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Template for Lab report Cover page Title Name Class I. Introduction 1 page: - where you describe why you did the experiment - describe the theory about the different test - describe what you did to prove the theory II. Procedures and methods A. Preparation of a 1wt% solution for Unknown and “salt used” B. pH Testing C. Solubility test D. Conductivity Testing E. Flame Test F. Precipitation test with Silver Nitrate and Barium Chloride G. Preparation of solutions for gravimetric analysis H. Gravimetric analysis Table 1: Safety information Chemical Potential Danger 𝐵𝑎𝑁𝑂3 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 Acetone: 𝐶3 𝐻6 𝑂 Precautions Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Keep away from combustible material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. Use Splash goggles and Lab coat. Very hazardous in case of skin Keep container dry. Keep contact (irritant), of ingestion. away from heat. Keep away Hazardous in case of skin from sources of ignition. Keep contact (permeator), of eye away from combustible contact (irritant), of inhalation. material. Do not ingest. Do not Slightly hazardous in case of breathe dust. Never add water skin contact (corrosive) to this product. Use process Prolonged exposure may result enclosures, local exhaust in skin burns and ulcerations. ventilation Splash goggles. Synthetic apron. Highly flammable liquid and - Keep away from heat, hot vapour. Causes serious eye surfaces, open flames, sparks. irritation. May cause Keep container tightly closed. drowsiness or dizziness Wear eye protection, face protection, protective clothing, protective glovesWear eye protection, Extremely hazardous in case of ingestion. Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝐻𝐶𝑙 Ethanol: 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 face protection, protective clothing, protective gloves Very hazardous in case of skin Keep container dry. Do not contact (corrosive, irritant, breathe dust. Never add permeator), of eye contact water to this product. In case (irritant, corrosive), of of insufficient ventilation, ingestion, of inhalation. Eye wear suitable respiratory contact can result in corneal equipment. Avoid contact damage or blindness. Skin with skin and eyes. Keep away contact can produce from incompatibles. Wear inflammation and blistering. Splash goggles, Synthetic Inhalation of dust will produce apron, Vapor and dust irritation to gastro-intestinal respirator. or respiratory tract. Very hazardous in case of skin Keep locked up.. Keep contact (corrosive, irritant, container dry. Do not ingest. permeator), of eye contact Do not breathe gas/fumes/ (irritant, corrosive), of vapor/spray. Never add water ingestion, . Slightly hazardous to this product. In case of in case of inhalation (lung insufficient ventilation, wear sensitizer). Non-corrosive for suitable respiratory lungs. Liquid or spray mist equipment. Keep away from may produce tissue damage incompatibles. Wear Face particularly on mucous shield. Full suit. Vapor membranes of eyes, mouth respirator and respiratory tract. Repeated exposure to a highly toxic material may produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one or many human organs. Highly flammable liquid and Wear protective gloves. Wear vapor. May form explosive eye or face protection. Keep mixtures with air away from heat, sparks, open flames and hot surfaces. - No smoking. Use explosion-proof electrical, ventilating, lighting and all material-handling equipment. Keep container tightly closed. Use and store only outdoors or in a well ventilated place Hazardous in case of skin Do not ingest. Do not breathe contact (irritant), of eye dust. Wear suitable protective contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation (lung irritant). The substance may be toxic to upper respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 III. Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator). clothing. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as acids. Keep locked up.. Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. Keep away from incompatibles such as moisture. Results Table 2: Results from pH test on a 1wt% solution 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 Trial Unknown sample 1 11.2 11 2 11.2 11 3 11.2 11 average Table 3: Results observable properties 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 Trial Unknown sample Color of the sample White White Color of the flame Bright orange Bright orange Table 4: Results from solubility test on a solid sample 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 Trial Unknown sample Acetone Insoluble Insoluble Ethanol Insoluble Insoluble 3M HCl Soluble Soluble 3M NaOH Partially soluble Partially soluble Water Soluble Soluble Table 5: Results from conductivity test on a 1wt% solution 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 Trial Unknown sample 1 14.62 13.4 2 14.50 12.86 3 14.56 13 average Table 6: Results from precipitation test on a 1wt% solution Unknown sample Unknown sample 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3with 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3with with silver nitrate with barium chloride silver nitrate barium chloride 1 Precipitate precipitate precipitate precipitate 2 precipitate precipitate precipitate precipitate 3 precipitate precipitate precipitate precipitate Trial Table 7: Results from gravimetric analysis 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 Trial Unknown sample Percent yield Percent yield 1 0.18g 63.60% 0.17 60.07% 2 0.19 67.14% 0.15 53.00% 3 0.16 56.53% 0.19 67.14% average 0.18 63.60% 0.17 60.07% Calculations a. Preparation of a 1wt% solution b. Average of 3 trials for “pick one test” c. Theoretical yield from gravimetric analysis 0.3𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 ∗ d. Percent yield 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 100𝑔𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ∗ ∗ = 0.283 106𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 IV. Discussion