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My topic is “aging population in China”. The student should read widely and in depth on a topic. The paper is to analyze or evaluate a problem, issue, or question, set it into a context of existing literature on the subject, and provide evidence to support the points made. (It is not to be a descriptive summary of a subject or a book, a book review or critique, or a translation without analysis.) It may be based either on primary or secondary sources. Quotations, evidence, and other people's ideas are to be acknowledged in footnotes or endnotes. Excessive reliance on encyclopedias, popular accounts, textbooks or web sites—except for specific purposes approved by the instructor supervising the paper—should be avoided.

I already wrote about 10-11 pages, please add it to minimum 15 pages. (double-spaced, 12 pt. type, margins no greater than 1"), using citations and submitted with a bibliography (which does not count toward the 15-page total). This paper should be professional.

Please use most recent sources, China already ended one-child policy in 2015.

I already marked which part should be revised and what content should be added in the word document.

Please also create a statistic table in the paper. Be careful with the grammar and words using.

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Have a sharpen intro. Too repetitive. Make it more concise. Language more precise. Write about historical about one-child policy, When discuss one child, Discuss late 70s. Problems in history. Should have hard data. More data, details to readers Maybe talk about capitalism system. Social problems: Family cohesion Culture factors. Diverse, different culture. Reduction in birth rate…. Culture: Higher living standards, birth rate drops.. Germany, Japan.. the population shrinking. Politics, economy, policies, migration. Do not only quote author and date, also include page numbers Use footnotes Make it easier for reader to follow Research Questions What is the impact of the aging population in China? 1 What factors contribute to aging population in China? Research Objectives 1: To examine the impact of the aging population in Urban China 2: To identify the factors those contribute to aging population in China? Aging Population in China The economic development of China since the year 1980 has emerged as a result of various social and economic transformations a fact that has also contributed to the sporadic rise in income inequality. Regarding the population of the country, it is imperative to ascertain that the population of the country is rising at a faster rate as compared to, other countries. Research studies have also evidenced that the aging population of the country is on a dramatic rise. This research paper provides an in-depth analysis of the problem and its influence on the China’s aging population. The aging population globally Aging population has been a significant challenge to many countries. According to a report by the United Nations, the number of older persons aged 60 years and above is expected to double by 2050. This means that the population that is 2 currently approximately 962 million globally in 2017, it is expected to reach 2.1 billion by the year 2050 (Jiang et al., 2016). Based on global statistics, population of individuals aged 60 years and above has been increasing rapidly than all younger age groups. This means that there will be a significant social and economic problem considering high level of dependency from the older population on young individuals. Some of the countries that have a high aging rate in the world include japan which has 26% of its population 60 years or older. The rate is expected to rise to 32.5% of the total population in 2030. Other include Italy having 22.4%, Greece 21.4% and Germany 21.1% of the population which is 60 years or older (Ellison et.al., 2016). The aging population in China China is one of the countries in the world that is having significant economic development. The country has been able to integrate vital policies in ensuring that they have a strong economy, which can form the basis under which crucial development decisions can be made. However, despite high-level focus on economic development, China has a serious issue to deal with. The aging population 3 in China is a great source of concern considering the large population of the country’s population that is old. In the year 2012, the number of Chinese citizens who were aged 60 years and above was estimated to be 185 million which 13% of the total population. The increased number of elderly people in China has created significant impact on a number of aspects including economic development and positive wellbeing of the entire Chinese society (Woo, 2013). Therefore, the effects of aging population in this case will be discussed based on its influence on the economy as well as the Chinese society. Influence on the economy The Chinese economy is rated among the best in the world and thus the country is putting in place crucial measures to ensure that the economy is sustainable. However, the population distribution is increasing creating a barrier to attaining a sustainable economic development especially the increasing aging population within the country. The development of the economy is usually depended on the supply and demand in the society. Supply can effectively create as well as driving demand, and thus they 4 coexist to ensure that there is a better societal focus. Supply and demand, therefore, must effectively work together in ensuring that there is economic development. Therefore, the influence of the aging population can be considered as the influence of aging population on labor input, capital investment, and technological progress among other key factors that influence economic development directly (Jiang, Yang, & Sánchez-Barricarte, 2016). Reduction in labor force The influence of an aging population is a decline in the proportion of the working age population. The drop in labor leads to a consequent decline in supply and demand that are detrimental to economic development. Economy growth is based on the strong supply of labor, which can maintain and improve the existing levels (Smith, Strauss, & Zhao, 2014). When many people retire, it means that there is less strength to foster the development of the economy. The working population in China is between 15 and 64 years old. The fact that the majority of the workforce are in their 50s, there is significant concern regarding the ability to stabilize the economy and deal with this impending