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0 RESEARCH REPORT: Does the proportion of women in senior management positions have an effect on gender income inequality? Introduction The pay disparity between men and women has been a subject of debate and friction among the genders because women are acquiring similar levels of education and command equivalent experience. The gender barrier in male-dominated careers is also getting blurred as more and more women find work in formerly men dominated careers referred to as gender revolution (Goldscheider, Bernhardt & Lappegard, 2015). Previously, women were disadvantaged in the workplace due to different levels of education, experience, and burden of family according to Kahn (2014). Studies have reported that the wage gap is thinning according to Blau (2013). The introduction was too short minimum 150-200 words Literature review There is limited justification that can explain the gender wage inequality. In the past women lacked education, skills, and experiences to work in both private sector as well as the public sector. Considerations regarding number of hours and educational qualifications partly discriminated against women. Women college graduates have surpassed men in attaining educational qualifications (Mandel & Semyonor, 2014). Reports from the third world countries exhibit a previous pattern similar to Europe and USA bordering on discrimination (Seema, 2015). 44195834 XIN GAO WACB100 1 Segregation in promotion opportunities has contributed to male and female wage differentials (Mandel, 2013).This study aims at exploring the wage disparity among male and female workers. A possible explanation is discrimination of women in the workplace whether private or public. Previous studies on wage differences have been inconclusive. The contribution of lack of college education as observed in the developing countries of India, Middle East explains why women are economically disadvantaged in the workplace. Income inequalities are based on educational qualifications and experience that majority of women lack in the third world countries (Seema, 2015). Kahn studied gender income inequality in Europe and Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and discovered that the level of education and discrimination are the primary determinants of the wage difference between men and women in the countries covered in the study (Kahn, 2014). The study recognizes the labor markets controlled by supply and demand of labor of which women have become active participants. Women have progressed in education acquiring significant doctoral degrees and professional qualifications (Blau, 2014). Mandel, 2013 pointed out to possible women segregation in upward mobility in promotion opportunities. Wage disparities are evident in many countries according to Kahn. In Belgium, wage disparity is at 6%, Japan, 27% and South Korea 37% (Kahn, 2014). In another study, Autor et al. reported that wage difference is contributed to by demand for skills, graduates supply, and labor unions efforts (2016). The same study found out that the declining minimum wage value is attributed to the 30-55% of the tail end wage growth in addition to the wage gap declining over time (Blau & Kahn, 2016).Education and especially college education is important in building a career and career progression. Education gives all people an opportunity to build 44195834 XIN GAO WACB100 2 experience and excel in their careers. There is sufficient evidence to show that women graduate from college in large numbers. The entry of women in professions previously male-dominated show that the income differentials that exist will be wiped out in a short while as women get into executive position out of their qualifications, experience, and hard work. lterature review is not clear. Requirement: Only two paragraphs and using 4 resources including gender discrimination and education levels. balance. Results Table 1 44195834 XIN GAO WACB100 3 The above figure shows the relationship between gender and the compensation (in thousands). In the male category, there is no woman executive for a total compensation of $1356000. For a total of $1734000, there is only one woman executive. For a total of $1618000, there are at least two woman executive. It should be noted that this is a representation on the compensation committee. Under female executives with a total of $883000, there is no woman. One woman is present for a compensation of $1185000 for female executives. Finally, there are at least 2 women amongst the female executive with $1635000 compensation rate. The data therefore show the disparity in which compensation for women is spread both in female and male categories. 44195834 XIN GAO WACB100 4 The effect of having a female representative in the compensation the study shows improves the prospects of executives getting a higher wage. Lack of representation in the compensation committee is evident to present discriminatory tendencies in remunerating executives. In case one were all executives were male, and no female representation in the remuneration committee the average wage for the executive was $1356, compared to a situation where all executives were women and no representative in the remuneration committee the executive salaries were the lowest implying gender bias in fixing compensation. The finding on the significant contribution of female members of the compensation committee shows that when the number is increased to two, there is a significant increase in compensation of executives. There is little disparity in all cases where there were two female members of the compensation committee. Table 2 44195834 XIN GAO WACB100 5 Regarding table two shows the results of another study examining the contribution of female-male ratio and bargaining coverage assisted by unions on wage. Wage inequality is more pronounced in the United States as