Discuss all the test and from each one show what allows you identify the unknown. V. Conclusion Conclude on your results. What was your unknown salt a what was the most valuable test to identify it. VI. Research connection Find a research paper that you find interesting What were they trying to do? What was the main experiment? What did they find? References ACS style 1 References in order of appearances, and use the number to cite them in the text 2 References in order of appearances, and use the number to cite them in the text 3 References in order of appearances, and use the number to cite them in the text 4 References in order of appearances, and use the number to cite them in the text Alshamsi 1 Project 1: Inorganic Contaminants Present in a Sample of Water Rashed Alshamsi CHM2440L TA: Teng Yuan Table of Contents 3) Results .......................................................................................................................5 References ...................................................................................................................10 Alshamsi 2 • Introduction The experiment of inorganic contaminants present in water sample is used at many places and its really very important test in chemistry lab. There can be a test such as test, in this test someone will want to know that which substances are present in water sample and their amount. Multiple tests can be done from unknown to known substances. Damage which is from oil spill in large area can be seen even these days. It was an example of this experiment which we are going to do in our laboratory. Humans always wanted to have pure water to drink for their survival. So, it is really very important for us to know about the contaminants which are present in water sample and their amount. So, that we will be succeeded to clean water up-to a pure level. Water is separated in two categories which are ground water and surface water. Obviously, ground water has less contaminant present in it, when we compare it with surface water. Surface water may have human waste, industrial run-off chemicals mixed with it. Its contaminants can be separated by quantitative and qualitative tests. In this experiment, a series of tests will be done for investigating that which contaminants are present in water sample which we will take into account, and we’ll also find out the amount of those contaminants. The tests which we will do, include solubility, PH and conductivity tests. To have valid readings of amount we will do experiment several time and will take the mean value of that amounts. • Materials Materials which we have used to do this experiment are goggles, Bunsen burner, a lab coat, water, beakers, scapula and Barium chloride. Alshamsi 3 • Safety Notes While conducting any experiment, one thing must be ensuring the safety is 1st. In this experiment, Goggles as well as lab court must be worn at the start of experiment. In science we should have one lesson in our minds that we should keep safety at our first preference. We should wash our hands thoroughly at the start and end of this experiment. Throughout this experiment we have paid attention to the experimental readings and also qualitative analysis as well. SDS for HCl • Hazard Statements May be acid to metals, causes severe skin burns and eye damage, May cause respiratory irritation. • Precautionary Statements • Prevention • do not breathe dust • fume • gas • mist/vapors • spray • Wash face • hands and any detected skin fully after handling • Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. • Response Quickly call a poison center or doctor/physician, if inhaled Remove victim to fresh air and remain at rest in a place comfortable for breathing Alshamsi 4 if on skin (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower. Wash contaminated things before reuse if in eyes Clean carefully with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. if swallowed rinse mouth. do not cause vomiting Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. Store in corrosive resistant polypropylene container with a resistant inline. Store in a dry place. • Methods Many methods were used throughout this experiment. A clean spatula into the solution was submerged and placed a drop of that solution onto the litmus paper which conducted a pH test. Then, Litmus paper color profile was compared with chart to know the range of compounds which behave as per color shown of litmus paper. It was assumed that contaminants are already soluble in water because they were already present in water sample. The change which was held in the color of litmus paper was compared with the chart and we came to know that solution is acidic or basic. Then, solution was put in test tube whose mass had been measured and recoded new mass of test tube • Volumetric analyze Volumetric analysis is a widely-used quantitative scientific plan. As the name implies, this technique includes the measurement of amount of a solution of known concentration which is applied to determine the concentration of the analyte. In this laboratary we have used NaOH and HCl to analyze unknown amount of HCl by known concentrtion of NaOH. NaOH solution added to the burrete and the exact volume of HCl added to the titration flask.Methylorange use as indicator.Initial burrete value is noted.Aftert the colour changed the final burrete value noted.we have calculated the concentration of unkown HCl sample using the euation (CV)1=(CV)2 Alshamsi 5 • Gravimetric analysis In the Gravimetric analysis an analyte can be determined through the measurement of mass. We have used diffrent kind of mesurent instruments and mesure the initial mass of the mesuring instrument and then added a known volume of the given solution and note the temperature.then mesure the mass of the filled instrument. The mass of the fluid found by the different of those two values. The density of the fluid is equal to the mass of the fluid divide by the volume of the fluid.then we can compare the acctual density of the given fluid with calculated value and find the error percentage. • Flame test Flame test can be used to find the 1st group elements in the periodic table. Normally Metal halide of the 1st group use for this experiment. Because halide need low energy compare with other compounds. In this experiment, we didn’t see any color. That mean there was no any metal from 1st group. • PH test and conductivity test We have collected water sample and check the pH value using pH meter.As same way we measurde the conductivity by using EC meter. 