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Readings Links

Book 1 – Hemmens (2014): Chapter 18

Book 2 – Israel et al. (2016): Chapters 10, 11 & 14

Required Textbooks:

1. Hemmens, C. (2014). Current Legal Issues in Criminal Justice: Readings, 2nd Edition.

Oxford University Press. (ISBN: 9780199355334)

2. Israel, J. H., Kamisar, Y., LaFave, W. R., King, N. J., & Primus, E. B. (2016).

Criminal Procedure and the Constitution: Leading Supreme Court Cases and Introductory

Text. West Academic Publishing. (ISBN: 9781634607544)

B. Suggested Readings:

1. D’Argenio, C., Owens, D., & Chin, J. (2012). Contemporary Issues in Criminal

Justice. Looseleaf Law Publications. (ISBN: 9781608850341)

2. Garner, B. (2011). Black’s Law Dictionary. West. (ISBN: 9780314275448)

3. Reiman, J., & Leighton, P. (2012). The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison:

Ideology, Class & Criminal Justice. Routledge. (ISBN: 9780205137725)

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Crime and Delinquency Minority Threat and Juvenile Court Outcomes By Julius Clarke CJI 0530 - Legal Issues in Criminal Justice OVERVIEW     Crime and Delinquency focuses on issues and concerns that impact the criminal justice system, including the social, political and economic contexts of criminal justice, as well as the victims, criminals, courts and sanctions. Over the last 40 years, research on the relationship between race and increased social control has covered differential offending, institutional bias, and individual bias at the level of the decision maker. Operating within a contextual approach, macro-level studies of court sentencing have examined such factors as the size of the minority population relative to Whites, inequality, racial inequality, and political affiliation to better understand variation in case processing and social control among jurisdictions. This line of research has yielded some support for a structural inquiry into the social contexts of decision making. Much of this research is based on the minority group threat thesis or what is referred to more commonly as the racial and ethnic threat thesis, which suggests that various forms of social control will expand as Blacks’ economic status and political power increases in relation to Whites. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK   The racial and ethnic threat thesis is used to examine the impact of population size and economic threat on juvenile court outcomes involving Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics net individuallevel legal and extralegal considerations. The results have implications for assessing the validity of the minority racial threat perspective to explain juvenile court outcomes and to what extent the relationships may vary by ethnicity. Studies using the racial threat thesis to explain juvenile justice decision making have produced inconsistent results. Dannefer and Schutt (1982), for example, used the power-threat thesis in their study of two counties and three police district juvenile courts in New Jersey. They discovered that in the community with the higher proportion of minorities, police responded in a biased manner toward minority youth. In this same county, the bias was corrected, to some extent, by the juvenile courts. DATA AND METHODS  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Based on the racial threat perspective and prior research, the present study is informed by five hypotheses. Suggests that the larger the size of the Black population, the greater the Black threat and in turn, the more severe juvenile court outcomes. Recall that related to the racial threat thesis and the relative size of the Black population to Whites, Blacks will be also perceived by Whites as posing an economic threat. This hypothesis argues that in counties evidencing greater Black economic equality, the likelihood that youth will receive harsher juvenile court outcomes increases. This relationship should be a decelerating effect indicated by higher levels of economic threat that result in relatively smaller increases in levels of severe outcomes. This hypothesis pertains to the Hispanic threat. It is expected that the larger the size of the Hispanic population, the greater the Hispanic threat resulting in more severe outcomes. The greater the Hispanic economic threat, the greater the probability of receiving harsh treatment. The fifth hypothesis posits that while Blacks and Hispanics would be perceived by Whites as threatening, the threat will be more pronounced for the former group than the latter. This position is contrary to those that contend the threat may be greater by Hispanics. RESULTS OF THE STUDY    increases in the minority population(s) of a community to explain increases in police expenditures, police force size, prison sentences, sentence lengths and in the juvenile justice system, preadjudication detention and severe case outcomes Variability in the race