Template for Lab report
Cover page
Title
Name
Class
I.
Introduction
1 page:
- where you describe why you did the experiment
- describe the theory about the different test
- describe what you did to prove the theory
II.
Procedures and methods
A. Preparation of a 1wt% solution for Unknown and “salt used”
B. pH Testing
C. Solubility test
D. Conductivity Testing
E. Flame Test
F. Precipitation test with Silver Nitrate and Barium Chloride
G. Preparation of solutions for gravimetric analysis
H. Gravimetric analysis
Table 1: Safety information
Chemical
Potential Danger
𝐵𝑎𝑁𝑂3
𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3
Acetone: 𝐶3 𝐻6 𝑂
Precautions
Keep away from heat. Keep
away from sources of ignition.
Keep away from combustible
material. Do not ingest. Do
not breathe dust. Use Splash
goggles and Lab coat.
Very hazardous in case of skin Keep container dry. Keep
contact (irritant), of ingestion. away from heat. Keep away
Hazardous in case of skin
from sources of ignition. Keep
contact (permeator), of eye
away from combustible
contact (irritant), of inhalation. material. Do not ingest. Do not
Slightly hazardous in case of
breathe dust. Never add water
skin contact (corrosive)
to this product. Use process
Prolonged exposure may result enclosures, local exhaust
in skin burns and ulcerations.
ventilation Splash goggles.
Synthetic apron.
Highly flammable liquid and
- Keep away from heat, hot
vapour. Causes serious eye
surfaces, open flames, sparks.
irritation. May cause
Keep container tightly closed.
drowsiness or dizziness
Wear eye protection, face
protection, protective
clothing, protective
glovesWear eye protection,
Extremely hazardous in case
of ingestion. Very hazardous
in case of skin contact
(irritant), of eye contact
(irritant), of
inhalation
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝐻𝐶𝑙
Ethanol: 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
face protection, protective
clothing, protective gloves
Very hazardous in case of skin Keep container dry. Do not
contact (corrosive, irritant,
breathe dust. Never add
permeator), of eye contact
water to this product. In case
(irritant, corrosive), of
of insufficient ventilation,
ingestion, of inhalation. Eye
wear suitable respiratory
contact can result in corneal
equipment. Avoid contact
damage or blindness. Skin
with skin and eyes. Keep away
contact can produce
from incompatibles. Wear
inflammation and blistering.
Splash goggles, Synthetic
Inhalation of dust will produce apron, Vapor and dust
irritation to gastro-intestinal
respirator.
or respiratory tract.
Very hazardous in case of skin Keep locked up.. Keep
contact (corrosive, irritant,
container dry. Do not ingest.
permeator), of eye contact
Do not breathe gas/fumes/
(irritant, corrosive), of
vapor/spray. Never add water
ingestion, . Slightly hazardous to this product. In case of
in case of inhalation (lung
insufficient ventilation, wear
sensitizer). Non-corrosive for
suitable respiratory
lungs. Liquid or spray mist
equipment. Keep away from
may produce tissue damage
incompatibles. Wear Face
particularly on mucous
shield. Full suit. Vapor
membranes of eyes, mouth
respirator
and respiratory tract.
Repeated exposure to a highly
toxic material may produce
general deterioration of
health by an accumulation in
one or many human organs.
Highly flammable liquid and
Wear protective gloves. Wear
vapor. May form explosive
eye or face protection. Keep
mixtures with air
away from heat, sparks, open
flames and hot surfaces. - No
smoking. Use explosion-proof
electrical, ventilating, lighting
and all material-handling
equipment. Keep container
tightly closed. Use and store
only outdoors or in a well
ventilated place
Hazardous in case of skin
Do not ingest. Do not breathe
contact (irritant), of eye
dust. Wear suitable protective
contact (irritant), of ingestion,
of inhalation (lung irritant).
The substance may be toxic to
upper respiratory tract, skin,
and eyes.
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2
III.
Hazardous in case of skin
contact (irritant), of eye
contact (irritant), of ingestion,
of inhalation. Slightly
hazardous in case of skin
contact (permeator).
clothing. In case of insufficient
ventilation, wear suitable
respiratory equipment. Avoid
contact with skin and eyes.
