writing a ten page research paper about Chinese opium war history

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Chinese Opium War History

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2
In the 19th century, China experienced two opium wars that involved the Anglo-Chinese
disputes concerning the British trade in the Chinese country. The First Opium War occurred
between the years 1839 and 1842 while the second war took place 1856-1860. The First Opium
War was between China and Britain while in the second war Britain and France united to fight
China. Under both circumstances, China lost the battles thus losing commercial privileges as
well as legal and territorial concessions in the country. The conflicts were the basis for the
beginning of a new era of unequal treaties and other hostile attacks on Qing sovereignty that
facilitated the weakening of the dynasty at the beginning of the 20th century.1 The results of the
war showed that the ceding of the territory of Hong Kong to the management of the British and
enhanced the opening up of treaty ports for trading with other foreign countries. Moreover, there
were increased sales of opium by the British government to the Chinese. The primary concern of
the British was on free trade and disregarded the consequences on both the Chinese people and
the government. According to the majority of the people from China, the moral lesson from this
war is the ability to be strong and avoid becoming vulnerable and weak in the eyes of the enemy.
The leading cause of the Opium War was the attempt to suppress the opium trade. There
was the increased illegal exportation of opium from India and China by the British. In the year
1820, the business grew significantly thus causing adverse social and economic implications.
The Chinese government confiscated and destroyed vast amounts of opium stored at Canton by
the British merchants. The war between the two countries increased after British sailors killed a
Chinese citizen. Since the British government was unwilling to let its citizens tried by the China
legal system, they refused to turn the subjects to the courts. The destruction of the Chinese

1

Hill, Katrina. "Collecting on campaign: British soldiers in China during the Opium Wars." Journal of the History
of Collections 25, no. 2 (2012): 227-252.

3
blockade at Hong Kong by the British warships increased the rivalry. At the beginning of the
year 1840, the British government sent an expeditionary force to China. After some period of
consultation, the British led the attack on the city. In 1842, British led a successful campaign
Qing force regardless of the possibilities of the Chinese group counterattacking that led to the
capture of Nanjing after the fight.2
In addressing the war, there was ease precision of quick negotiations. In the late August
of 1842, the processes resulted in the adoption of the treaty of Nanjing. It provided that China
has to reimburse the British government with cedes Hong Kong Island. China also had to
increase the treaty ports from one to five for facilitation of trading and residing of the British
merchants. Before this treaty, British only owned Canton port in China. It proposed the addition
of other four including Shanghai and the current access to foreigners. This process formed the
basis for the transformation of the city into a unified central Chinese commercial entrepôts. The
British earned the extraterritoriality, the right for their cases to be tried in their local courts as
opposed to Chinese legal system, in late 1843 during the British Supplementary Treaty of the
Bogue (Humen). The agreement also saw British gaining the sta...


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