Sample for the answer Bakken Oil is found in the Bakken Formation in North Dakota and is significantly more flammable and volatile than crude oil. Recent Railway disasters in both the US and Canada have highlighted the risk caused by the transportation of this oil. The transportation of Bakken oil throughout the US and more specific New Jersey creates a unique threat to emergency services and emergency managers in the affected counties and communities. Specifically, Mercer County NJ, the county I work in, has Bakken oil moving through several communities including New Jerseys capital city on a daily basis. I have been involved with exercises and drills regarding this threat to our communities. Based on the outcomes of past disasters we need to continue to address the related safety issues with the movement of this product. If you follow the link it will give you a good snapshot of what happens on our rails, three years of derailments. http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwestnews/index.ssf/2016/06/oregon_oil_train_derailment_is.html Risks associated with transporting Bakken Oil Opportunities for transportation of Bakken Oil 1. This product comes from North Dakota, USA and will help reduce the reliance on imported products, and will help to balance trade. 2. Positive economic impact with the creation of jobs and an influx of revenue for the states involved in transport and production. 3. Increase in rail infrastructure has helped to avoid moving refineries due to pipeline transport backups. Uncertainties for the transportation of Bakken Oil 1. The negative effects the production and transport will have on the environment due to the toxic nature of Bakken Oil. 2. Safety concerns regarding the use of DOT111 rail cars for the transportation of the oil. 3. The strain on state and local responders who have to train and respond for rail accidents due to the high volatility and flammability of the Bakken Oil. 4. The social economic and psychological effects of a rail incident for state and local agencies and the impact it will have on communities. 5. The ability for state, county and local municipalities to recover from a Bakken Oil disaster. Hazards associated with the transport of Bakken Oil 1. The threat of an explosion and fire due to a train accident/derailment. 2. The economic and political pressure to move the oil far exceeds the efforts to upgrade the nations rail infrastructure and impose new regulations on either the rail or oil industry. 3. Environmental impacts due to oil spills as well as the toxic vapors that would be released due to a fire. Some examples of the vapors are benzene and hydrogen sulfide. 4. The increase safety risk to emergency services due to the multiple hazards the material presents. 5. Lack of rail maintenance or improper repairs on the rail system. 6. Most of the DOT-111 cars were produced prior to 2010, additionally the valves on the top of the cars are not properly protected against roll-overs and the heat shields on either end only go up half way on the car and does not give full protection. Compliance requirements for the transporting Bakken Oil 1. Reduce the volatility of Bakken oil 2. Remove from service the DOT-111 rail cars that carry oil and other hazardous materials with 20 or more cars. 3. Provide high volume foam to fire departments along with the necessary equipment to deliver the foam. 4. Ensure state, county, and federal agencies cooperate in planning, exercises and drills. 5. Require environmental impact studies be completed along all routes that the Bakken oil travels. 6. Ensure funding for recovery is available through assistance from funds set up by the railroad and government grant programs. 7. Use DOT-117 cars which have better puncture protection and full heat shields FUNDAMENTALS OF RISK MANAGEMENT: UNDERSTANDING, EVALUATING AND IMPLEMENTI... may vary. Finally, the opportunities are the benefits that car ownership offers. 1. TABLE 3.1 Risks associated with owning a car Hazards of owning a car (events that you do not want to happen and that can only be negative) You pay too much for the car or it is in poor condition 2. You are involved in a collision or road accident 3. The car gets stolen or vindictively damaged Compliance requirements of owning a car (events that could result in regulatory enforcement) Insufficient and/or inadequate third-party car insurance Inattentive or aggressive driving results in traffic offence(s) Tyres in poor condition and other maintenance 3 obligations Opportunities of owning a car (events you hope will happen, but could fail to occur) You can travel more easily than depending on 1. others Enhanced job opportunities because you will be more mobile 3. Save money on other forms of public transport Uncertainties of owning a car(events that you know will happen, but impacts are variable) Cost of borrowing money to buy the car could change Price of fuel (petrol or diesel) could go up or down Maintenance, breakdown and repair costs will vary 1. Regarding expenditure, the review will consider spending patterns to determine whether cost cutting is necessary (hazard risks). It will also consider leisure time activities, including holiday arrangements and hobbies, and there will be some Page 37
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