• Part Number:
1910
• Part Title:
Occupational Safety and Health Standards
• Subpart:
I
• Subpart Title:
Personal Protective Equipment
• Standard Number: 1910 Subpart I App B
• Title:
Non-mandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal
Protective Equipment Selection.
• GPO Source:
e-CFR
This Appendix is intended to provide compliance assistance for employers and employees in
implementing requirements for a hazard assessment and the selection of personal protective
equipment.
1. Controlling hazards. PPE devices alone should not be relied on to provide protection against hazards,
but should be used in conjunction with guards, engineering controls, and sound manufacturing
practices.
2. Assessment and selection. It is necessary to consider certain general guidelines for assessing the foot,
head, eye and face, and hand hazard situations that exist in an occupational or educational operation or
process, and to match the protective devices to the particular hazard. It should be the responsibility of
the safety officer to exercise common sense and appropriate expertise to accomplish these tasks.
3. Assessment guidelines. In order to assess the need for PPE the following steps should be taken:
a. Survey. Conduct a walk-through survey of the areas in question. The purpose of the survey is to
identify sources of hazards to workers and co-workers. Consideration should be given to the basic
hazard categories:
(a) Impact
(b) Penetration
(c) Compression (roll-over)
(d) Chemical
(e) Heat
(f) Harmful dust
(g) Light (optical) radiation
b. Sources. During the walk-through survey the safety officer should observe: (a) sources of motion; i.e.,
machinery or processes where any movement of tools, machine elements or particles could exist, or
movement of personnel that could result in collision with stationary objects; (b) sources of high
temperatures that could result in burns, eye injury or ignition of protective equipment, etc.; (c) types of
chemical exposures; (d) sources of harmful dust; (e) sources of light radiation, i.e., welding, brazing,
cutting, furnaces, heat treating, high intensity lights, etc.; (f) sources of falling objects or potential for
dropping objects; (g) sources of sharp objects which might pierce the feet or cut the hands; (h) sources
of rolling or pinching objects which could crush the feet; (i) layout of workplace and location of coworkers; and (j) any electrical hazards. In addition, injury/accident data should be reviewed to help
identify problem areas
c. Organize data. Following the walk-through survey, it is necessary to organize the data and information
for use in the assessment of hazards. The objective is to prepare for an analysis of the hazards in the
environment to enable proper selection of protective equipment.
d. Analyze data. Having gathered and organized data on a workplace, an estimate of the potential for
injuries should be made. Each of the basic hazards (paragraph 3.a.) should be reviewed and a
determination made as to the type, level of risk, and seriousness of potential injury from each of the
hazards found in the area. The possibility of exposure to several hazards simultaneously should be
considered.
4. Selection guidelines. After completion of the procedures in paragraph 3, the general procedure for
selection of protective equipment is to: a) Become familiar with the potential hazards and the type of
protective equipment that is available, and what it can do; i.e., splash protection, impact protection,
etc.; b) compare the hazards associated with the environment; i.e., impact velocities, masses, projectile
shape, radiation intensities, with the capabilities of the available protective equipment; c) select the
protective equipment which ensures a level of protection greater than the minimum required to protect
employees from the hazards; and d) fit the user with the protective device and give instructions on care
and use of the PPE. It is very important that end users be made aware of all warning labels for and
limitations of their PPE.
5. Fitting the device. Careful consideration must be given to comfort and fit. PPE that fits poorly will not
afford the necessary protection. Continued wearing of the device is more likely if it fits the wearer
comfortably. Protective devices are generally available in a variety of sizes. Care should be taken to
ensure that the right size is selected.
6. Devices with adjustable features. Adjustments should be made on an individual basis for a
comfortable fit that will maintain the protective device in the proper position. Particular care should be
taken in fitting devices for eye protection against dust and chemical splash to ensure that the devices
are sealed to the face. In addition, proper fitting of helmets is important to ensure that it will not fall off
during work operations. In some cases a chin strap may be necessary to keep the helmet on an
employee's head. (Chin straps should break at a reasonably low force, however, so as to prevent a
strangulation hazard). Where manufacturer's instructions are available, they should be followed
carefully.
7. Reassessment of hazards. It is the responsibility of the safety officer to reassess the workplace hazard
situation as necessary, by identifying and evaluating new equipment and processes, reviewing accident
records, and reevaluating the suitability of previously selected PPE.
8. Selection chart guidelines for eye and face protection. Some occupations (not a complete list) for
which eye protection should be routinely considered are: carpenters, electricians, machinists, mechanics
and repairers, millwrights, plumbers and pipe fitters, sheet metal workers and tinsmiths, assemblers,
sanders, grinding machine operators, lathe and milling machine operators, sawyers, welders, laborers,
chemical process operators and handlers, and timber cutting and logging workers. The following chart
provides general guidance for the proper selection of eye and face protection to protect against hazards
associated with the listed hazard "source" operations.