compared to Denmark and Norway. Discussion The two study results show evidence of discrimination as the determinant of wage disparity between male and female. This corroborates the wage disparity due to discrimination on women regarding promotion opportunities as reported by Mandel, 2013. In the case where there was no female representation in the compensation committee, the wages of executives were significantly low. The findings indicate that women participation in leadership positions will help correct 44195834 XIN GAO WACB100 6 mismatch between educational qualifications, experience, and discrimination at the workplace. Unions that negotiate higher wages have no role in fixing executive wages this partially explain the wages stagnation in the United States compared to the welfares states of Denmark and Norway (Kahn, 2014). Areas of further research are to compare the effect of discrimination on wage differentials across countries. The effect of education on female executive’s access to leadership positions and lastly, the effectiveness of women CEO in multinational companies compared to their male counterparts a longitudinal study. discussion paragraph words have to more than literature review words, also must using 4 resources. Conclusion Education, experience, and gender play a crucial role in income inequality. The explanation of income inequality can only be deduced from discrimination. Study reports have shown that women have excelled in education at the highest level possible and in professions previously male-dominated. There are some multinational companies like Pepsi that has been led by a female CEO for over five years. In controlling for education and experience, there is no viable explanation why there should be a change in income based on gender. With reduced discrimination is countries that are progressive there has been diminishing difference in earnings comparing the welfare states in Norway and Denmark. Conclusion paragraph is not necessary it can be combined with discussion paragraph. 44195834 XIN GAO WACB100 7 References list 1Autor, David. H. , Alan Manning & Christopher, Smith. (2016). The contribution of the minimum wage to US wage inequality over three decades: A Reassessment, American Economic Journal, Vol. 8 (1), 58-99, Blau, Francine. D. & Kahn, Lawrence. M. (2016). The Gender wage Gap: Extent, Trends and explanations, IZA-Discussion papers no. 9656 Goldscheider, F. Bernhardt, E. & Lappegard, T. (2015). The gender Revolution: A Framework for understanding changing family and demographics behavior, Population and development review, Vol. 41 (2), p. 207-239 Kahn, Lawrence. M. (2014) Wage compressions and the Gender pay gap. https://wol.iza.org/articles/wage-compression-and-gender-pay-gap/long Mandel, H. & Semyonor, M. (2014). Gender Pay gap and employment Sector: Sources of earning disparities in the United States, 1979-2010, Demographics, Vol. 51, p. 15971618 Seema, J. (2015). The roots of gender inequality in developing countries, Annual review of economics, Vol. 7 (1), 63-88 Reference list problems for example :Last name, first initial year, tittle,viewed March 2018, http://XXXXX 44195834 XIN GAO WACB100 8 1.The introduction was too short minimum 150-200 words 2.Reference list problems for example :Last name, first initial year, tittle,viewed March 2018, http://XXXXX 3.lterature review is not clear. Requirement: Only two paragraphs and using 4 resources including gender discrimination and education levels. balance. 4. discussion paragraph words have to more than literature review words, also must using 4 resources. 5.Conclusion paragraph is not necessary it can be combined with discussion paragraph. 44195834 XIN GAO WACB100
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RESEARCH REPORT:
Does the proportion of women in senior management positions have an effect on gender
income inequality?
Introduction
The pay disparity between men and women has been a subject of debate and friction among the
genders because women are acquiring similar levels of education and command equivalent
experience. The gender barrier in male-dominated careers is also getting blurred as more and
more women find work in formerly men dominated careers referred to as gender revolution
(Goldscheider, Bernhardt & Lappegard, 2015). Previously, women were disadvantaged in the
workplace due to different levels of education, experience, and burden of family according to
Kahn (2014). Studies have reported that the wage gap is thinning according to Blau (2013).
Gender involves social differences unlike sex which involves biological and physical
distinctions. The social expectation on males and females define gender. Therefore, gender is a
construct of nurture rather than nature. Gender does not differentiate male and female, rather it
differentiates masculine and feminine. The issue of feminism and gender differences is examined
from a feministic point of view that shows gender inequality where women are oppressed
because of access to fewer opportunities compared to men. This paper examines the issue of
inequality of gender and that of income showing that gender differences in the society lead to
income inequality.

44195834

XIN GAO

WACB100

1

Literature review
Different paradigms explain the relationship of gender issues with social institutions. The
distribution of men and women in careers is influenced by the construction of gender differences.
The feminist paradigm is the theoretical perspective of choice in this instance focusing on the
work institution. The feminist paradigm challenges the oppression of women within the work
setting showing that there is unfair subordination of women (Kaul, 2012). Low wages for
women as compared to men for the same work done is an example of subordination of women.
The feminist approach examines dimensions of differences that af...


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