genetic lab report

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Znk730

Science

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the report has 4 parts: introduction, method, result, and discussion

You will need to cite at least two references in your Introduction section

use the two tables that i upload as the result

u can use the questions as topic to discussion

for more details, read the instruction and sample

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HOW TO WRITE A SCIENTIFIC LAB REPORT GENERAL IN APA FORMAT: Scientific laboratory reports or any other APA style paper written at a collegiate level have a standard format. The following are standard for APA papers: 1 inch margins on all sides 12-point font and the font style should be either Arial, or Times Roman Some type of Header (Running Head:) Numbered pages except the Title Page Paragraphs indented 1-tab space DOUBLE-SPACED throughout the paper including Title Page and Reference Page. Scientific laboratory reports have a separate Title Page and a separate Reference page. scientific reports have HEADINGS on each section of the report. These headings are: Introduction Materials & Methods Results Discussion TITLE: The first page of the lab report is the TITLE page. Do NOT number the Title page unless instructed to do so. The title of the lab report should NOT be too general but should reflect more specifically about the experiment. For example: “Fingerprinting” is too general for the title but instead, use something like: “Fingerprinting as an Effective Forensic Tool in Solving Murders.” The title should be informative; it should not be “cute.” A Running head is needed as a Header on all pages including the title page. The Running Head should appear as Running Head: SHORT TITLE OF PAPER IN ALL CAPS (but not in bold). NOTE: The title is in Title case (first letter of each word is capitalized except nonessential words.)! The Title page information should be absolute centered on the page. The Title page should NOT be numbered! (unless instructed). The Title page must be doubled-spaced, have a center indentation and include the following information: Title Lab Number Your Name (author) Names of those in the experimental group (do not put “Group Members” next to names) Instructor Class name Name of Institution Date of submission Introduction The paper must be written in THIRD person. Do NOT use I, me, we, them, they, he, she or us. The Introduction does just that: INTRODUCES the topic or concept on which an experiment was performed. It is in the Introduction where you explain the ideas or concepts and NOT the experiment. Explain why the topic is important and if needed, a short background. How does the topic relate to your experiment? You don’t have to make it too wordy if you can introduce your topic correctly. You will need to cite at least two references in your Introduction section. ALL resources (references) MUST be properly CITED in the Introduction. Correct in text citations for the APA format must be present. Helpful links are posted on your course syllabus in Required Textbooks and Supplementary Materials. It is considered PLAGIARISM if credit is not given. Always Paraphrase. Avoid using direct quotes. In the Introduction, NEVER: Discuss results Write in first person Include information just to fill in space. State how data were collected (data are plural!) Use numerous quotes instead of paraphrasing. But, avoid paraphrasing that isn’t written in your own words! Plagiarize literature reviews or anything else in the paper (use quotations if directly quoting otherwise paraphrase or use your own words) Start the Introduction with “In this experiment…” or “We experimented on….” Include unnecessary information. “A Sharpie was used…” Be wordy! Triple space between paragraphs or next Heading Start the Hypothesis with “I hypothesize… or “My group hypothesizes…” or anything else that is first person.” The last paragraph in the Introduction is for stating the Purpose and Hypothesis. As it is a part of introduction, you don’t need a title for this. It’s just the end sentence or section on Introduction. The Purpose is stating why the experiment was performed. Do NOT make statements such as: “The purpose of this experiment is to learn more about solutions.” Or, “The experiment will help me learn more about fingerprinting.” Or better yet, “It’s part of my grade.” The purpose should be logical and scientific. Basically, what was the lesson learned? Materials and Methodology This section is used to describe HOW the experiment was performed. There should be enough information so that another researcher or layperson can repeat the experiment and get the same or similar results. This section is written in sentence (narrative) format DESCRIBING the materials and/or equipment used and EXPLAINING the steps taken to collect data. You should NEVER just LIST materials used and steps taken. These should always be explained in a narrative, sentence format. DO NOT LIST!!! Do not plagiarize information from the lab manual or experiment handout! This section should always be written in PAST TENSE since you have