3) Results Physical Appearance Flame test Color: White Shape: Crystalline solid in small granular form red pH test 8.3 Alshamsi 6 Conductivity test 2.81 miliSiemens Volumetric analysis Titrant: HCl Concentration: 0.1 M Number of titration Indicator (Methyl orange) Drops Volume of unknown compound(ml) Initial burette Value(ml) Final burette Value(ml) Titrant volume(ml) 1 2 3 3 3 3 1.73 1.73 1.73 2.45 3.80 5.90 3.80 5.20 7.55 1.35 1.40 1.65 Average volume of HCl = 1.47 ml Applying, (CV)1 = (CV)2 0.1*1.47 = C*1.73 C = 0.085 M Concentration of Unknown compound = 0.085M Percentage error = 1.73 − 1.47 1.73 Percentage error = 15.03% Trail One Mass of flask with water Mass of flask Mass Graduated cylinder 35.706 25.676 10.03 Beaker 69.949 29.676 40.273 Erlenmeyer flask 115.646 70.070 45.576 Volumetric flask 45.807 20.988 24.819 Alshamsi 7 Trail two Mass of flask with water Mass of flask Mass Graduated cylinder 35.727 25.676 10.051 Beaker 66.111 29.676 36.435 Erlenmeyer flask 116.436 70.070 46.366 Volumetric flask 45.801 20.988 24.813 Trail three Mass of flask with water Mass of flask Mass Graduated cylinder 35.516 25.676 9.84 Beaker 66.395 29.676 36.719 Erlenmeyer flask 115.335 70.070 45.265 Volumetric flask 45.830 20.988 24.842 Theoretical yield NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O 0.25𝐺 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑋 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 36.46 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑋 𝑋 58.44 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟗𝐠 𝐇𝐂𝐥 Base:0.25 n= 𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝒙𝟎.𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 0.04 mole / 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟒𝒎 𝟑 = 𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝑳 Alshamsi 8 • Discussion This experiment’s aim was to know about the method of identification of an unknown compound in a solution. This experiment can be used to clean up water and to make it pure to drink. To pure water, we must know about the contaminants present in that water sample. To know about the contaminants are really very important, because it determines the type of test need to do. PH test was showing down on the chemical properties of the contaminant by revealing a PH of about 8.2 . Normally, Ca(NO3)2 has PH of around 8, but in solution is moves to around which is shown in results section. First assumption was that, contaminant was soluble in water because it was already present in water sample. The second assumption was the solubility analysis that was shown that contaminant was soluble in water and ethanol but not soluble in acetone. Then we came to know by continuous readings that contaminant which was under-investigation was Ca(NO3)2. This experiment had a number of difficulties since there were some failures in our experiments such as in the flame test and solubility analysis. • Sources of Error When solubility analizing it’s difficult to recognize the exat contaminant because some contaminants has same solubility of diffrent solutions.So there was difficulities to investigate the real contaminant. Some of alkaline metals are not given colours to flame test as example Mg, Be.Again we considering the solubilty analyze, solubility Alshamsi 9 is depend on the temperature.when temperature is increase solubility also incrase.so some compounds may not precipitate at room temperture. • Conclusion This experiment was tailored to recognize the contaminant in a sample of water that was obtained off the Gulf of Mexico. Our investigation managed that compound which was present in water as contaminant was calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 . .This result was given after giving out an report of the chemical properties of the contaminant. The method worked to eliminating the mixtures that were soluble in water to the contaminant that was left was calcium chloride. The initial test discovering the PH of the contaminant in the mixture and it was revealed to be moderately basic since the PH was 8.2 while the litmus paper turned yellowish. Nevertheless, the evidence was done within the use of precipitate investigation and connecting it with a known compound to form the conclusion. • Research Connection This analysis is very important in the modern situation where all humans, animals, even mother nature also get lot of unwanted bad results due to human activities. Day by day the world become an unsuitable living place to all species. Water is very important to the all living things. So, we need to check the quality of the water as well as we have to maintain the quality of water. And the experiment Showed The importance of recognizing the contaminant in the water that is utilized. But their paper goes a step further and uses the professional software to know the contaminant. Alshamsi 10 References • USF Laboratory Toolbox: http://chemistry.usf.edu/undergraduate/genchemlab/toolbox • Stoichiometry: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reaction/Stoichiomerty _and_Blancing_Reactions • Solubility: https://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptiles/genchem/sstutorial/Text11/Tx112/tx112.html • Flame test: http://chemistry.about.com/od/analyticalchemistry/a/flameteat.htam • Principles of conductivity: http://libaray.thinkquest.org/2923/test.html. • anderson, L.; figueroa, john; lykourinou., vasiliki. general chemistry 1 laboratory manual, 2nd ed.; University of south florida, 2017.
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INORGANIC SALTS PRESENT IN
WATER SAMPLES
Name
Name :
Class:

