Option #1: Springdale Shopping Survey Instructions The major shopping areas in the community of Springdale include Springdale Mall, West Mall, and the downtown area on Main Street. A telephone survey has been conducted to identify strengths and weaknesses of these areas and to find out how they fit into the shopping activities of local residents. The 150 respondents were also asked to provide information about themselves and their shopping habits. The data are provided in the file SHOPPING. The variables in the survey can be found in the file CODING. The contingency tables and relative frequency probabilities in this exercise are based on the Springdale Shopping Survey database. Information like that gained from the two parts of this exercise could provide helpful insights into the nature of the respondents, their perceptions, and their spending behaviors. In particular, part 2 focuses on how conditional probabilities related to spending behavior might vary, depending on the gender of the respondent. NOTE: Be sure to use five (5) decimal places for your probabilities in the report, as some of them will be quite small. Do not convert to percentages as we are interested in probabilities only here. Based on the relative frequencies for responses to each variable, determine the probability that a randomly selected respondent from: SPRSPEND [variable 4] spends at least $15 during a trip to Springdale Mall. DOWSPEND [variable 5] spends at least $15 during a trip to Downtown. WESSPEND [variable 6] spends at least $15 during a trip to West Mall. Comparing the preceding probabilities, rank the areas from strongest to weakest in terms of the amount of money a shopper spends during a typical shopping visit. Based on the relative frequencies for responses to each variable, determine the probability that a randomly selected respondent from: BSTQUALI [variable 11] feels that Springdale Mall has the highest-quality goods. BSTQUALI [variable 11] feels that Downtown has the highest-quality goods. BSTQUALI [variable 11] feels that West Mall has the highest-quality goods. Comparing the preceding probabilities, rank the areas from strongest to weakest in terms of the quality of goods offered. Set up a contingency table for the appropriate variables given, and then determine the following probabilities: SPRSPEND and RESPGEND [variables 4 and 26] Given that the random respondent is a female, what is the probability that she spends at least $15 during a trip to Springdale Mall? Is a male more likely or less likely than a female to spend at least $15 during a visit to this area? DOWSPEND and RESPGEND [variables 5 and 26] Given that the random respondent is a female, what is the probability that she spends at least $15 during a trip to Downtown? Is a male more likely or less likely than a female to spend at least $15 during a visit to this area? WESSPEND and RESPGEND [variables 6 and 26] Given that the random respondent is a female, what is the probability that she spends at least $15 during a trip to West Mall? Is a male more likely or less likely than a female to spend at least $15 during a visit to this area? Based on the preceding probabilities, rank the shopping areas where males and females are most likely to least likely to spend $15 or more during a shopping visit. Requirements: Your paper should be 2-3 pages in length (not counting the title page and references page) and cite and integrate at least one credible outside source. The CSU Global Library is a great place to find resources. Your textbook is a credible resource. Include a title page, introduction, body, conclusion, and a reference page. The introduction should describe or summarize the topic or problem. It might discuss the general applications of the topic or it might introduce the unique terminology associated with the topic. The body of your paper should address the questions posed in the problem. Explain how you approached and answered the question or solved the problem, and, for each question, show all steps involved. Be sure this is in paragraph format, not numbered answers like a homework assignment. The conclusion should summarize your thoughts about what you have determined from your analysis in completing the assignment. Nothing new should be introduced in the conclusion that was not previously discussed in the body paragraphs. Include any tables of data or calculations, calculated values, and/or graphs referenced in the paper. (Note: The minimum required length excludes any tables or graphs.) Document formatting, citations, and style should conform to CSU Global Writing Center. (Links to an external site.) A short summary containing much that you need to know about paper formatting, citations, and references is contained in the Template Paper (Links to an external site.). Option #2: Probabilities of Graduation and Publication Instructions In the following study, three different universities have been tracking a select group of professors over the course of their employment at that university to determine the number of students who are in a particular professor’s classes, how many of those students have graduated, and if any of them have had their work published. The attached Excel file Probabilities are the totals for each of the professors at the three different universities that participated in the study. The purpose of this study is to find the probabilities of graduation and publication for the students in the different professors’ courses. While a causal relationship may not be found between a professor and student graduation or publication, we need to rank the professors based on the different probabilities found using the data sets as described below. Prepare a report (see below) with your ranking of the professors based on the probabilities and conditional probabilities as well as the analysis of each university. Include the following seven (7) items in table format which is provided in the Probabilities file to support your ranking. NOTE: Be sure to retain and report five (5) decimal places for each of your probabilities. Do not convert your computed probabilities to percentages, as we are only interested in probabilities here. The overall probability of students graduating at each of the three universities. The overall probability of students having a publication at each of the three universities. The overall probability of students having a publication, given that they graduated at each of the three universities. The probability of a student graduating for each professor. The probability of a student having a publication for each professor. The probability of a student having a publication, given that they graduated for each professor. Rank the professors within each university for each of the probabilities in 4-6. Then find the sum of the ranks and determine an overall ranking for each professor. Be sure to critically analyze the above calculations in your body paragraphs, explaining how you found each type of probability and then the results that you obtained. Be sure to also explain your criteria for ranking in steps 4-7, being sure to defend why you chose that particular ranking method, as your way might not be the typical method.