already completed the experiment. Remember that you are describing what you did or how you set up the equipment so that data was collected and what materials were used. However, you must include enough detail that another person could set up the experiment the same way you did! Do NOT make any statements about the data collected. This will be in the Results section. Do not include unnecessary information such as: “A blue sharpie pen was used to label….” Or “Three marks were made on test tube #1…” Use statements such as: “Three mls of water and 3mls of methylene blue were added to each of three test tubes marked 1-3.” Results This section is for PRESENTING the data that were collected in the experiment. Your presentation of the data should allow readers to draw some type of conclusion about your experiment. You MUST include Tables and Figures (graphs) in this section about the data you collected. All tables and figures should be described in NARRATIVE format. You MUST describe the data in a narrative form and not just insert a table or graph or some type of listing. Follow the sentence descriptive form as with any section of the lab report except you will also insert a table(s) and figure(s) displaying the mathematical data. You should NEVER DISCUSS what the data MEAN in this section. Other readers should be able to easily read and understand what was measured from the table and figure. TABLES AND FIGURES MUST BE NUMBERED and have an informative title. The number and title are placed ABOVE the Table or Figure and double-spaced. The information inside the table is not double-spaced. Figures are also numbered and can include Graphs, Charts and Illustrations Figures (Graphs, Charts and Illustrations) must have Legends, Specific Titles, X & Y axes named, numbered and a short explanation of the figure. Discussion In this section, you will EXPLAIN or analyze the results. The hypothesis(es) should be restated. Your conclusions should be well organized and thoughts not scattered about in different paragraphs. You can also in-text cite references again in the discussion to support your thoughts. In this section, your results are INTERPRETED! Why are the results the way they are? Are the data similar to previous experiments? INTERPRET! Were your group results similar to other groups? Why or why not? Include a short discussion as to whether the data SUPPORTED or did NOT SUPPORT your hypothesis. A hypothesis cannot be Right or Wrong! It cannot be correct or not correct or good or bad. A hypothesis can ONLY be supported or not supported by the data collected. Do not make statements in your discussion such as “The results showed that my hypothesis was right (or wrong).” There is no right or wrong! If your hypothesis is not supported by the data, it does not necessarily mean that you did something wrong. You may have not done the experiment correctly but more than likely, there were other factors that may have altered the outcome. Discuss whatever you may think was a factor and it went wrong. Assumptions about any possible ERRORS while collecting data should be discussed. Refer to the data to support your speculations about the experiment. Do not state that “something went wrong” or “I was not clear about the instructions.” Compare your group data to those of other groups to see if your data are similar to the other groups. The last paragraph should state the major findings of the experiment/study. References References are the scientific/scholarly articles from VALID and RELIABLE sources about similar studies. NEVER use WIKIPEDIA as a reference. It is NOT valid or reliable!! References for Scientific papers should be listed in APA (American Psychological Association Writing Journal) format. The best way to gather your references is to do a database search in the Troy Library resources or Goggle Scholar first. A book is another great source that can be cited. Other reliable web sites include WebMD.com, CDC.gov, nih.gov, or nih.gov/PubMed. The Reference Heading should be centered at the top of the page. The heading should NOT be in bold, italicized or underlined. References are never bulleted or numbered. References should be listed on a separate page and in alphabetical order. Basic Format for List of references at the End of the Lab Report : APA style dictates that authors are listed last name first followed by first name initials; publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical or journal title is italicized and in title case (first letter of each word is capitalized except non-essential words such as in, of, a, and, etc…), and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized. If there is an issue number, it is in parentheses next to the volume number and is not italicized. Page numbers are in the format xxxxx. If the article was retrieved from the internet, include the URL. It should be written as Retrieved from then the web address. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number not italicized), pages. Retrieved from http://www.xxxx.xxxx For more help, its best to refer the Supplementary Materials listed on the Course Syllabus. Running head: Mendelian Genetics 1 Mendelian Genetics Lab Report BIO L320 xxx University xxx 1/31/2018 2 Mendelian Genetics Introduction Gregor Mendel was known as “Father of Genetics,” and he was born 1822. He initially studied the inheritance of one pair of the traits by doing his experiment with garden pea plant, and he recognized two principles that later called Principle of Mendelian after the study of the garden pea plant. The Mendelian principles were made up of two parts, one is the principle of segregation, and the other one is the law of independent assortment. This lab is to use F2 progeny of a monohybrid crossed maize and a simulating experiment of the self-cross of F1 heterozygous of pea plant to illustrate the principle of segregation. The Principle of Segregation is defined as the when two alleles of a gene pair segregate from each other during the formation of gametes in meiosis, and each gamete carries only one allele of each gene, and the progeny is produced by the random combination of gametes from the two parents (Russell, 2010). In the F1, Suppose a heterozygous male parent had a dominant character (A) and recessive (a), and so did a heterozygous female parent, the characters of their progeny were expressed as, (A + a)(A + a) = A2+ 2Aa + a2 the parents showed by the characters on the left hand, and the right term showed the characters of progeny individuals (Yoshio, 2013). Applying this formula to this experiment, (1 + 1)(1 + 1) = 12+ 2x1x1 + 12 the ratio of genotype should be 1:2:1 In the formula, if A was dominant over a, A2 (AA) and Aa showed the phenotype of A, while a 2 (aa) showed that of a. The ratio of dominance to 3 Mendelian Genetics recessive was thus 3 : 1. Therefore, in this lab, we expect to see the maize shows a ratio near to 3:1 of phenotype, and the simulating experiment shows a ratio near to 1:3:1 of genotype. Methods An F2 progeny of monohybrid crossed maize is used to examine the principle of segregation. There were two different colors of the kernel of corn which are purple and yellow. We counted the numbers of each type of kernel on each row then total up the two different types of kernel. After that, we recorded the data in the table. In the simulating experiment, we used two different color cotton ball to represent gametes of the pea plant, the black one is smooth allele which is dominated (S), and the green one is wrinkled allele which is recessive(s). There two bags were provided, each one had 50 cotton balls which included 25 green balls and 25 black balls. We supposed one bag is F1 male plant and the other is an F1 female plant, then draw out one ball form each bag per time to pair them to obtain F2 individual. We recorded the genotype and phenotype each time until we get 30 F2. 4 Mendelian Genetics Results Table1 Record of F2 Data for Maize Endosperm Trait phenotypes Number of kernels Number of kernels Number genotypes observed expected of kernels purple 317 358.5 2 yellow 161 119.5 1 Total 478 478 Table 2 For Individual Results OFFSPRING # GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE 1 Ss Smooth 2 ss Wrinkled 3 Ss Smooth 4 Ss Smooth 5 ss Wrinkled 6 SS Smooth 7 Ss Smooth 8 Ss Smooth 9 SS Smooth 5 Mendelian Genetics 10 SS Smooth 11 Ss Smooth 12 ss Wrinkled 13 Ss Smooth 14 Ss Smooth 15 Ss Smooth 16 Ss Smooth 17 Ss Smooth 18 Ss Smooth 19 Ss Smooth 20 Ss Smooth 21 ss Wrinkled 22 SS Smooth 23 Ss Smooth 24 Ss Smooth 25 ss Wrinkled 26 ss Wrinkled 27 ss Wrinkled 28 SS Smooth 29 Ss Smooth 30 Ss Smooth 6 Mendelian Genetics Total SSSs ss Smooth Wrinkled To obtain ratios, divide each value by the smallest number RATIO OF GENOTYPE RATIO OF PHENOTYPE SS: 1 Smooth: Ss: 3.2 3.6 ss: 1.4 Wrinkled: 1 Table 3 For Summary of Group Result INDIVIDUAL GENOTYPE TOTALS 7 SS 5 Ss 18 ss 7 Smooth 23 Wrinkled 7 8 SS 8 Ss 14 ss 8 Smooth 22 Wrinkled 8 9 SS 6 Ss 14 ss 10 Smooth 20 Wrinkled 10 10 SS 6 Ss 14 ss 10 Smooth 20 Wrinkled 10 11 SS 9 Ss 11 ss 10 Smooth 20 Wrinkled 10 12 SS 11 Ss 15 ss 4 Smooth 26 Wrinkled 4 TOTAL SS 45 Ss 49 Smooth 131 Wrinkled 49 RATIO OF GENOTYPE RATIO OF PHENOTYPE SS 1 ss 86 Ss 1.91 Smooth 2.67 ss PHENOTYPE TOTALS 1.09 Wrinkled 1 Discussion According to the Mendelian principle of segregation, we made a hypothesis that the number of two different colors of the kernel have a ratio of 3:1. Another hypothesis is the genotypes of pea plant have a ratio of 1:2: 1(SS: Ss: ss)and the phenotypes of pea plant have a ratio of 3:1(Smooth: Wrinkled). Our result showed that there were 317 purple and 161yellow 7 Mendelian Genetics kernels. The ratio of the phenotype of the maize is 1.97:1. The purple is dominated, and the yellow is recessive. Nevertheless, there was an error between our hypothesis and result, so our result does not support our hypothesis. One of the reasons to cause this result is probably we missed some kernels, and the other one is we lack sufficient amount of data to get take an average ratio of the phenotype. In our simulating experiment, the phenotype of F1 plants are Smooth. The ratio of genotype is 1:3.6:1.4(SS: Ss: ss), and the ratio of phenotype is 3.2:1(Smooth: Wrinkled). According to the result of our experiment, there still was a small error between the hypothesis. To reduce the affection cause by the experimental error, we gathered the data from other groups then made an average result. The result as followed: the ratio of genotype is 1:1.91:1.09 (SS: Ss: ss) ratio of phenotype is 2.67:1(Smooth: Wrinkled). The result is very close to the theoretical ratio which calculated by the formula that Mendel used (Yoshio, 2013) (A + a)(A + a) = A2+ 2Aa + a2 (i.e.) (1 + 1)(1 + 1) = 12+ 2x1x1 + 12 1:2:1 Therefore, our hypothesis is supported. 