LING 11 Linguistic Analysis 200 points total The Setting: You are a research assistant for a professor working on Native American languages. You are conducting research at the Smithsonian Institute reading the journals of David Thompson ((1770-1857) a British fur trapper on the Northern Plains). The primary source you have found has not been catalogued or examined by scholars. As you read through this journal, you come across the entry below. You know that Nuxpáaga is an undocumented language (no data other than the name exists). This language is suspected of belonging to the Missouri Valley branch of Siouan and it is possibly related to Awatíxa and Awaxáwi (two other languages with no existing data) as well as Hóska, Hiráaca, and Gixáaʔicca. Wanting to show your professor that you are a capable young linguist, you decide to analyze the language. What are your findings? NOTE: The sound [c] is a voiceless alveolar affricate and [x] is a voiceless velar fricative. Accent plays no role in the analysis. It is a suprasegmental feature. The journal entry: Novr. 29th Wednesday 1797 - A very cold Day with a Westerly wind & Rain. Today we met with the Nuxpáaga and I recorded some of their speech: múaš míawa macée naxpiccí míaš núškic marúškic cagáagawia šibíšac mírišibiša mašíiʔidaraxpicci nagabági nagabágic múaceeša núckabi marúckabic cagáagawa ípkidi ípcaac ípkidic narúškic marúškiwic narúckabiric núškihic niiwagirácoobic miiragirácoobic miiragirácoobiric niiwagirácoobiwic núuba adéʔe nóhci xúhtic iréʔtaac maagaríšta maráhcic maawaráhcic ‘the fish’ ‘a woman’ ‘man’ ‘bear’ ‘the woman’ ‘s/he opens it. ‘I open it.’ ‘bird woman’ ‘It is black.’ ‘coffee’ (lit. black-water) ‘pig’ (lit. white-man’s bear) ‘to bloom’ ‘It blooms.’ ‘pike’ (lit. fish-wolf) ‘to pinch’ ‘I pinch it. ‘a bird’ ‘to smear with the hands’ ‘He strings beads.’ ‘He smears it with his hands.’ ‘You open it.’ ‘I will open it.’ ‘You will pinch it.’ ‘He will open it.’ ‘I kiss you.’ ‘You kiss me.’ ‘You will kiss me.’ ‘I will kiss you.’ ‘bone marrow’ ‘to appear, to be visible’ ‘armpit’ ‘It is (a) mitten’ ‘He is mute.’ ‘someone young, child’ ‘I bite it’ ‘I bite something’ Name ________________________ Section I - Phonology Account for any consonant allophony found in the data with individual rules. State (in a prose sentence) why you chose the underlying phoneme of each pair. (5 points each) a) _________ à _________ / b) _________ à _________ / c) _________ à _________ / d) _________ à _________ / e) _________ à _________ / Can any of these rules be collapsed to form larger generalizations (i.e. supra-rules that account for classes of sounds)? [Using +/- features, you can group three of the sound changes into one supra-rule (Rule 1) and the other two sound changes into another supra-rule (Rule 2)] (10 points each) Rule 1: Rule 2: What is the vowel inventory for Nuxpáaga? (10 points total) Short Vowels Long Vowels What is the phonemic consonant inventory for Nuxpáaga? (only the phonemes) (20 points) labial Stops Fricatives Affricates Sonorants alveolar alveopalatal velar glottal Section II - Morphology 5) What are the lexical content words in the data? Be sure and break up compound words into their more basic components. Nouns (3 points each) a) ____________________ bird b) ____________________ wolf c) ___[macée]________ man d) ____________________ white man (Caucasian) e) ____________________ child f) ____[mía]___________ woman g) _____________________ water h) _____________________ fish i) ______________________ bear j) ___[nóhci]_____________ armpit k) ___[núuba]____________ bone marrow l) ______________________ mitten Verbs (3 points each) a) ___[adéʔe-]___________ to appear b) ______________________ to kiss c) ______________________ to string beads d) ___[ípkidi-]__________ to smear with hands e) ______________________ to be mute f) ____[núckabi-]_______ to pinch g) _______________________ to bloom h) ______________________ to open i) _______________________ to be black j) ____[náhci-]__________ to bite 6) What are the affixual morphemes of the language? Verbal Morphology (3 points each) subject object future 1st person ________ ________ ________ 2nd person ________ ________ ________ 3rd person ________ ________ ________ Declarative Marker ____-c____ Nominal Morphology (2 points each) Definite article (the) ______________ Indefinite article (a/an) _______________ Indefinite argument (something) ______________ 7) What is the order of morphemes on the verb? (10 points) Section III - English phonology English Plural The productive plural in English is written as [-s], but it really has two allophones. Examine the words below (1-16) and determine the distribution of the plural. State what the underlying phoneme is and then state where the allophone will surface (Note: you need to include an elsewhere condition). (30 points) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) bat code cap frog plow twin reef tack meal sore bib cove fifth thumb sign swing [bæt] [khowd] [cap] [frɔg] [plow] [twɪn] [rif] [thæk] [mil] [sɔr] [bɪb] [khowv] [fɪfθ] [θʌm] [sajn] [swɪŋ] Now that you have found the productive allophones, examine the data below. What happens in (17) – (22)? Can you state this in a rule? Why do you think this occurs? (10 points) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) maze wish garage house judge lunch [mejz] [wiš] [grɔž] [hʌws] [ǰʌǰ] [lʌč] Phonological Features We can divide sound segments into two large groups: Consonants and Vowels Consonants are [+Consonant] Consonants can then be divided into two large groups: Sonorants and Obstruents: This feature is [+/- Sonorant] (sonorants are [+Sonorant] and obstruents are [-Sonorant) [+ Sonorant] includes glides, liquids, and nasals. Nasals are [+Nasal] ([+Sonorant, +Nasal]) Liquids and Glides are [-Nasal] ([+Sonorant, -Nasal]) [+Consonant, -Sonorant] [p, b, t, d, k, g, ÷, f, v, †, ∂, s, z, …s, …z, h, …c, ǰ] These sounds can be divided a number of ways, depending on what we are looking at: Place of Articulation: [+Labial] - [p, b, f, v] [+Coronal] - [t, d, †, ∂, s, z, …s, …z, …c, ǰ] [+Dorsal] - [k, g, ÷, h] Voicing: [+Consonant, -Sonorant, +Voice] - [b, d, g, v, ∂, z, …z, ǰ] [+Consonant, -Sonorant, -Voice] - [p, t, k, ÷, f, †, s, …s, h, …c] [+/- Continuant] [+Consonant, -Sonorant, +Continuant] - [f, v, †, ∂, s, z, …s, …z, h] (fricatives) [+Consonant, -Sonorant, -Continuant] - [p, b, t, d, k, g, ÷, …c, ǰ] (stops and affricates) Sounds that are [+Consonant, -Sonorant, -Continuant] can further be divided with the feature: [+/- Delayed Release] or [+/-DR] Affricates are [+ delayed release] [+Consonant, -Sonorant, -Continuant, + DR] - […c, ǰ] Stops are [-DR] - [p, b, t, d, k, g, ÷]