Shakhnazaryan, Tamara Nutrition 011 Carbohydrate Flowchart Carbohydrates: - Nutrients that provide your body with energy. Carbohydrates must be broken down to basic units called monosaccharides. Digestion begins in mouth with action of the ​Salivary amylase ● Salivary Amylase​- ​An enzyme found in the ​saliva ​of humans and herbivorous animals that helps in the pre-digestion of starches. ● Hydrolysis​- the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. Digestion of the carbohydrates does not resume until the food reached the first part of the small intestine that we call the ​Duodenum​. ● Carbohydrate meets the ​Pancreatic amylase​ (similar to Salivary Amylase) & continues breaking down the carbohydrate. ● Any remaining sugars are acted upon by ​Brush Border Enzymes​. ● Brush Border Enzymes​- Special enzymes found on the microvilli of the small intestine ● Microvilli-​ Tiny “Hair-like” projections that increase surface area of the small intestine & therefore increase nutrient absorption Now that all the carbohydrate molecules have been hydrolyzed into their simplest monosaccharide form, they can be absorbed out of the digestive tract & into your bloodstream. ● The Digestive sugars pass into the microvilli of the epithelial cells & then enter the capillaries found in the wall of the small intestine. ● The absorbed substances are now in the bloodstream, and are ready to now be transported to your body cells. Carbohydrates, especially the monosaccharide glucose, provides your body with ready source of energy. ● When your body cells break down glucose, energy is released in the form of ​ATP​- which your body cells use to carry out most of their functions. Shakhnazaryan Tamara Nutrition 011 Lipid Flowchart Lipid​ - Fat-Like molecule that does not have the ability to dissolve in water. This inability to dissolve in water adds an element of difficulty to fat digestion. ● Lipids go undigested in your digestive tract until they reach your small intestine where they meet ​Bile​. ● Bile contains Bile Salts which act as an emulsifier of lipids. ● This breaks the large fat droplets into smaller droplets that are then easier for the fat digesting enzyme, ​Pancreatic Lipase​ to digest. When Pancreatic Lipase acts on the small lipid droplets, it breaks them down into ​Free Fatty Acids & Monoglycerides​ - which are the two digestive products of lipids. ● These small units are able to pass through the intestinal mucosa, and enter the epithelial cell of the small intestine. ● Once inside the cells, they enter the ​Endoplasmic Reticulum​- A system inside the cell whose functions include synthesis & transport of lipids. ● The digestive products are resynthesized into triglycerides. ● Triglycerides​ - Major form of fat stored by the body. Before the Triglyceride leaves the cell, they get a protein coating, and become Chylomicrons ● Chylomicrons​- Small globules composed of protein and lipids. ● The chylomicrons first enter the Lymphatic capillaries called ​Lacteals​, before entering the blood circulation Fats are used to build cell membranes, make Myelin sheaths, insulate the body alternate fuel source. Shakhnazaryan Tamara Nutrition 11 Protein Flowchart Protein:​ Large molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids. Amino Acids​: Basic building blocks of protein ● Amino Acids can be used by your body to form important cellular structures, such as: Enzymes, Antibodies, Hormones, Collagen, and Muscle protein. Protein digestion begins with the action of an enzyme called ​Pepsin. ● Pepsin​: Active protein-digesting enzyme of the stomach. ● Pepsin acts on protein molecules by breaking the peptide bonds that hold the molecule together Digestion of protein is completed in the small intestine by ​pancreatic enzymes​: ● Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase:​ These enzymes also get some help from the Brush Border Enzymes ● Brush Border Enzymes​: Special enzymes found on the microvilli of the small intestine that complete digestion. When proteins are broken down, they create ​polypeptides ● Polypeptides​: Chains of amino acids linked together ○ Poly- “many”; Peptides- “ Two or more amino acids linked together. Before entering the general circulation, digestion nutrients that leave the digestive tract, take a detour to the liver. The Hepatic Portal System​: System of veins that are responsible for directing blood from the digestive tract to the liver. The Hepatic Portal Vein​: A vein that transports blood from the digestive tract to the liver. ● After the liver takes its share of the nutrients, the blood enters the general circulation through the Hepatic