Keep away from
incompatibles such as acids.
Keep locked up.. Do not
ingest. Do not breathe dust.
Wear suitable protective
clothing. In case of insufficient
ventilation, wear suitable
respiratory equipment. Keep
away from incompatibles such
as moisture.
Results
Table 2: Results from pH test on a 1wt% solution
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
Trial
Unknown sample
1
11.2
11
2
11.2
11
3
11.2
11
average
Table 3: Results observable properties
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
Trial
Unknown sample
Color of the sample
White
White
Color of the flame
Bright orange
Bright orange
Table 4: Results from solubility test on a solid sample
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
Trial
Unknown sample
Acetone
Insoluble
Insoluble
Ethanol
Insoluble
Insoluble
3M HCl
Soluble
Soluble
3M NaOH
Partially soluble
Partially soluble
Water
Soluble
Soluble
Table 5: Results from conductivity test on a 1wt% solution
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
Trial
Unknown sample
1
14.62
13.4
2
14.50
12.86
3
14.56
13
average
Table 6: Results from precipitation test on a 1wt% solution
Unknown sample
Unknown sample
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3with
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3with
with silver nitrate
with barium chloride
silver nitrate
barium chloride
1
Precipitate
precipitate
precipitate
precipitate
2
precipitate
precipitate
precipitate
precipitate
3
precipitate
precipitate
precipitate
precipitate
Trial
Table 7: Results from gravimetric analysis
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
Trial
Unknown sample
Percent yield
Percent yield
1
0.18g
63.60%
0.17
60.07%
2
0.19
67.14%
0.15
53.00%
3
0.16
56.53%
0.19
67.14%
average
0.18
63.60%
0.17
60.07%
Calculations
a. Preparation of a 1wt% solution
b. Average of 3 trials for “pick one test”
c. Theoretical yield from gravimetric analysis
0.3𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 ∗
d. Percent yield
1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 100𝑔𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
∗
∗
= 0.283
106𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
IV.
Discussion
Discuss all the test and from each one show what allows you identify the unknown.
V.
Conclusion
Conclude on your results.
What was your unknown salt a what was the most valuable test to identify it.
VI.
Research connection
Find a research paper that you find interesting
What were they trying to do?
What was the main experiment?
What did they find?
References
ACS style
1 References in order of appearances, and use the number to cite them in the text
2 References in order of appearances, and use the number to cite them in the text
3 References in order of appearances, and use the number to cite them in the text
4 References in order of appearances, and use the number to cite them in the text
Alshamsi 1
Project 1: Inorganic Contaminants Present in a Sample of Water
Rashed Alshamsi
CHM2440L
TA: Teng Yuan
Table of Contents
3) Results .......................................................................................................................5
References ...................................................................................................................10
Alshamsi 2
•
Introduction
The experiment of inorganic contaminants present in water sample is used at
many places and its really very important test in chemistry lab. There can be a test
such as test, in this test someone will want to know that which substances are present
in water sample and their amount. Multiple tests can be done from unknown to known
substances. Damage which is from oil spill in large area can be seen even these days.
It was an example of this experiment which we are going to do in our laboratory.
Humans always wanted to have pure water to drink for their survival. So, it is really
very important for us to know about the contaminants which are present in water
sample and their amount. So, that we will be succeeded to clean water up-to a pure
level. Water is separated in two categories which are ground water and surface water.
Obviously, ground water has less contaminant present in it, when we compare it with
surface water. Surface water may have human waste, industrial run-off chemicals
mixed with it. Its contaminants can be separated by quantitative and qualitative tests.
In this experiment, a series of tests will be done for investigating that which
contaminants are present in water sample which we will take into account, and we’ll
also find out the amount of those contaminants. The tests which we will do, include
solubility, PH and conductivity tests. To have valid readings of amount we will do
experiment several time and will take the mean value of that amounts.
•
Materials
Materials which we have used to do this experiment are
goggles, Bunsen burner, a lab coat, water, beakers, scapula and Barium chloride.
