ESSAY EDIT: Revolutions of 1848 in Marxist perspective

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Select at least two of the Revolutions of 1848 and then analyze and explain them as if you were a Marxist historian. You will need to explain the causes, events, and final outcome of each revolution from the perspective of a Marxist historian.


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The revolutions of 1848 were a series of revolts by the republicans against the monarchical systems in Europe. The revolutions began in Sicily, Italy in January 1848 and had spread to France by the 24th of February the same year. The spread continued throughout Europe apart from in Russia and Spain. They were also few in the Great Britain specifically in Ireland, amounting to only a little demonstrations and agitations by the republicans. In other places such as Belgium, Denmark and Netherlands, the revolutions were peaceful and were marked by peaceful reforms of the then institutions. Violent uprising however broke in Berlin, Paris and Vienna. The governments in these three monarchies were vulnerable due to the fear of the revolution. The revolutions were only successful in France where significant changes were experienced. By 1948, European states had experienced an increase in population which brought economic problems, job competition, inadequate foods to the people and also housing problem. The revolutions were liberal and were against monarchical structures and needed to have independent states. These revolutions have been led by middle classes and workers. The economic crisis led to rising in urban unemployment, most of the Vienna people were viewed as not useful again hence they needed the change. The liberalization of the industries and the trade laws led to the emergence of the sea of businesspeople who exploited the middle class and the poor. Urban workers survived on bread and potatoes as the main food and had no option but to spend half of their income on food. There was a decrease in manufactured food, and this led to minimal jobs in urban areas hence the revolution was calling for a solution of unemployment. In France it was sparked by the political meetings which led to the destabilization of the king of French Louis- Philippe hence the end of the monarchy. Several people attended the campaigns in February 1848. The society was split into two: those who had nothing that was united in common and those that had anything that was united in common. In Germany it took place in west and southern part of Germany, marked with mass demonstrations. The educated elites were demanding for the national unity, freedom of the assembly and more also the freedom of the press. The middle class and working class split forcing most of the liberals to the exile. In Italy, the revolution was a nationalist uprising against Austria. In Belgium, the Netherlands focused on peaceful reforms. It marked the first time and the beginning of the workers to seek their rights, there was political awareness, and now people started knowing the effects of the politics in their daily lives hence they started expressing themselves through elections, demonstrations, and the media. The second half war of the 19th Century was a legacy of 1848 revolutions. It marked the start of mass politics which has led to the shape of Europe today. The government was forced to provide jobs to most people hence the source of income to them. Second was the rural areas revolution. Revolution in Europe started in the urban areas which hub economic growth and political change and later spread to rural areas with similar features on economic, political and social events. It was characterized by economic depression, poor governing and lack of contentment among the workers or the peasants. The rural areas revolution in Europe was caused by various factors which included population increase in Europe which resulted in population pressure especially in the rural areas due to immigration. With population increase, the agrarian sector could not sustain the population which caused food shortages and migration to urban areas. Second factor was food insecurity. Agriculture was significantly affected by crops diseases like potato blight that lead to poor crop yield. Poor harvest caused conditions of near famine and starvation. During this time the food prices hiked causing demonstrations and food riots. High population pressure in the rural areas resulted in people moving from rural areas to urban centers which included both emigration and immigration. People settled in urban areas in search of employment due to a decline of factories and better living conditions. There also was a reaction against a monopolized distribution of power by the educated ruling class who demanded more involvement in decision making from the nobles. This, therefore, called for a more comprehensive distribution of political power in governments. The revolution period in Europe, most of the peasants in the rural areas had lost their communal lands due to the abolition of feudalism and its duties. Feudalism was replaced by private ownership of property. Therefore, there was the rise of social classes which included the owners of production and laborers. Peasants sold their labor to the haves who in return paid them wages and salaries in exchange for their services. The production process was able to maximize profit and produce commodities that met the needs of the people. The production process was controlled by a few individuals who are referred as bourgeoisie or the ruling class while the controlled working class is called the proletariat. Revolution in the rural areas led to a number of outcomes. Social stratification of the society brought about class struggle between the working class and the ruling class. The ruling class oppressed the working class due to low wages and salaries which subjected them to poor living conditions of life. Conflicts emerged due to peasants demands for better payments and better working conditions. In conclusion, the revolutions of 1848 brought many different results.
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