Make a simple declarative statement from the articles abstract

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I've attached the guidelines to follow for the assignment. You have to have at least one sentence for each article, there is 12 articles. The paper is done already I've attached it to the files as well with the references.

1. Read the abstract of the article

2. Make a simple declarative statement from the articles abstract: eg. Amato 2006

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Creating A Thesis Sentence Charity Perry, Ph.D. CSULA The Thesis Sentence 1. Read the abstract of the article 2. Make a simple declarative statement from the articles abstract: eg. Amato 2006 One of the limitations of experimental studies on the effectiveness of premarital education is the reliance on samples of mostly White, middle-class couples. In contrast, although survey methods allow only weak inferences about causal relations, representative surveys can yield important information about use and estimated effects across a diverse population. Using a large random survey of 4 middle American states, the authors found that participation in premarital education was associated with higher levels of satisfaction and commitment in marriage and lower levels of conflict-and also reduced odds of divorce. These estimated effects were robust across race, income (including among the poor), and education levels, which suggests that participation in premarital education is generally beneficial for a wide range of couples. . Format the author in either of two ways as if you were writing a paper: For one author, using last name only… Amato (2006) found that premarital education decreases chances of divorce and conflict in marriages. For two or more…. Amato, Brown, and Jones (2006) found that premarital education decreases chances of divorce and conflict in marriages. 5. Be sure your thesis statement is clear, concise and succinct. You should be able to tell your fact to an 8th grade student and have them understand. Violence in Intimate Relationships Markeisha S Stallion Soc4850-04 Dr. Perry January 31, 2018 VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 2 INTRODUCTION Violence that is evident in intimate relationships is a serious problem that pertains to public health which is preventable. Violence that prevails between individuals who are an on an intimate level often entails some physical, sexual as well as psychological harm to an individual by the partners or even spouses that they formerly or current have. Violence can prevail regardless of whether the partners involved are of the same sex or are heterosexual. In its extreme form, it becomes battering, terrorizing a partner intimately or the engagement in controlling violence that can be deemed to be coercive. The strategies that should be put in place should be geared towards ensuring that violence is brought to a halt even before it becomes a reality that some people have to live with. Apart from an evaluation of the various categories of violence that can be apparent in a relationship, healthy behaviors should be promoted between individuals who are already in a relationship. Programs needed to teach dating skills for young people are a necessity for violence to be prevented. The concerns that have been presented in relation to public health due to the occurrence of violence has been owing to the various health problems that affect the mental as well as the physical spheres of an individual which have been quite severe in review of some scenarios that have occurred. The information that is provided to review the frequency with which violence manifests in relationships has been to the efforts put in place by scholars from various disciplines. The study will evaluate aspects pertaining to violence that is evident in some relationships that are intimate. VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 3 STATISTICAL DATA THAT PERTAINS TO THE OCCURRENCE OF VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS The prevalence of violence among individuals in relationships is reported globally. The interviews conducted involving 6000 subjects by the Department of Justice in America provided that in a span of 12 months, 2 million Americans fall victim to the violent tendencies in relationships. However, the occurrences are not in isolation (Johnson et al., 2015). Sometimes, violence is meted against pregnant women. However, the rates are evident from 0.9 percent to 20.1 percent, but variations can be expected. Demographic data evaluated in a comparative analysis of a total of 9 nations was able to evaluate the prevalence of violence among females from the males. It indicated that women who had at one-point experiences some assault physically or even sexually ranges between 18 to 48 percent. In marriages, the variances included 17 percent in relation to the prevalence rate in the Dominican Republic and 75% in relation to Bangladesh (Johnson et al., 2015). Of the murder victims who are female, 40 to 70 percent of the population is killed by partners in varied forms of relationships. The percentages are an actual representation of violence prevalence in Cambodia and Zambia respectively. When the vulnerable are assaulted physically or raped, some injuries often end up being sustained. For every five men, one man is often a victim. An evaluation of female victims indicates that 76 percent are assaulted by their partners (Johnson et al., 2015). The measurement of the frequency at