economic influence. This means that the country needs to 5 focus on alternative measures to stabilize the economy at the end such as integration of technology to subsidize on the reduced labor force (Zhao, 2016). Increase in cost of labor The increase in the cost of labor as developed in this case is based on the underlying focus on reduction in labor force. When the proportion of working population decreases, there is a critical understanding that the impact will have a twoway influence where there is a likelihood of an increase in the cost of labor. The Chinese labor force is currently affordable considering the fact that there are still relatively many workers although the high number at which individual is leaving the workforce due to retirement is alarming which will create deficiency in the labor market that in turn will push up the cost of labor automatically (Fang et al., 2015). It is very difficult to control the increase in the cost of labor when there is less experience in the labor market. Forces of nature, therefore, dictate the increase in the cost of labor. The Chinese economy has been build based on cheap labor that is expected to sustain its development focus. The reduction will create a very difficult environment where it will be very difficult to counter the slide. 6 Decline in national saving rate Accumulation of capital mainly comes from investments while investments rely majorly on savings. From a general perspective, the national savings rate of any given country is a vital indicator to measure the level of savings and the possible investment growth. Many people are more likely to save more money when they are young to secure their future. This means that it is very rare for old people to save hence leading to declining in the national saving rate. The elderly population constitutes a consumer population that will automatically lead to high rate of expenditure and reduced focus on investment. A country that has a declining saving rate is largely unstable since there is a crucial focus on borrowing funds from other sources to ensure that the elderly are comfortable (Jiang et al., 2016). One child policy The official implementation of the policy began in the year 1980 with an open letter that was issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The letter provided a detailed focus on the key issues that the high population was having on the country. Some of the key elements that were outlined in the letter include the 7 population pressure on the country, which led to strained resources across all sectors, which made it very difficult for the people of China to have better standards of living. One child policy provided crucial steps that would be taken to ensure that there was limited population growth with the target being to bring the population below the 1.2 billion people at the end of the 20th century. The key focus, in this case, was aimed to ensure that there is a better environment under which it would be possible for the people of China to a have environment where they would be able to develop. The strained resources created a very difficult environment where social amenities such as education and healthcare were very difficult to attain (Zeng & Wang, 2014). The implementation of the one-child policy in China has had both positive and negative implications. The enforcement of the policy led to a series of controversies around the world even though there was the need to put policies in place to curb the rising population growth in a country, which was significantly struggling to sustain itself. Other countries across the globe adopted relatively sustainable policies although the Chinese situation required high-level focus where the population would have been highly reduced. The implementation of the one-child policy has left the country with a 8 sustainable economy although the high population in the country is made up of the old citizens. These developments place the country in a precarious situation with a significant need to maintain its current economic status in order to offer its citizen comfortable lives through improving social structures and infrastructure (AO, JIANG, & ZHAO, 2016). Many of the elderly are in rural places, and thus the high focus on rural-urban migration has left this population at a high risk considering that the young individuals who are expected to take care of the aging population are moving to urban centers in search for better opportunities. The aging population is considered as a burden since most of them are entirely dependent and thus the inability to focus on developing care centers for the elderly has created a very difficult environment where it is difficult to ensure that their wellbeing is protected. The manner in which the one-child policy was being implemented made it difficult for parents to raise their children who were born contrary to the one-child policy. Many parents who violated the one-child policy were forced to hide their children from the authorities that mean that they were not enumerated and their lives 9 were miserable because the government only recognized only one child and thus its budgetary limits were only focusing on a single child per a household. There existed direct discrimination of the government to its citizens with the only reason being the violation of the one-child policy. It is very difficult to develop a greater focus and understanding in an environment under which the government fails to provide the needed protection in ensuring that their citizens are well engaged. Family values in rural China focus on Confucian filial piety. This basis highlights the underlying fact that the adult children are responsible for supporting their elderly parents. The unavailability of adult children who have migrated to urban centers has significantly violated the underlying family values although from a social and economic point of view it is very difficult to fault adult children who move to urban centers leaving their elderly parents back at home. Development of one child policy thus created a very difficult environment where it is very difficult for parents as well as children. A family was only allowed to have one child and thus the wellbeing of parents, when they grew old, was mainly a responsibility of their child. Therefore, the child is expected to take care of his or her parents as well as ensuring that they secure 10 employment and advance their own lives (Siciliano, 2014). In the year 2012, the number of Chinese citizens who were aged 60 years and above was estimated to be 185 million which 13% of the