threat (Blacks) and the ethnic threat (Hispanics) in terms of their presence in the 37 communities examined in the present study, however, was not found to influence the social control of youth. While the above-mentioned findings are inconsistent with the minority threat theory and some prior studies, the results are consistent with other research that similarly reveal no support for the premise that minority presence is related to increased punishment; POLICY IMPLICATIONS    The overall findings raise concerns regarding the ability of the minority group threat theory to adequately explain how social contexts accounts for the social control of youth in the juvenile justice system. This point has also been raised by Frazier and colleagues (1992) in their study of juvenile court outcomes in Florida. Frazier et al. (1992) discovered results consistent with a traditional conflict interpretation rather than a power-threat thesis. Black powerlessness was argued to be a better explanatory factor of black disadvantage in juvenile justice proceedings than the notion of power threat. A similar argument that challenges the usefulness of the race/ethnic threat theory to explain social control is espoused by Feldmeyer and Ulmer (2011)and others (Greenberg, Kessler, & Loftin, 1985; Liska, 1987). Feldmeyer and Ulmer (2011)conclude that the racial/ethnic threat theory “performs poorly in explaining Black sentencing” and is “incomplete . . . and oversimplified” in explaining the treatment of Hispanics RELEVANCE OF STUDY TO COURSE   Theoretical and empirical refinement of the minority threat perspective could enhance our understanding of the relationship between macro-level factors with the social control of youth The testing of alternative perspectives, such as those that emphasize inequality, may also prove to be fruitful when looking at other areas within the realm of criminal justice and sentencing with regards to minorities CONCLUSION  In conclusion, Blalock’s (1967) minority group threat perspective overall failed to explain the social control of youth and in particular, Blacks and Hispanics. Still, Black and Hispanic economic threat explained intake and adjudicatory court outcomes. Theoretical and empirical improvements have been discussed that center on inclusion of different kinds of threats (e.g., economic, political, and cultural), the integration of multiple-level perspectives, and the exploration of alternative perspectives, such as Sampson and Laub’s (1993) macro-level inequality theory, to better account for the macro-level relationships with juvenile court decision making. REFERENCES      Paul E. Tracy, Topics on Crime and Delinquency University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA, 2016 Journal Citation Reports® (Clarivate Analytics, 2017) F., Rosenfeld, R. (2003). Explaining spatial variation in support for capital punishment: A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 108, 844-875. Google Scholar, Crossref Berk, R. A. (1983). An introduction to sample selection bias in sociological data. American Sociological Review, 48, 386398. Google Scholar, Crossref Bishop, D., Leiber, M. (2012). Race, ethnicity, and juvenile justice: Racial and ethnic differences in delinquency and justice system responses. In Bishop, D., Feld, B. (Eds.), Juvenile justice (pp. 445484). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar Blalock, H. M. (1967). Toward a theory of minority group relations. New York, NY: Wiley. Google Scholar Rubric Detail A rubric lists grading criteria that instructors use to evaluate student work. Your instructor linked a rubric to this item and made it available to you. Select Grid View or List View to change the rubric's layout. Content Name: Discussion Forum Grading Rubric Description: Discussion Post Grading Rubric • • Grid View List View Proficient Points: 40 (40%) Address Questions Addresses all parts of the questions effectively. Points: 10 (10%) All assigned readings Incorporate Readings are incorporated into post. Citations are in APA format. Points: 10 (10%) Reflects original Originality content composed by the student in his/her own words. Points: 10 (10%) Post has clearly expressed ideas and is Formatting & well organized; Grammar contains few grammatical errors (if any); is professional in nature and meets the minimum word count. Reply 1 Reply 2 Proficient Points: 15 (15%) Reply is substantive, . moves the discussion forward, and meets the minimum word count. Points: 15 (15%) Reply is substantive, moves the discussion forward, and meets the minimum word count.
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Running head: CRIME AND DELIQUENCY

Crime and Delinquency
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CRIME AND DELIQUENCY

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The ethnic and racial threat thesis has been deployed in various studies in examining the
effect of population size and economic threat on the co...