which violence is likely to occur is quite difficult as standards have not been set in relation to prevalence measurement. Where violence is detected by a third party for example a provider, the dynamics that might arise between them and their patients might be quite complex. VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 4 PARTIES VULNERABLE TO VIOLENCE Violence occurs across the divide irrespective of socioeconomic, religious or even the cultural status of individuals. Violence is often perpetuated against women in comparison to men. Babcock, Armenti, and Warford, 2017, held that adolescent girls and grown women are susceptible be it in unions that are formal or partnerships that may be informal. A study that was carried out in South Africa in a population that comprised of females between 13 to 23 years, physical violence in dating had been reported. Babcock, Armenti, and Warford, 2017, provide the evidence which avails the suggestion that most of the women who are abused are often not passive. Mostly, strategies that aim at ensuring that they are safe including their children are adopted. Inaction on the part of a woman who is subjected to various callous acts may sometimes stem from assessments that are well calculated. The assessment includes the methods that can be efficient in ensuring that the women and her children are safe. Staying in some relationships that incorporate some abuse is often because of the fear that is harbored by the woman of their spouse’s retaliation (Babcock, Armenti, and Warford, 2017). In addition, where means that can be used to support the woman and her offspring economically are not available, the decisions to stay in unworthy relationships are common. Sometimes, the women might be shunned by other members of the extended and immediate families. The absence of support from such groups may prompt their perseverance (Kiesel, Piescher and Edleson, 2016). THE FORMS OF VIOLENCE THAT CAN TAKE PLACE IN RELATIONSHIPS VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 5 Researchers including Kiesel, Piescher and Edleson, (2016), were able to establish that intimate terrorism is one of the unpleasant scenarios that could be present in a relationship. It also often can be used to refer controlling violence that is of a coercive nature. Where a party to a given relationship makes use of threats, isolation as well as intimidation, it leads to intimate terrorism. The various scenarios that have been reported often note that men are the perpetrators whereas females are often at the receiving end. In the report compiled by Kiesel, Piescher and Edleson, (2016), between partners who are male or female, the chances that the man was the perpetrator of the inappropriate acts was 97 percent. Such a relationship can be characterized by violence from one of the partners that is in the form control that incorporates some sadism, as well as abuse that might be on an emotional or even psychological level. In other situation, the woman might have excessive control that is being levied on her economically. The exposure to a particular abuse often paves way for other variations through which violence can manifest. The frequency of violence occurrence heralds from its severity (Lundgren and Amin, 2015). Where the victim is able to escape from such acts, medical services are mandated to help them deal with trauma and their requirements often stretch to being housed in shelters (Lundgren and Amin, 2015). Some of the victims are often subjected to violence that leaves them with some injuries that are easily visible. Physical violence finds it motivation from the use of force against another person so that injury, death or disability can be the outcome. In some cases, the severity of the circumstances results in unexpected reactions from the involved victims which includes resistance through the use of a measure of violence. Violence VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 6 carried out finds its motivation from the need to defend one’s self against intimate terrorism. Statics indicate that 96 percent of those who resist through the application of violence tend to be women (Lundgren and Amin, 2015). Violence in relationships that are intimate can also involve the assault of one of the partners sexually. This occurs where coitus takes place without consent being freely given. In addition, the victim’s inability to give consent might be due to their intoxication. The use of drugs or even alcohol can be on either a voluntary or in other cases, involuntary basis (Meffert et al., 2015). Violence can occur when the victim’s body raped. Sometimes, rape can be coupled with force with the intention to cause the victim some injury. In addition, it can also occur when a person has to penetrate another individual under coercion. Some conversations can be used to issue threats or even intimidation for the victim to engage in unwanted sexual contact. Furthermore, exposure to sexual situations that are not warranted by the victim is an act of violence (Meffert et al., 2015). Scholars including Meffert et al., (2015), have been able to state that where psychological aggression is evident, various methods can be used to communicate the intended message that include both verbal as well as methods that are nonverbal. The communication that is utilized aims at causing some mental harm or emotional disturbances for the targeted individual. It may utilize some aggression that is expressive. For example, the perpetrator may use disgusting