Write 5 to 6 pages “ Traditional Literature Review”

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Write 5 to 6 pages “ Traditional Literature Review

Please Read followings Attached Files very carefully to get a better understanding:

Literature Review

  • Watch the video “Literature Review
  • Review the attached Literature Review documents
  • Write a literature review paper on the topic created in week 1.
  • Week 1 Research paper Topic: “E-Policing- The Effects of Information Technology in the Law Enforcement Practices”

Instructions: Read very carefully

Your paper must:

  • Be organized by categories or themes using sub-headings, as needed
  • Include an introduction to the literature
  • A thorough comparison of the literature (not an annotated bibliography)
  • A summary

Contain 8 to 12 peer-reviewed, scholarly references published within the past 5 years.

The paper must following the formatting guidelines in The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010), (6th ed., 7th printing), and contain scholarly references. In addition, the paper will be submitted through the SafeAssign originality-checking tool.

Note 1:Week 1 Research paper Topic: “E-Policing- The Effects of Information Technology in the Law Enforcement Practices”

Note 2: I also uploaded week 1 paper for better understanding if you need .

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Running Head: E-POLICING 1 E-Policing- The Effects of Information Technology in the Law Enforcement Practices Student’s Name Course Tutor Date E-POLICING 2 PART A What is your proposed research project's topic? E-policing- The effects of information technology in the law enforcement practices What problem or issue is your research designed to solve? Technology has since been a key source of expenditure together with innovation in the law enforcement, and it is also assumed to be holding great potential for the enhancement of the police work. However, does the technology capable of achieving these expectations? The channel of communication along with the flow of information in the law enforcement practices is indeed slow, static and rigid based on the various standing orders that are laid down for the institution. The regulation provides that all information before they are passed to the next level of enforcement or policing, the in-charge officer should approve it by confirming its accuracy. Majority of the law enforcement agencies are still using the analog process, and this makes the execution of justice to be slow as there are delays in the analysis of huge amounts of data which are handled by the police. The sharing of information among different departments within the law enforcement agencies is not simple, the effective communication systems coupled with access to the criminal database are yet to be installed in many institutions. The law enforcement is hampered by the increased bureaucracy of writing formal requisitions to the departmental heads who are seeking the authority to access the required data (Karake, 2014). Why is solving the problem or issue important? ( IT related problems) E-POLICING 3 People have always yearned for improved law enforcement practices which will also ensure that they receive fast and efficient justice. The adoption of the new technology will also reduce the crime rate through the easy management or recording of the data and information. E-POLICING 4 References Lum, C., Koper, C. S., & Willis, J. (2017). Understanding the limits of technology’s impact on police effectiveness. Police Quarterly, 20(2), 135-163. Karake, P. E. T. E. R. (2014). Adoption of electronic policing services in crime control in Nairobi county. Unpublished research project. University of Nairobi. Kenya. E-POLICING 5 PART B How to develop the research topic When planning or even starting to write a research paper, it is always a usual and common challenge to develop or determine the research topic. It is even more complicated to narrow a given them into a research topic. It is also notable that the despite being given a specific topic of the study (which is not the case here), it will nearly never be so precise that one will not have to narrow it to at least to some given extent. Besides, one may be faced with a dilemma of selecting which topic to select after being faced with different topics which I had to choose from. Some were even remotely related, and it was even difficult to comprehend whether they are answering the same research problem. Despite the fact that one may desire to begin writing the procedure through consideration of the variety of various methods to investigating the research problem, I will need to narrow and focus my research at some point earlier in the process of writing. This will limit too much work in one research paper. While narrowing the theme of the research to this topic, I began by considering both my existing and new knowledge regarding the theme which I was to study. As a competent researcher and writer, I was not interested in my current knowledge of the theme but rather valued gaining new knowledge on a given theme, and this guided me in the selected topic. However, I used my existing knowledge to explore the different concepts and themes further to come up with the research topic. Similarly, the process of narrowing a research theme into a selected research topic was guided by my quest to fill a given knowledge gap in what I have learned so far. Nonetheless, I have to admit that finding this knowledge gap was not easy since I had to read several research articles, publications and references pages both in the university E-POLICING 6 library and the online databases with a critical eye to determine a great deal of the topic area. A period of one week was enough to determine the selected topic in the criminology because I only disagreed or criticized the already published research projects. Additionally, I had to consider a topic which strongly interests me. I am always fascinated and interested in studying the various areas related to the criminology subject. I considered this as an important opportunity to examine the areas and come up with a specific topic area in the same field. Besides, I believe that this topic will make the research process to be more engaging and fun and avoid getting stuck in the process because the topic is either boring or complicated. This question was not only interesting to me but also simple and easy to find various research and studies which would be vital for the research literature review process. Before making a final decision on the research topic, I had to make sure that the topic is relevant and it meets the university or the professor’s requirements. The fact that the topic tries to solve a problem in the law enforcement field through the use of technology is a clear indicator that the research topic is relevant and meets the assignment requirements. Creativity is also another critical factor which enhanced my decision to narrow the theme into this specific topic from the rest. All students are always advised to creative and innovative. This was one of the best opportunity to showcase my creative skills. Therefore, I had to make sure that my research topic is not written by different authors over and over again that makes the research conclusions or results to be predictable. I had to develop a topic which is unique and has not been much covered. The topic had to be creative and exciting not only to me but also to my peers and the instructor. E-POLICING 7 Nevertheless, I chose the topic based on its scope. I never wanted the topic to be too broad as the number of pages required in the prompt is not much and therefore making the topic to be broad would make the research process challenging. Besides, broad information makes it difficult to find appropriate and relevant information which is indeed relevant and focused. Concept mapping of key ideas A concept map creates typically a visual representation and analysis of the various connections among a collection of targeted topics in a given research primary topic. This concept map aims to develop a concrete map where the various concepts are shown as nodes along with the various connections between them. To begin with, E-policing being the main topic, I had to develop different subtopics to make the concept complete. I thought of the implementation of the various technologies within the law enforcement agency and thus came with the three major factors which should be considered. These include the organizational, social and behavioral elements in the implementation of the police technologies. After analysis of these aspects, I designed a topic of technology which could be used in the law enforcement practices. It is evident that this branch was important as it could help in meeting the research goals which was to completely understand the technological transformations in policing at the same time make appropriate recommendations required to optimize the utilization of technology in policing. Specifically, some of the technologies which will be discussed in the research include information, analytics, surveillance as well as the forensic technologies. The information technologies which are used in the law enforcement practices include mobile computing while the analytics and surveillance technology entails technologies which can be used in the analysis of crime. An example of E-POLICING 8 forensic technologies which can be integrated include the license plate readers. After that, I intended to examine both the intended and unintended ways in which these technologies can influence the law enforcement practices. Typically, these information technologies will impact the e-policing through the law enforcement practicing in different ways including the management, agency culture, agency operations, organizational structure, efficiency and effectiveness, the interaction of the citizen with the law enforcement officers and the job satisfaction among the police officers (Hekim et al., 2013). Effects Information E-Policing Operations, management, structure, culture, job satisfaction, effectiveness Technology Implementation Forensic technologies Behavioral Social Aspects Analytic surveilla nce Mobile computing Crime analysis Organizational License plate readers Perspective on the topic Knowledge and understanding of the impacts of the technological change is indeed an issue of concern in the modern policing. In the recent decades, there have been several essential and interesting changes and developments about the information technology (IT), the systems of analytics and video surveillance, license plate readers, DNA testing among other technologies E-POLICING 9 which have far-reaching effects for the law enforcement officers in their practices. It is also notable that acquisition of technology along with the decisions of deployment should be a high priority research topic for individuals practicing and engaged in the provision of justice and maintenance of law and order. Different levels of government have also been in the forefront in spending huge sums of resources including technologies in the hopes of enhancing their effectiveness and efficiency (Hollywood et al., 2015). However, there is no clear indication that the changes including the improvement of technology or e-policing are more efficient than the use of the traditional methods. Examination study on e-policing has always focused more on the operations along with the outputs. For instance, it is not clear whether the technology is productive and makes the process to getting justice to be faster. There is no much emphasis on the technology effectiveness in the reduction of crime or in the enhancement of the service to its major stakeholders who are the citizens. Nevertheless, the available evidence on the effects of technology on the police performance indicates that the technology’s effects may be limited or otherwise offset by several elements alternating from technical issues to the resistance of officers. Establishing an appropriate knowledge and understanding of the impacts of the technology along with how they can be optimized is thus a critical problem for law enforcement agencies, especially those hoping to leverage new and modern technologies as a force multiplier to offset the budget together with the staffing limits. E-POLICING 10 References Hekim, H., Gul, S. K., & Akcam, B. K. (2013). Police Use of information technologies in Criminal Investigations. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 9(4). Hollywood, J. S., Woods, D., Silberglitt, R. S., & Jackson, B. A. (2015). Using future internet technologies to strengthen criminal justice. RAND Corporation. Karake, P. E. T. E. R. (2014). Adoption of electronic policing services in crime control in Nairobi county. Unpublished research project. University of Nairobi. Kenya. Lum, C., Koper, C. S., & Willis, J. (2017). Understanding the limits of technology’s impact on police effectiveness. Police Quarterly, 20(2), 135-163. Shah, A. S., Fayaz, M., Shah, A., & Shah, S. (2015). An Application Development for Record Keeping of Police Stations in Pakistan. Journal of Scientific Research and Advances, 2(4), 144-150.
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Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW

1

Literature Review
Name
Course
Tutor
Date

LITERATURE REVIEW

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Literature Review
Introduction
This chapter will summarize the background knowledge and context for the primary
research problem. Different studies and works from other investigators or researchers who have
been in the study of the similar topic in their respective field of study will also be presented in
this section. Specifically, some of the areas which will be covered in this chapter include;
challenges in the implementation of technologies in the police practices; how to optimize the use
of different technologies in the law enforcement agencies; the impacts of the use of these
information technologies in the law enforcement practices. Therefore, this chapter will solely be
responsible for collecting facts from the previous studies done on the same topic and field and
analyze that information with the aim of providing solutions to the research problem.
Factors that influence the Implementation of the Information Technologies in the Police
Practices
Although the modern world police agencies have been in the forefront in adopting the
new information technologies in their law enforcement practices, there is little research done on
the identification of some of the factors which could influence the adoption of the electronic
policing services in the community. Police Bureaucracy Task Force (2005) note that the
implementation of the e-policing program needs police services which can develop a strategic
vision and direction, consider the relevant legislation, examine the technology solutions, examine
the various costs linked with the planning, implementation as well as operation and handling of

LITERATURE REVIEW

3

barriers. These barriers include lack of strategy, resistance to change, delays in requirements
among others.
The intention to use the modern forms of information technologies in the police practices
significantly influence the behaviors of the workforce. Additionally, Lum et al., (2017)
qualitative study choosing intention other than usage of system prevent the likely challenge of
thoughtful examination. Three main aspects including attitude can determine the willingness to
utilize the new i...


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