total population. Among these elderly citizens in China, approximately 67% of this population is in the rural setting. This information is in contrast to the fact that there are many individuals in urban centers than rural setting in China. This means that majority of these aging population are on their own in the rural settings. Many young individuals, therefore, are unable to have time for their aging parents (AO et al., 2016). Despite a clear understanding that majority of the elderly individuals leave without a care in rural centers, the government has been unable to provide focus on this population by developing integrative policies such as setting up elderly nursing homes where they can be taken. The government has a clear understanding of the fact that most of its young population is living in the urban centers while the elderly are living in rural areas (Démurger & Wang, 2016). The implementation of the one-child policy in China has had a significant influence on the well-being of the aging population since most of them are very much 11 exposed to diverse challenges in rural areas because they do not have anybody to take care of their needs. The Chinese rural family values are based on understanding that children should take care of their aging parents since it is their responsibility. The erosion of these family values has created a very difficult environment where it can be possible to have a positive engagement regarding the aging population. Moreover, the implementation of one-child policy also created a significant generational gap making it inevitable to have a higher aging population in China. The Chinese administration did not put in place gradual measure to implement the onechild policy. This has automatically created a very difficult situation for the country which now has a high number of its population made of the elderly. It has, therefore, become very difficult for citizens especially considering the fact that majority of the Chinese elderly depend on their children for support. This means that the integration of single child policy means that a single child is expected to take care of their aging parents as well help in national building which has become a very serious problem to balance. The sharp declined in population means that in the long run, it will be very difficult to have a better link-up between the old and young generations (Ellison, 12 White, & Farrar, 2015). Higher life expectancy ratio Life expectancy ratio is a vital tool that can be used in determining the health levels of citizens. Life expectancy in China was 43 years in the 1950s. This meant that there was a very low population of the elderly in the society despite having the largest population in the world. The current life expectancy is 75 years. This means that an average person in China leaves for 75 years. This shows clearly that there is very high aging population due to increased healthcare and living standards which are making it possible for individuals to live for a longer period. Therefore, the extension of life expectancy ratio increased the number of the elderly people deepening the process of an aging population (Zeng & Wang, 2014). Declining mortality rate China has been developed effectively focusing on crucial underlying social and economic development where the living standards have increased. The increased focus on healthcare has ensured that the total number of deaths are reduced. The declining mortality rate is one of the factors that are leading to the increased aging 13 population since there are important healthcare interventions to provide quality healthcare that is crucial in the overall growth of a given population. Development is based on a variety of ways where there is need to integrate positive focus under which it is possible to understand the growth patterns (Sun, Cao, Zhu, Liu, & Dong, 2015). Conclusion The aging population in China is a source of concern to both society and economic development considering the significant influences that are caused by this situation. Most of these consequences of an aging population are negative although they are noticeable positive such as opportunities for fresh graduates. There is the need for the Chinese government to put critical measures in place that will ensure that there is less impact of the aging population both on economic and social development. Technology integration offers new hope in limiting the overall influence of the aging population on labor force although overall national expenditure is likely to be strained as a result of a high number of dependents within the society. Therefore, there is need for strategic planning where it would be possible to overcome the underlying challenges caused by the aging population. 14 References Banister, J., Bloom, D. E., & Rosenberg, L. (2012). Population Aging and Economic Growth in China. In The Chinese Economy: A New Transition (pp. 114– 149). https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137034298_7 Ellison, D., White, D., & Farrar, F. C. (2015). Aging population. Nursing Clinics of 15 North America. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2014.10.014 Fang, E. F., Scheibye-Knudsen, M., Jahn, H. J., Li, J., Ling, L., Guo, H., … Ng, T. B. (2015). A research agenda for aging in China in the 21st century. Ageing Research Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2015.08.003 Jiang, Q., Yang, S., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. (2016). Can China afford rapid aging? SpringerPlus, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2778-0 Smith, J. P., Strauss, J., & Zhao, Y. (2014). Healthy aging in China. Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 4, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2014.08.006 Sun, R., Cao, H., Zhu, X., Liu, J.-P., & Dong, E. (2015). Current aging research in China. Protein & Cell, 6(5), 314–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13238015-0145-5 Woo, J. (2013). Meeting the needs of an aging population in China: Public health and policy implications. Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics, 4(2), 31–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcgg.2013.02.001 Zeng, Y., & Wang, Z. (2014). A Policy Analysis on Challenges and Opportunities of 16 Population/Household Aging in China. Journal of Population Ageing, 7(4), 255–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-014-9102-y Zhao, M. (2016). Population Aging and Economic Growth in China. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. 17
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OUTLINE