Eye and Face Protection Selection Chart
Source
Assessment of Hazard Protection
IMPACT -- Chipping, grinding machining,
masonry work, woodworking, sawing,
drilling, chiseling, powered fastening,
riveting, and sanding
Flying fragments,
Spectacles with side protection,
objects, large chips,
goggles, face shields. See notes (1),
particles sand, dirt, etc (3), (5), (6), (10). For severe
exposure, use faceshield.
HEAT -- Furnace operations, pouring,
casting, hot dipping, and welding
Hot sparks
Faceshields, goggles, spectacles
with side protection. For severe
exposure use faceshield. See notes
(1), (2), (3).
Splash from molten
metals
Faceshields worn over goggles. See
notes (1), (2), (3).
High temperature
exposure
Screen face shields, reflective face
shields. See notes (1), (2), (3).
Splash
Goggles, eyecup and cover types.
For severe exposure, use face
shield. See notes (3), (11).
Irritating mists
Special-purpose goggles.
Nuisance dust
Goggles, eyecup and cover types.
See note (8).
Welding: Electric arc
Optical radiation
Welding helmets or welding shields.
Typical shades: 10-14. See notes (9),
(12)
Welding: Gas
Optical radiation
Welding goggles or welding face
shield. Typical shades: gas welding
4-8, cutting 3-6, brazing 3-4. See
note (9)
CHEMICALS -- Acid and chemicals
handling, degreasing plating
DUST -- Woodworking, buffing, general
dusty conditions
LIGHT and/or RADIATION --
Cutting, Torch brazing,
Torch soldering
Optical radiation
Spectacles or welding face-shield.
Typical shades, 1.5-3. See notes (3),
(9)
Glare
Poor vision
Spectacles with shaded or specialpurpose lenses, as suitable. See
notes (9), (10).
Notes to Eye and Face Protection Selection Chart:
(1) Care should be taken to recognize the possibility of multiple and simultaneous exposure to a variety
of hazards. Adequate protection against the highest level of each of the hazards should be provided.
Protective devices do not provide unlimited protection.
(2) Operations involving heat may also involve light radiation. As required by the standard, protection
from both hazards must be provided.
(3) Faceshields should only be worn over primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles).
(4) As required by the standard, filter lenses must meet the requirements for shade designations in
1910.133(a)(5). Tinted and shaded lenses are not filter lenses unless they are marked or identified as
such.
(5) As required by the standard, persons whose vision requires the use of prescription (Rx) lenses must
wear either protective devices fitted with prescription (Rx) lenses or protective devices designed to be
worn over regular prescription (Rx) eyewear.
(6) Wearers of contact lenses must also wear appropriate eye and face protection devices in a hazardous
environment. It should be recognized that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an
additional hazard to contact lens wearers.
(7) Caution should be exercised in the use of metal frame protective devices in electrical hazard areas.
(8) Atmospheric conditions and the restricted ventilation of the protector can cause lenses to fog.
Frequent cleansing may be necessary.
(9) Welding helmets or faceshields should be used only over primary eye protection (spectacles or
goggles).
(10) Non-sideshield spectacles are available for frontal protection only, but are not acceptable eye
protection for the sources and operations listed for "impact."
(11) Ventilation should be adequate, but well protected from splash entry. Eye and face protection
should be designed and used so that it provides both adequate ventilation and protects the wearer from
splash entry.
(12) Protection from light radiation is directly related to filter lens density. See note (4) . Select the
darkest shade that allows task performance.
9. Selection guidelines for head protection. All head protection (helmets) is designed to provide
protection from impact and penetration hazards caused by falling objects. Head protection is also
available which provides protection from electric shock and burn. When selecting head protection,
knowledge of potential electrical hazards is important. Class A helmets, in addition to impact and
penetration resistance, provide electrical protection from low-voltage conductors (they are proof tested
to 2,200 volts). Class B helmets, in addition to impact and penetration resistance, provide electrical
protection from high-voltage conductors (they are proof tested to 20,000 volts). Class C helmets provide
impact and penetration resistance (they are usually made of aluminum which conducts electricity), and
should not be used around electrical hazards.
Where falling object hazards are present, helmets must be worn. Some examples include: working
below other workers who are using tools and materials which could fall; working around or under
conveyor belts which are carrying parts or materials; working below machinery or processes which
might cause material or objects to fall; and working on exposed energized conductors.
Some examples of occupations for which head protection should be routinely considered are:
carpenters, electricians, linemen, mechanics and repairers, plumbers and pipe fitters, assemblers,
packers, wrappers, sawyers, welders, laborers, freight handlers, timber cutting and logging, stock
handlers, and warehouse laborers.
Beginning with the ANSI Z89.1-1997 standard, ANSI updated the classification system for protective
helmets. Prior revisions used type classifications to distinguish between caps and full brimmed hats.