titles when addressing the victim and some other circumstances might make use of humiliation. Furthermore, coercive control can be exerted over the victim. It entails barring them from having access to essential resources which include money. VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 7 The interaction of the victim with members of her family or friends might be subjected to some surveillance that is obsessive and excessive (Ouellet‐Morin et al., 2015). In other circumstances the vulnerabilities of the victim can be exploited which include their disability or even status of immigration. Moreover, some information based on lies can be provided to the victim in the perpetrators hope that it will nurture some doubts in the victim pertaining to their memory as well as perception. Scholars including Ouellet‐Morin et al., (2015), have been able to detail that couple violence can also be based on situations. In other words, it might be an occurrence that is quite common. The main culprit is an argument that the parents may engage in causing one of them to lash out. Both genders are often guilty in indulging in violence that is situational. Where there are conflicts, the situation in most cases takes the form that presents some difficulty for the partners to control. However, the resultant scenario is rarely a threat to the life of one of the partners (Ouellet‐Morin et al., 2015). CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCE FROM INTIMATE PARTNERS The research that was conducted by Taylor and Mumford, (2016), proved that the parties who are affected often experience some dysfunctional physical health. In some case, some individuals might be adversely affected psychologically. Situations in which violence is the norm can be quite stressful. Stressful environments often pave way for a variety of health issues that end up becoming chronic. The damage that might be visible physically on the victims injures that can be seen on VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 8 the abdomen and around the throat. Where the severity of the violence is extreme, broken bones or the loss of teeth can be expected. In addition, some of the bodily senses may be impaired which include sight are even hearing (Taylor and Mumford, 2016). Doctors have been able to come up with studies that provide evidence towards the end that some of the ailments that the victims suffer from violence present some diagnostic difficulties (Taylor and Mumford, 2016). This includes chronic pain, fibromyalgia and various symptoms that are gastrointestinal. When a woman is battered or treated in a manner that is not appropriate for human beings, depression might creep in. They might even become more anxious. Moreover, the tendency to become suicidal is increased. Abused partners may develop behaviors that can be quite disruptive as well as harmful to their health. Such behavior might include the abuse of different types of drugs or even alcohol. Moreover, disorders pertaining to food intake or the hours that an individual can be able to sleep become easily noticeable. In addition, physical inactivity can be anticipated (Ulibarri et al., 2015). The person subjected to mental disturbances owing to the violence prevalent in relationships becomes a consideration in relation to their epidemiologic exposure. THE IMPACTS OF VIOLENCE ON VARIOUS PARTIES AFFILIATED TO THE PERPETRATORS AND THEIR VICTIMS Ulibarri et al., (2015), explains that exposure of children to various forms of violence has an effect that is adverse. Children are more likely to become depressed and become highly anxious. In addition, their performance in school might be drastically affected and the health outcomes that can be anticipated from them may be negative. VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 9 The situations may go out of hand to the extent that not only will the woman be subjected to physical or mental harm her children may also be abused. The children might become exposed to poor upbringing which places them at the risk of heightened mortality. The society is negatively affected because its members fail to engage in activities that are productive. Moreover, children lost to death are a loss to society (Ulibarri et al., 2015). THE CAUSES AND FACTORS THAT LEAD TO RISKS IN RELATION TO VIOLENCE WHERE PARTNERS ARE INTIMATE Wasarhaley et al., (2017), assert that four levels can be used for the occurrence of violence to be well understood. The levels include the individual perspective, relationship, community as well as factors that pertain to the surrounding community. At a level that is personal, there are a number of factors that might pave way for violence to take place. These include the partner’s young age or an education that is inadequate. Exposure to variations of violence in a person’s childhood increases the changes that the situation will reoccur when they mature and get into relationships (Wasarhaley et al., 2017). Furthermore, intoxication often leads to a scenario in which a person will not be able to use their mental faculties in the appropriate manner. This can lead to increased irritability which in most cases is quelled by acting out violently. Where an individual is experiencing some disorders with their personality, violence is among the repercussions that can be expected. Where the man led to believe that it is acceptable to harm his partner, chances are high that sine unpleasant situations are likely to unfold in any relationships that are formed (Wasarhaley et al., 2017). Moreover, if a person’s history indicates VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 10 that he was involved with some partners who were abusive, then the scenario is most likely to become repetitive. Some of the factors that apply to the likelihood that a man might perform some violent acts may apply to the woman in the sense that, she may become more receptive being treated with brute force (O'Brien et al., 2016). These include the exposure to parental violence, inadequate education and sexual harassment including assault in the woman’s childhood. In addition, where the woman accepts that she should be subjected to some form of violent acts, then it’s a possibility that their partners will play such a role dutifully. Researchers including O'Brien et al., (2016), explain that some of the factors that are at play in relationships make women to be vulnerable to victimization where the men assume the role of the perpetrators. Conflict or any form of dissatisfaction can provide the impetus for violence. In addition, where the man is the dominant figure in his involvement with his family, it provides the necessary ground for participation in uncouth acts for some individuals. Stresses which are brought about by financial strain are among the factors that pertain to relationships that have to be considered (O'Brien et al., 2016). Furthermore, educational disparities which involve a woman who is well educated being attached to a man who has an insufficient education level can spur violent tendencies. In most cases, the woman is often in the receiving end. Cunradi, Todd, and Mair, (2015), postulates that some of the community factors that would need to be evaluated include social norms that purport that females in comparison to their counterparts who are male are not equal. Violence can also be spurred by poverty and a low VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 11 status that is attached to females both socially as well as economically. In addition, the regulations that have been put in place are quite lenient. Sanctions which are quite weak against the perpetrators of violence enable them to repeat their crimes with increased severity (Cunradi, Todd and Mair, 2015). Furthermore, inadequate civil rights which cater to the plight of women in relation to inequitable marriage as well as divorce laws provide a haven for those who would like to engage in violence against their partners. Some cases have pointed to societies which accept violence as among the many ways that can be resorted to when conflicts emerge. In places where crime rates and violence is high, then a similar situation is likely to permeate relationships that are personal. INTERVENTIONS FOR VIOLENCE IN RELATIONSHIPS WHICH ARE INTIMATE Scholars such as Cunradi, Todd and Mair, (2015), have been able to develop reviews which contain proposals of the methods that can be used to curb the occurrence of assault. This includes the co-operation of various societal sectors in order to respond as well as prevent the perpetuation of violence against people who can be found in various societies. Moreover, interventions which are available at a level of which individuals can be able to easily access should be availed. Assault against an individual often counts as a violation of the various rights that they are entitled to. The measures that can be adopted can be used to ensure that the psychosocial issue is prevented from happening through the policies that are introduced both in the social context as well as in the education that is offered to members who are able to make up a society. Various frameworks that pertain to the prosecution of individuals involved in assault offenses have to be implemented. Furthermore, reforms are also required in the frameworks that VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 12 can be used in cases of a civil nature (Theobald et al., 2016). The public needs to be educated on the forms of assault that are prevalent which require drastic action. Public education can involve organizing media as well as campaigns. The main aim of the efforts would be advocacy to raise awareness for those who fall victim to violence (Theobald et al., 2016). Civil rights can be relied upon by groups such as women in divorce and property proceedings. Moreover, it can provide the yardstick for proceedings involving the provision of custody over the children. Policies can avail the guarantee of the support that is required will be accessible (Theobald et al., 2016). Changes in behavior can be advocated for the desired modifications in the social settings to be attainable. CONCLUSION When people are treated harshly by the people whom they know at a personal level, some serious issues are bound to come to light. It robs the individuals of the chance to live without fear that they might be subjected to unwarranted acts for which they have no control. However, a system that can be used to incarcerate the perpetrators of violence has to be fortified with the appropriate polices that would ascertain that justice was achievable for the victims. The occurrence of violence is not limited to the age of the individuals involved or even their marital status. The consideration of women often presents them as either the victims or in some cases the perpetrators of the violence witnessed in relationships. The studies that have been conducted have been motivated by the requirement of a description pertaining to violence prevalence in relationships. In