Class

Introduction
In this experiment, it was required to use both qualitative and quantitative analysis to identify the
unknown inorganic salt from the water sample. When identifying unknown compounds two major
methods are used. Those are quantitative analyze and qualitative analyze. Quantitative analyze
based on the mass calculation of the unknown compound such as the quantitative tests consisted
of weight analysis and volumetric analysis. In the other hand qualitative analyze have series of test
like pH test, flame test, solubility test etc. The flammability test helps to investigate what type of
molecule is present in a compound.
When we consider about the important of identifying unknown salts in the water. It is very useful
in the water treatment. Before applied any treatment method we have to find the contaminants in
the water. This type of analysis is very useful to do that. Normally ion chlorides are used to check
the flammability. Different ion has different colors to the flammability test. It is a good test to
identify the unknown metal compounds.

The conductivity test help to identify whether a

compound is more ionic or not, “An electric current is a flow of electrical charge. When a water
solution conducts electricity, the charge is carried by ions moving through the solution.

Materials:
Goggles, Bunsen burner, a lab coat, water, beakers, scapula and Barium chloride
Scaler, volumetric flask, pH meter.

Objectives:
To identify the unknown salt by using qualitative and quantitative methods.

Safety
Table 1: Safety information
Chemical
BaNO3

AgNO3

Acetone: C3 H6 O

NaOH

HCl

Potential Danger

Precautions

Extremely hazardous in case
of ingestion. Very hazardous
in case of skin contact
(irritant), of eye contact
(irritant), of
inhalation
Very hazardous in case of skin
contact (irritant), of ingestion.
Hazardous in case of skin
contact (permeator), of eye
contact (irritant), of inhalation.
Slightly hazardous in case of
skin contact (corrosive)
Prolonged exposure may result
in skin burns and ulcerations.

Keep away from heat. Keep
away from sources of ignition.
Keep away from combustible
material. Do not ingest. Do not
breathe dust. Use Splash
goggles and Lab coat.
Keep container dry. Keep
away from heat. Keep away
from sources of ignition. Keep
away from combustible
material. Do not ingest. Do not
breathe dust. Never add water
to this product. Use process
enclosures, local exhaust
ventil...


Anonymous
Awesome! Perfect study aid.

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