Complete 4 questions about Language change

nanznr12
timer Asked: Apr 13th, 2018

Question Description

Please complete all the questions in the attachment, some of them are about morphological change, syntactic change. Please bid only if you can finish all of them

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Linguistics 1150 Online 1. Consider the following set of core vocabulary items from four languages of the world, and answer the questions that follow (2-3 sentences each should suffice; be sure to cite specific pieces of data to support your claims). Language A Language B Language C Language D Gloss (1) frate bráthair sedulur brawd ‘brother’ (2) mamă máthair ibu mam ‘mother’ (3) picior cos sikil coes ‘leg’ (4) zece deich sepuluh deg ‘ten’ (5) trei trí telu tri ‘three’ (6) ureche cluas kuping clust ‘ear’ (7) genunchi glúin dhengkul glin ‘knee’ a. Which two languages seem to be very closely related? How can you tell? b. Which third language seems to be at least distantly related to the two languages you identified in part a.? How can you tell? c. Which language is not related to the other three? How can you tell? d. Identify the languages present in the data, and their genetic classification (language family / families). 2. Consider the data below, showing the development of five words from Proto-Slavic into one of its daughter languages, Bulgarian (Indo-European), and complete the activities that follow. Forms are transcribed according to standard IPA conventions. (Data adapted from Mihalicek and Wilson 2011.) Proto-Slavic Bulgarian Gloss (1) *[ɡladuka] [ɡlatkə] ‘smooth’ (2) *[kratuka] [kratkə] ‘short’ 1 Linguistics 1150 Online (3) *[blizuka] [bliskə] ‘near’ (4) *[ʒeʒika] [ʒeʃkə] ‘scorching’ (5) *[lovuka] [lofkə] ‘near’ a. Identify the specific sound changes which have taken place between these Proto-Slavic and Bulgarian forms, referencing relevant data points that exemplify these changes. b. Using natural classes, account for the changes you identified in part a. by proposing diachronic phonological rule(s). Your rule(s) should be written in both formal notation and prose, and named. Additionally, explicitly note whether each rule you posit is conditioned or unconditioned. Hint: To ensure a phonetically natural system, one of your rules should be a case of assimilation. c. Provide diachronic phonological derivations from Proto-Slavic into Bulgarian for all five words. d. Briefly explain any crucial ordering(s) involving your sound change rules (1-2 sentences should suffice); use comparative derivations to highlight problem(s) with incorrect ordering(s). (Note that not every rule you identify will necessarily need to be crucially ordered with respect to the other rules.) Hint: see the attactments 3. Below are four translations of the Lord’s Prayer, produced at four different times in the history of English. (1) Old English (text ca. 1000 CE) Faeder ūre þū þe eart on heofonum, sī þīn nama gehālgod. Tō becume þīn rīce. Gewurðe þīn willa on eorðan swā swā on heofonum. Ūrne gedæghwamlīcan hlāf syle ūs tō dæg. And forgyf ūs ūre gyltas, swā swā wē forgyfaþ ūrum gyltendum. And ne gelǣd þū ūs on costnunge ac ālȳs ūs of yfele. Sō ðlīce. Note that the letter , called thorn, is used here to represent the voiceless interdental fricative [θ], while the letter , called eth, is used to represent the voiced interdental 2 Linguistics 1150 Online fricative [ð]. (In fact, these two symbols could be used interchangeably in Old English writing, to represent the interdental fricatives.) Additionally, a macron < ̄ > over a vowel symbol indicates it is long (compare IPA [ː]). (2) Middle English (text ca. 1400 CE) Oure fadir that art in heuenes, halwid be thi name; thi kingdom cumme to; be thi wille don as in heuen and in erthe; gif to vs this day oure breed ouer other substaunce; and forgeue to vs oure dettis, as we forgeue to oure dettours; and leede vs nat in to temptacioun, but delyuere vs fro yuel. Amen. (3) Early Modern English (text 1611 CE) Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdome come. Thy will be done, in earth, as it is in heauen. Giue vs this day our daily bread. And forgiue vs our debts, as we forgiue our debters. And lead vs not into temptation, but deliuer vs from euill. Amen. (4) Present Day English (text 2017 CE) Our Father, who is in heaven, may your name be kept holy. May your kingdom come into being. May your will be followed on earth, just as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily food. And forgive us our offenses, just as we forgive those who have offended us. And do not lead us into temptation, but free us from evil. Amen. (Instructions begin on the next page.) Identify 1 example each of morphological change and syntactic change holding between each of the three earlier periods of English (Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English), as compared with Present Day English. (So you should identify 3 examples of each type of change, for 6 examples of change overall.) Use the Present Day English translation as a basis of comparison for identifying your 6 changes. Explain your findings (1-2 sentences each should suffice). Some phenomena you might pay attention to across these periods of English include inflection, inversion, and negation. 4. Consider the following six words of English: 3 Linguistics 1150 Online (1) acorn (4) jeopardy (2) fond (adjective) (5) luxury (3) gossip (noun) (6) trend (noun) (noun) First, using the Oxford English Dictionary (OED; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.neu.edu/), identify the earlier meaning of each of these words. Then, identify the type(s) of semantic change that have occurred in each word’s development over time. Explain your findings (1-2 sentences per word should suffice). 4
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