8 Mendelian Genetics Reference Russell, P. J. 2010. iGenetics: a molecular approach, third edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings. Yoshio, T. (2013). Gregor Mendel and the Seven Genes (2). Interdisciplinary Bio Central, (5), 1-11. doi:10.4051/ibc.2013.5.4.0008 Synthetic Blood: Paternity Test 03101 Background Knowledge of the genetics of human blood groups can be used to determine paternity. In this investigation, you will determine the blood groups of the mother (June), her natural daughter (Andrea), and three possible fathers. Use the data to decide who should not and who should pay June child support. Use the following procedure to test the blood samples provided by June, Andrea, and the three possible fathers. Procedure 1. Using the dropper vial, place a drop of the assigned synthetic blood sample in each well of the blood typing slide. Replace the cap on the dropper vial. To prevent cross-contamination, always replace the cap on one vial before opening another vial. 2. Add a drop of synthetic anti-A serum (blue) to the well labeled A. Replace the cap. 3. Add a drop of synthetic anti-B serum (yellow) to the well labeled B. Replace the cap. 4. Add a drop of synthetic anti-Rh serum (dear) to the well labeled Rh. Replace the cap. 5. Using a different color mixing stick for each well (blue for anti-A, yellow for anti-B, white for anti-Rh), gently stir the synthetic blood and anti-serum drops for 30 seconds. Remember to discard each mixing stick after a single use to avoid contamination of your samples. 6. Carefully examine the thin films of liquid mixture left behind. If a film remains uniform in appearance, there is no agglutination. If the sample appears granular, agglutination has occurred. In the Data Table below, answer "yes" or "no" as to whether agglutination occurred. Be sure to record the data in the correct column. 7. Thoroughly rinse the blood typing slide, and then repeat the procedure for the other synthetic blood samples. Record these results in the data table, also. Be sure to record each set of results in the correct column for each sample. Data Table Possible Fathers Mother (June) Child (Andrea) #1 #2 #3 Anti-A N Anti-B N Y N. 1 Y Y > x-2R Y Y Y Y Anti-Rh N 8. Blood reacting to anti-Ais group A. Blood reacting to anti-B is group B. Blood reacting to both anti-A and anti-B is group AB. Blood not reacting to either anti-A or anti-B is group O. Blood reacting to anti-Rh (D) is Rh+; blood not reacting to anti-Rh (D) is Rh- Use this information to complete the Blood Group Determination table. CAROLINA S-1 C2010 Carolina Biological Supply Company Printed in USA esc o 0 FI so f2 888 F3 F4 . F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 ())) # FVZ Synthetic Blood: Paternity Test Student Guide Blood Group Determination } Possible Fathers Mother (June) Child (Andrea) ck #1 #2 #3 ABO group B В Rh AB Rht A A Rh B 2 Rh AB Rh Rh (D) group 9. Duplication of lab tests is important; therefore, compare agglutination results with another student. When you and your partner are satisfied that both tables are accurate and complete, answer the questions below independently Questions Each person's ABO group is controlled by a pair of alleles--one ABO controlling allele from the mother and one from the father. The ABO controlling alleles A, B, and O can pair up six different ways, but they only produce four different ABO blood groups: A, B, AB, and O. ABO Blood Group Alleles 0 ОО А AIA or AIO B B/B or BIO AB A/B 1. As shown by your tests, baby Andrea is group AB, with alleles A/B. What allele did Andrea receive from her mother June? B 2. What allele must have come to Andrea from her father? А 3. Which of the possible fathers, if any, is genetically excluded by your ABO data from being Andrea's father? #2 CAROLINA S-2 C2010 Carolina Biological Supply Company Printed in USA ö 20 888 F3 F4 F5 F7 FB F9 FIO fil Synthetic Blood: Paternity Test Student Guide 4. The dominant allele D must be present for a person to be Rh+. An Rh+ person is either Did or DID. An Rh- person is did, homozygous recessive. a. What are June's alleles for the Rh factor? dd. b. As shown by your tests, baby Andrea is Rh+. What alleles does Andrea have for the Rh factor? Did C. What Rh allele must have come to Andrea from her father? D 5. Which of the possible father or fathers are genetically excluded by Rh factor data from being Andrea's father? #1 #2 6. Which possible father is a good candidate for paying child support for Andrea? # # 3 ©2010 Carolina Biological Supply Company/Printed in USA. CAROLINA S-3
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Explanation & Answer