Alshamsi 3
•
Safety Notes
While conducting any experiment, one thing must be ensuring the safety is 1st. In this
experiment, Goggles as well as lab court must be worn at the start of experiment. In
science we should have one lesson in our minds that we should keep safety at our first
preference. We should wash our hands thoroughly at the start and end of this
experiment. Throughout this experiment we have paid attention to the experimental
readings and also qualitative analysis as well.
SDS for HCl
•
Hazard Statements
May be acid to metals, causes severe skin burns and eye damage, May cause
respiratory irritation.
•
Precautionary Statements
•
Prevention
•
do not breathe dust
•
fume
•
gas
•
mist/vapors
•
spray
•
Wash face
•
hands and any detected skin fully after handling
•
Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face
protection.
•
Response
Quickly call a poison center or doctor/physician, if inhaled Remove victim to
fresh air and remain at rest in a place comfortable for breathing
Alshamsi 4
if on skin (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with
water/shower. Wash contaminated things before reuse if in eyes Clean carefully with
water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.
if swallowed rinse mouth. do not cause vomiting Store in a well-ventilated place.
Keep container tightly closed. Store in corrosive resistant polypropylene container
with a resistant inline. Store in a dry place.
•
Methods
Many methods were used throughout this experiment. A clean spatula into the
solution was submerged and placed a drop of that solution onto the litmus paper
which conducted a pH test. Then, Litmus paper color profile was compared with chart
to know the range of compounds which behave as per color shown of litmus paper. It
was assumed that contaminants are already soluble in water because they were
already present in water sample. The change which was held in the color of litmus
paper was compared with the chart and we came to know that solution is acidic or
basic. Then, solution was put in test tube whose mass had been measured and recoded
new mass of test tube
•
Volumetric analyze
Volumetric analysis is a widely-used quantitative scientific plan. As the name implies,
this technique includes the measurement of amount of a solution of known
concentration which is applied to determine the concentration of the analyte.
In this laboratary we have used NaOH and HCl to analyze unknown amount of HCl
by known concentrtion of NaOH. NaOH solution added to the burrete and the exact
volume of HCl added to the titration flask.Methylorange use as indicator.Initial
burrete value is noted.Aftert the colour changed the final burrete value noted.we have
calculated the concentration of unkown HCl sample using the euation (CV)1=(CV)2
Alshamsi 5
•
Gravimetric analysis
In the Gravimetric analysis an analyte can be determined through the measurement of
mass. We have used diffrent kind of mesurent instruments and mesure the initial mass
of the mesuring instrument and then added a known volume of the given solution and
note the temperature.then mesure the mass of the filled instrument. The mass of the
fluid found by the different of those two values. The density of the fluid is equal to
the mass of the fluid divide by the volume of the fluid.then we can compare the
acctual density of the given fluid with calculated value and find the error percentage.
•
Flame test
Flame test can be used to find the 1st group elements in the periodic table. Normally
Metal halide of the 1st group use for this experiment. Because halide need low energy
compare with other compounds. In this experiment, we didn’t see any color. That
mean there was no any metal from 1st group.
•
PH test and conductivity test
We have collected water sample and check the pH value using pH meter.As same way
we measurde the conductivity by using EC meter.