Beginning in 1997, Type I designated helmets designed to reduce the force of impact resulting from a
blow only to the top of the head, while Type II designated helmets designed to reduce the force of
impact resulting from a blow to the top or sides of the head. Accordingly, if a hazard assessment
indicates that lateral impact to the head is foreseeable, employers must select Type II helmets for their
employees. To improve comprehension and usefulness, the 1997 revision also redesignated the
electrical-protective classifications for helmets as follows: "Class G -- General"; helmets designed to
reduce the danger of contact with low-voltage conductors; "Class E -- Electrical"; helmets designed to
reduce the danger of contact with conductors at higher voltage levels; and "Class C -- Conductive";
helmets that provide no protection against contact with electrical hazards.
10. Selection guidelines for foot protection. Safety shoes and boots which meet the ANSI Z41-1991
Standard provide both impact and compression protection. Where necessary, safety shoes can be
obtained which provide puncture protection. In some work situations, metatarsal protection should be
provided, and in other special situations electrical conductive or insulating safety shoes would be
appropriate.
Safety shoes or boots with impact protection would be required for carrying or handling materials such
as packages, objects, parts or heavy tools, which could be dropped; and, for other activities where
objects might fall onto the feet. Safety shoes or boots with compression protection would be required
for work activities involving skid trucks (manual material handling carts) around bulk rolls (such as paper
rolls) and around heavy pipes, all of which could potentially roll over an employee's feet. Safety shoes or
boots with puncture protection would be required where sharp objects such as nails, wire, tacks, screws,
large staples, scrap metal etc., could be stepped on by employees causing a foot injury. Electrically
conductive shoes would be required as a supplementary form of protection for work activities in which
there is a danger of fire or explosion from the discharge of static electricity. Electricalhazard or dielectric
footwear would be required as a supplementary form of protection when an employee standing on the
ground is exposed to hazardous step or touch potential (the difference in electrical potential between
the feet or between the hands and feet) or when primary forms of electrical protective equipment, such
as rubber insulating gloves and blankets, do not provide complete protection for an employee standing
on the ground.
Some occupations (not a complete list) for which foot protection should be routinely considered are:
Shipping and receiving clerks, stock clerks, carpenters, electricians, machinists, mechanics and repairers,
plumbers and pipe fitters, structural metal workers, assemblers, drywall installers and lathers, packers,
wrappers, craters, punch and stamping press operators, sawyers, welders, laborers, freight handlers,
gardeners and grounds-keepers, timber cutting and logging workers, stock handlers and warehouse
laborers.
11. Selection guidelines for hand protection. Gloves are often relied upon to prevent cuts, abrasions,
burns, and skin contact with chemicals that are capable of causing local or systemic effects following
dermal exposure. OSHA is unaware of any gloves that provide protection against all potential hand
hazards, and commonly available glove materials provide only limited protection against many
chemicals. Therefore, it is important to select the most appropriate glove for a particular application and
to determine how long it can be worn, and whether it can be reused.
It is also important to know the performance characteristics of gloves relative to the specific hazard
anticipated; e.g., chemical hazards, cut hazards, flame hazards, etc. These performance characteristics
should be assessed by using standard test procedures. Before purchasing gloves, the employer should
request documentation from the manufacturer that the gloves meet the appropriate test standard(s) for
the hazard(s) anticipated. Other factors to be considered for glove selection in general include:
(A) As long as the performance characteristics are acceptable, in certain circumstances, it may be more
cost effective to regularly change cheaper gloves than to reuse more expensive types; and,
(B) The work activities of the employee should be studied to determine the degree of dexterity required,
the duration, frequency, and degree of exposure of the hazard, and the physical stresses that will be
applied.
With respect to selection of gloves for protection against chemical hazards:
(A) The toxic properties of the chemical(s) must be determined; in particular, the ability of the chemical
to cause local effects on the skin and/or to pass through the skin and cause systemic effects;
(B) Generally, any "chemical resistant" glove can be used for dry powders;
(C) For mixtures and formulated products (unless specific test data are available), a glove should be
selected on the basis of the chemical component with the shortest breakthrough time, since it is
possible for solvents to carry active ingredients through polymeric materials; and,
(D) Employees must be able to remove the gloves in such a manner as to prevent skin contamination.
12. Cleaning and maintenance. It is important that all PPE be kept clean and properly maintained.
Cleaning is particularly important for eye and face protection where dirty or fogged lenses could impair
vision.
For the purposes of compliance with 1910.132 (a) and (b), PPE should be inspected, cleaned, and
maintained at regular intervals so that the PPE provides the requisite protection.
It is also important to ensure that contaminated PPE which cannot be decontaminated is disposed of in
a manner that protects employees from exposure to hazards.
[59 FR 16362, April 6, 1994; 74 FR 46357, Sept. 9, 2009; 79 FR 20633, July 10, 2014]
Next Standard (1910 Subpart I App C)
Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) - Table of Contents
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