Hello there,Just wanted to tell you that i finished your task .Before i share with you the work , just wanted to tell you that there was a writing mistake in your table - the second table with blood gorups. The father sample #3 is Rh+ not negative as you wrote . This is because in the previous table you stated that agglutination with the anti Serum RH (d) took place in case of this sample which means that it can be RH + and it makes him the best match for the father of the children.Meanwhile, i did all the requested edits and followed closely your professor guideline. I am attaching to this message a Microsoft Word .docx format file entitled "Blood Group Lab Report" which contains your report.Number of pages : 6 ( 1 introduction , 4 content, 1 reference)Subheadings : Introduction ,Methods ,Results , DiscussionFormat: APAWords: 1119* All the references are academically accepted as they are either education websites (.edu) or retrieved of the national health library ( .ncbi)--Please take a look and in case you need any kind of changes just tell me.

Genetics of Blood Group

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Blood Group
BIO L320
xxx
University
xxx
3/07/2018

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Blood Group Genetics
Introduction
Blood group system represents a synonym for blood type. Currently, there have been
identified around 32 type of systems but the ones that are frequently used in practice are
represented by the ABO system and the RhD system. Even so, in case of transplant or
transfusion, further group systems might be checked too. On the surface of erythrocytes,
there is a form of antigens which are known as agglutinogens. Two types of ag...


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Just what I needed…Fantastic!

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