3) Results
Physical Appearance
Flame test
Color: White
Shape: Crystalline solid in
small granular form
red
pH test
8.3
Alshamsi 6
Conductivity test
2.81 miliSiemens
Volumetric analysis
Titrant: HCl
Concentration: 0.1 M
Number
of
titration
Indicator
(Methyl orange)
Drops
Volume of
unknown
compound(ml)
Initial
burette
Value(ml)
Final burette
Value(ml)
Titrant
volume(ml)
1
2
3
3
3
3
1.73
1.73
1.73
2.45
3.80
5.90
3.80
5.20
7.55
1.35
1.40
1.65
Average volume of HCl = 1.47 ml
Applying,
(CV)1 = (CV)2
0.1*1.47 = C*1.73
C = 0.085 M
Concentration of Unknown compound = 0.085M
Percentage error =
1.73 − 1.47
1.73
Percentage error = 15.03%
Trail One
Mass of flask with water
Mass of flask
Mass
Graduated cylinder
35.706
25.676
10.03
Beaker
69.949
29.676
40.273
Erlenmeyer flask
115.646
70.070
45.576
Volumetric flask
45.807
20.988
24.819
Alshamsi 7
Trail two
Mass of flask with water
Mass of flask
Mass
Graduated cylinder
35.727
25.676
10.051
Beaker
66.111
29.676
36.435
Erlenmeyer flask
116.436
70.070
46.366
Volumetric flask
45.801
20.988
24.813
Trail three
Mass of flask with water
Mass of flask
Mass
Graduated cylinder
35.516
25.676
9.84
Beaker
66.395
29.676
36.719
Erlenmeyer flask
115.335
70.070
45.265
Volumetric flask
45.830
20.988
24.842
Theoretical yield
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O
0.25𝐺 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑋
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
36.46 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑋
𝑋
58.44 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟗𝐠 𝐇𝐂𝐥
Base:0.25 n=
𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝒙𝟎.𝟏𝟔
𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 0.04 mole /
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 =
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟒𝒎
𝟑
= 𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝑳
Alshamsi 8
•
Discussion
This experiment’s aim was to know about the method of identification of an
unknown compound in a solution. This experiment can be used to clean up water and
to make it pure to drink. To pure water, we must know about the contaminants present
in that water sample. To know about the contaminants are really very important,
because it determines the type of test need to do. PH test was showing down on the
chemical properties of the contaminant by revealing a PH of about 8.2 . Normally,
Ca(NO3)2 has PH of around 8, but in solution is moves to around which is shown in
results section. First assumption was that, contaminant was soluble in water because it
was already present in water sample. The second assumption was the solubility
analysis that was shown that contaminant was soluble in water and ethanol but not
soluble in acetone. Then we came to know by continuous readings that contaminant
which was under-investigation was Ca(NO3)2. This experiment had a number of
difficulties since there were some failures in our experiments such as in the flame test
and solubility analysis.
•
Sources of Error
When solubility analizing it’s difficult to recognize the exat contaminant because
some contaminants has same solubility of diffrent solutions.So there was difficulities
to investigate the real contaminant. Some of alkaline metals are not given colours to
flame test as example Mg, Be.Again we considering the solubilty analyze, solubility
Alshamsi 9
is depend on the temperature.when temperature is increase solubility also incrase.so
some compounds may not precipitate at room temperture.
•
Conclusion
This experiment was tailored to recognize the contaminant in a sample of water
that was obtained off the Gulf of Mexico. Our investigation managed that compound
which was present in water as contaminant was calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 . .This
result was given after giving out an report of the chemical properties of the
contaminant. The method worked to eliminating the mixtures that were soluble in
water to the contaminant that was left was calcium chloride. The initial test
discovering the PH of the contaminant in the mixture and it was revealed to be
moderately basic since the PH was 8.2 while the litmus paper turned yellowish.
Nevertheless, the evidence was done within the use of precipitate investigation and
connecting it with a known compound to form the conclusion.
•
Research Connection
This analysis is very important in the modern situation where all humans, animals,
even mother nature also get lot of unwanted bad results due to human activities. Day
by day the world become an unsuitable living place to all species. Water is very
important to the all living things. So, we need to check the quality of the water as well
as we have to maintain the quality of water. And the experiment Showed The
importance of recognizing the contaminant in the water that is utilized. But their
paper goes a step further and uses the professional software to know the contaminant.
Alshamsi 10
References
•
USF Laboratory Toolbox:
http://chemistry.usf.edu/undergraduate/genchemlab/toolbox
•
Stoichiometry:
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reaction/Stoichiomerty
_and_Blancing_Reactions
•
Solubility:
https://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptiles/genchem/sstutorial/Text11/Tx112/tx112.html
•
Flame test:
http://chemistry.about.com/od/analyticalchemistry/a/flameteat.htam
•
Principles of conductivity:
http://libaray.thinkquest.org/2923/test.html.
•
anderson, L.; figueroa, john; lykourinou., vasiliki. general chemistry 1
laboratory manual, 2nd ed.; University of south florida, 2017.
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