1. INTRODUCTION
2. BODY
3. CONCLUSION
4. REFERENCE


Managing the Chinese Aging Population
Name
Instructor
Institution
Course Title
Date

1

Chinese Aging Population
Introduction
The growth and development strategies of a country are driven by the type
of population a country has, a country with youths is expected to be on the move with
matters regarding economic, social and political development. This is true given the
ambition this category of individuals has concerning development along such spheres.
A contrary experience exists if the population at present consists of only individuals
that are elderly and are in the verge of retiring1. All these need to be rectified since the
economy will suffer at the expense of a lack of labor provision; a balance in the
population structure will alternatively salvage the situation making it a more easy
activity in line with development issues.
Improved health facilities has been on the leading ranks as the number one
contributor to the situation in the country, health facilities play an integral role in

1

Kulik, C. T., Ryan, S., Harper, S., & George, G. (2014). Aging populations and

management. Academy of Management Journal, 57(4), 929-935.

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making sure that the labor force is up-to-date. The discrepancies in the demographic
issues have come up because of the imbalance in the ratio of those living office and
those joining, retirees are on the increase while those who are energetic and are
supposed to join the labor environment.
History about one-child policy
The one-child policy was brought to the people of China after the demise of
Mao Zedong who encouraged high birth rates to have strength in its economy as well as
military power. Following his death the government headed for a change in plans which
heavily targeted a change in the demographic pattern, the change mostly affected urban
settlers. At the initial stages the country had positive experiences in the action taken on
issues regarding raising a single offspring in a family.
The policy has had positive and negative effects with the negatives
outweighing the positives leading to its elapse. The overall goal of the policy was to
make sure that the issues regarding the economy to be under control, this initially was
meant to be a stepping stone in controlling the massive population that was getting out
of hand.

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Investments and business opportunities were jeopardized with the alarming
increase in the Chinese population, potential investors feared for their ventures to the
point that they declined acquiring potential businesses in the country. Issues concerning
population control became a major issue resulting to the introduction of a one-child
policy. The government felt the need to impose a regulation that would have the
country be in control of its emerging population.
Economic issues that result in such a situation can be for the good of the
country or not, the State and those who control events must be in a position of making
sure that they are in control of the labor force. China is keen in making sure that they are
in total control of the money invested in the country, in many occasions the country has
been sensitive in making sure that private ownership is kept at bay while the State
owning a majority of the stakes in terms of investment opportunities.
Various factors are at stake when the number of individuals in a country is
put under control, first and foremost the family is put under pressure especially in
circumstances such as a child dying at a mature age and the parents are not in a position
of delivery another one. The togetherness that may have existed before will have been

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broken because they may have planned to have no more children and yet their one and
only child dies’. The outcome of such a case is always discord in the family instead of
peace and love in the home; bonding becomes a thing of the past once the link which is
the child is out of the picture.
Culture is another common issue that crops up when family birth control
issues arise; many cultures are sensitive when it comes to making sure that life is
preserved at all cost. Control and planning in birth rates has never been received well by
different cultures, in fact, it has been a bone of contention for a period of years among
global nations. Life issues have brought forth controversies for instance in the health
sector especially when dealing with problems pertaining to abortion and euthanasia.
However critical the situation no one is mandated to ta...


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