2a. The producers of a new toothpaste claim that it prevents more cavities than other brands of toothpaste. A random sample of 60 people used the new toothpaste for 6-months. The mean number of cavities at their next checkup is 1.5. In the general population, the mean number of cavities at a 6-month check-up is 1.73 (0=1.12)Is this a one or two-tailed test?What are the H0 and Ha for this study?Compute Zobt-What is Zev?4a. Henry preformed a two-tailed test for an experiment in which N-24. He could not find his table of t critical values, but he remembered the tcv at df=13. He decided to compare his tobtwith this tcv. Is he more likely to make a Type I or a Type II error in this situation?6a. A researcher hypothesis that individuals who listen to classical music will score differently from the general population on a test of spatial ability. On a standardized test of spatial ability, u=58. A random sample of 14 individuals who listen to classical music is given the same test. Their scores on the test are 52,59,63,65,58,55,62,63,53,59,57,61,60,59.Is this a one or two-tailed test?What are the Ho and Ha for this study?Compute t-obt-What is tcv?Should Ho be rejected? What should the researcher conclude?Determine the 95% confidence interval for the population mean, based on the sample mean.8a. A researcher believes that the percentage of people who exercise in California is greater than the national exercise rate. The national rate is 20%. The researcher gathers random sample of the 20 individuals who live in California and finds that the number who exercise regularly is 31 out of 120.What is the obt?What is the df for this test?What is the cv?What conclusion should be drawn from these results?The researcher in exercise 2 decides to conduct the same study using a within-participants design to control for differences in cognitive ability. He selects a random sample of subjects and has them study different material of equal difficulty in both the music and no music conditions. The study is completely counterbalanced to control for order effects. The data appear next. As before, they are measured on an interval-ratio scale and are normally distributed; he believes that studying under quiet conditions will lead to better performance.MUSIC  NO MUSIC7  76  85  76  78  98  8What statistical test should be used to analyze these data?Identify Ho and Ha for this study.Conduct the appropriate analysis.Should Ho be rejected? What should the researcher conclude?If significant, compute and interpret the effect size.If significant, draw a graph representing the data.Determine 95% confidence interval.Researchers at a food company are interested in how a new spaghetti sauce made from green tomatoes (and green in color) will compare to their traditional red spaghetti sauce. They are worried that the green color will adversely affect the tastiness scores. They randomly assign subjects to either the green or the red sauce condition. Participants indicate the tastiness of the sauce on a 10-point scale. Tastiness scores tend to be skewed. The scores are as follows.Red Sauce  Green Sauce7  46  59  610  86  77  68  9What statistical test should be used to analyze these data?Identify Ho and Ha for this study.Conduct the appropriate analysis.Should Ho be rejected? What should the researcher conclude?You notice in your introductory psychology class that women tend to sit up front, and more men sit in the back. To determine whether this difference is significant, you collect data on the seating preferences for the students in your class. The data follow.  Men  WomenFront of the Room  15    27Back of the Room  32    19What is the obt?What is the dffor this test?What is the cv?What conclusion should be drawn from these results?What are degrees of freedom? How are the calculated?What do inferential statistics allow you to infer?What is the General Linear Model (GLM)? Why does it matter?Compare and contrast parametric and nonparametric statistics. Why and in what types of cases would you use one over the other?Why is it important to pay attention to the assumptions of the statistical test? What are your options if your dependent variable scores are not normally distributed?