldwide problem and has caused worry to administrators, researchers and environmentalists. This paper is intended to study the feasibility of the waste plastic as a blending material in bitumen, which is used for road construction. The Waste plastic appears to possess the potential to be partially added in bitumen, providing a recycling opportunity. If Waste or used plastic can be added in bitumen [14] for improving the properties, and disposing off the plastic, thus the environmental gains can be achieved. Results and Discussion: Sr. No. Material Content 1 Bitumen 5-5.5% 2 Aggregate 75-90% 3 Plastic 5%,10%,15%,20% %Bitumen Sample Wt. gm Marshal Stability Flow mm kg 4.66 1245 11.49 3.7 5.10 1250 12 3.6 5.20 1240 11.8 3.8 [15] Various properties of SMA and BC blends, to example, Marshall Properties, channel down. Qualities, unbending nature qualities need been analysed in this examination. Just about. 60/70 doorway review bitumen Furthermore a changed trademark fibre called sisal fibre bring been endeavoured. Defencelessness attributes impenetrability on rutting and component creep behaviour could further make. Scrutinize. Some other made Also standard strands Furthermore other sort of clasp cam wood similarly a chance to be. Endeavoured for blends what’s more possibility around. Sisal fibre used Similarly as An and only this ponder may be an insignificant exert material, along these lines a. Cash sparing preference examination might be produced on think its sway once liability about improvement. Also, on. Ensure the accomplishment for this new material, trial extends may make produced. Comparison Between Laboratory data and experimental work: This test is done to determine the Marshall stability of bituminous mixture as per ASTM D 1559. The principle of this test is that Marshall Stability is the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of a bituminous mixture loaded on the lateral surface. It is the load carrying capacity of the mix at 60oC and is measured in kg. Marshal moulds were prepared for different percentages of plain bitumen by varying the bitumen percentage from 3.5% – 6.5% by increment of 0.5%. The specimens were kept for 24hrs and then were demoulded. Marshall stability test was conducted and parameters like flow value, bulk density, percentage air voids, voids filled with bitumen (VFB) and voids filled with mineral aggregates (VMA) were calculated. The optimum bitumen content, maximum bulk density and 4% volume of voids for bitumen grade 60/70 and 80/100 were calculated using the above properties. Also, maximum stability was evaluated. Marshall Stability method was also [16] conducted by adding waste bottle plastic of varying percentage from 0-12% for the know binder content of both 60/70 and 80/100 grade bitumen. The maximum stability attained for a percentage of plastic is noted down. Waste Plastic blended with bitumen: Properties of bitumen mix with the plastic. Waste Gt Gb Vv VMA VFB VB Plastic Stability Flow value kg value in % 0.25mm 0 2.5 2.2 7.7 19.477 60.46 11.77 1231 5.7 4 2.5 2.2 7.5 17.201 68.93 11.85 1291 6 6 2.5 2.3 5.5 17.273 67.82 11.71 1300 6 [17] [18] [19] The generation of waste plastics is increasing day by day. The major polymers namely polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene show adhesion property in their molten state Plastics will increase the meltinlg point of the bitumen. The waste plastic bitumen mix forms better material for pavement construction as the mix shows higher Marshall Stability value and suitable Marshall Coefficient. Hence the use of waste plastics for pavement is one of the best methods for easy disposal of waste plastics. The use of the innovative technology not only strengthened the road construction but also increased the road life as well as will help to improve the environment and creating a source of income. Plastic roads would be a boon for India’s hot and extremely humid climate, where temperatures frequently cross 50°C and torrential rains create havoc, leaving most of the roads with big potholes. It is hoped that in near future we will have strong, durable and eco-friendly roads which will relieve the earth from all type of plastic-waste [20] [21]