addition, research has made it possible for an understanding to be fostered in regard to the expected distribution of violence among people with varying ethnical as VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 13 well as racial backgrounds. The prevalence of the phenomena is common across the world but in most cases, it occurs in percentages that are varying, and the victims might also be different from what manifests in other global regions. Research makes it possible to understand the regions where the probability of relationship violence is high for the factors that have contributed to the situations that are unprecedented to be understood. Violence in relationships between individuals in relationships that are intimate often varies in severity. The occurrence of bilateral violence which is a common occurrence in most relationships is less severe in comparison to situations where one of the partners is battered or subjected to intimate terrorism. However, the death count from the perverse forms of violence in relationships has been higher among women in comparison to the males. VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 14 REFERENCES Babcock, J.C., Armenti, N.A. and Warford, P., 2017. The Trials and Tribulations of Testing Couples-Based Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence. Partner abuse 8(1):110-122. Cunradi, C.B., Todd, M. and Mair, C., 2015. Discrepant Patterns of Heavy Drinking, Marijuana Use, and Smoking and Intimate Partner Violence: Results from The California Community Health Study of Couples. Journal of drug education 45(2): 73-95. Johnson, W.L., Giordano, P.C., Manning, W.D. and Longmore, M.A., 2015. The age–IPV Curve: Changes in The Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence During Adolescence and Young Adulthood. Journal of youth and adolescence 44(3):708-726. Kiesel, L.R., Piescher, K.N. and Edleson, J.L., 2016. The Relationship Between Child Maltreatment, Intimate Partner Violence Exposure, and Academic Performance. Journal of Public Child Welfare 10(4):434-456. Lundgren, R. and Amin, A., 2015. Addressing Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence Among Adolescents: Emerging Evidence of Effectiveness. Journal of Adolescent Health 56(1): S42-S50. Meffert, S.M., Henn-Haase, C., Metzler, T.J., Qian, M., Best, S., Hirschfeld, A., McCaslin, S., Inslicht, S., Neylan, T.C. and Marmar, C.R., 2014. Prospective Study of Police Officer Spouse/Partners: A New Pathway to Secondary Trauma and Relationship Violence. PLoS one 9(7):100663. Ouellet‐Morin, I., Fisher, H.L., York‐Smith, M., Fincham‐Campbell, S., Moffitt, T.E. and Arseneault, L., 2015. Intimate Partner Violence and New-OneSet Depression: A Longitudinal Study of Women’s Childhood and adult Histories of Abuse. Depression and Anxiety 32(5): 316-324. VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 15 O'Brien, J.E., Ermentrout, D., Rizo, C.F., Li, W., Macy, R.J. and Dababnah, S., 2016. " I never Knew Which Way He Would SwingaEuro Broken Vertical Bar:" Exploring the Roles of Substances in The Lives of System-Involved Intimate Partner Violence Survivors. Journal Of Family Violence 31(1): 61-73. Taylor, B. G., & Mumford, E. A. (2016). A National Descriptive Portrait of Adolescent Relationship Abuse: Results from The National Survey on Teen Relationships and Intimate Violence. Journal of interpersonal violence 31(6): 963-988. Theobald, D., Farrington, D.P., Coid, J.W. and Piquero, A.R., 2016. A Longitudinal Analysis of The Criminal Careers of Intimate Partner Violence Offender Subtypes: Results from A Prospective Survey of Males. Violence and victims 31(6): 999-1020. Ulibarri, M.D., Roesch, S., Rangel, M.G., Staines, H., Amaro, H. and Strathdee, S.A., 2015. “Amar te Duele”(“Love Hurts”): Sexual Relationship Power, Intimate Partner Violence, Depression Symptoms and HIV Risk Among Female Sex Workers Who Use Drugs and Their Non-Commercial, Steady Partners in Mexico. AIDS and Behavior 19(1): 9-18. Wasarhaley, N.E., Lynch, K.R., Golding, J.M. and Renzetti, C.M., 2017. The impact of Gender Stereotypes on Legal Perceptions of Lesbian Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of interpersonal violence 32(5): 635-658.
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Running Head: VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS

Violence in Intimate Relationship
Name
Institution Affiliation

1

VIOLENCE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS

2

Violence in Intimate Relationship
Babcock, J.C., Armenti, N.A. and Warford, P., 2017. The Trials and Tribulations of
Testing Couples-Based Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence. Partner abuse
8(1):110-122.
Babcock, Armenti, and Warford (2017) talk about effective measures that can be taken to
support treatments for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV).
Cunradi, C.B., Todd, M. and Mair, C., 2015. Discrepant Patterns of Heavy Drinking,
Marijuana Use, and Smoking and Intimate Partner Violence: Results from The
California Community Health Study of Couples. Journal of drug education 45(2):
73-95.
Cunradi, Todd, and Mair, 2015 found out that both discrepant and concordant patterns of
marijuana use, heavy drinking, and smoking have more effect on the aggression on males than
females hence contributing to more male-to-female partner violence.
Johnson, W.L., Giordano, P.C., Manning, W.D. and Longmore, M.A., 2015. The age–IPV
Curve: Changes in The P...


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