Veins that drain the liver. Carbohydrate Flowchart Carbohydrates: - Nutrients that provide your body with energy. Carbohydrates must be broken down to basic units called monosaccharides. Digestion begins in mouth with action of the ​Salivary amylase ● Salivary Amylase​- ​An enzyme found in the ​saliva ​of humans and herbivorous animals that helps in the pre-digestion of starches. ● Hydrolysis​- the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. Digestion of the carbohydrates does not resume until the food reached the first part of the small intestine that we call the ​Duodenum​. ● Carbohydrate meets the ​Pancreatic amylase​ (similar to Salivary Amylase) & continues breaking down the carbohydrate. ● Any remaining sugars are acted upon by ​Brush Border Enzymes​. ● Brush Border Enzymes​- Special enzymes found on the microvilli of the small intestine ● Microvilli-​ Tiny “Hair-like” projections that increase surface area of the small intestine & therefore increase nutrient absorption Now that all the carbohydrate molecules have been hydrolyzed into their simplest monosaccharide form, they can be absorbed out of the digestive tract & into your bloodstream. ● The Digestive sugars pass into the microvilli of the epithelial cells & then enter the capillaries found in the wall of the small intestine. ● The absorbed substances are now in the bloodstream, and are ready to now be transported to your body cells. Carbohydrates, especially the monosaccharide glucose, provides your body with ready source of energy. ● When your body cells break down glucose, energy is released in the form of ​ATP​- which your body cells use to carry out most of their functions. Lipid Flowchart Lipid​ - Fat-Like molecule that does not have the ability to dissolve in water. This inability to dissolve in water adds an element of difficulty to fat digestion. ● Lipids go undigested in your digestive tract until they reach your small intestine where they meet ​Bile​. ● Bile contains Bile Salts which act as an emulsifier of lipids. ● This breaks the large fat droplets into smaller droplets that are then easier for the fat digesting enzyme, ​Pancreatic Lipase​ to digest. When Pancreatic Lipase acts on the small lipid droplets, it breaks them down into ​Free Fatty Acids & Monoglycerides​ - which are the two digestive products of lipids. ● These small units are able to pass through the intestinal mucosa, and enter the epithelial cell of the small intestine. ● Once inside the cells, they enter the ​Endoplasmic Reticulum​- A system inside the cell whose functions include synthesis & transport of lipids. ● The digestive products are resynthesized into triglycerides. ● Triglycerides​ - Major form of fat stored by the body. Before the Triglyceride leaves the cell, they get a protein coating, and become Chylomicrons ● Chylomicrons​- Small globules composed of protein and lipids. ● The chylomicrons first enter the Lymphatic capillaries called ​Lacteals​, before entering the blood circulation Fats are used to build cell membranes, make Myelin sheaths, insulate the body alternate fuel source. Protein Flowchart Protein:​ Large molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids. Amino Acids​: Basic building blocks of protein ● Amino Acids can be used by your body to form important cellular structures, such as: Enzymes, Antibodies, Hormones, Collagen, and Muscle protein. Protein digestion begins with the action of an enzyme called ​Pepsin. ● Pepsin​: Active protein-digesting enzyme of the stomach. ● Pepsin acts on protein molecules by breaking the peptide bonds that hold the molecule together Digestion of protein is completed in the small intestine by ​pancreatic enzymes​: ● Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase:​ These enzymes also get some help from the Brush Border Enzymes ● Brush Border Enzymes​: Special enzymes found on the microvilli of the small intestine that complete digestion. When proteins are broken down, they create ​polypeptides ● Polypeptides​: Chains of amino acids linked together ○ Poly- “many”; Peptides- “ Two or more amino acids linked together. Before entering the general circulation, digestion nutrients that leave the digestive tract, take a detour to the liver. The Hepatic Portal System​: System of veins that are responsible for directing blood from the digestive tract to the liver. The Hepatic Portal Vein​: A vein that transports blood from the digestive tract to the liver. ● After the liver takes its share of the nutrients, the blood enters the general circulation through the Hepatic Veins that drain the liver.
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