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CALEDONIAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
SULTANATE OF OMAN
Critical Study Report on:
Application of Solar PV Energy in Rural areas of Oman
Submitted by:
Ahmed Abdullah Al-Bahri
131003
BENG EPE
For the module:
MHH121509 Research Methodology
Under the supervision of:
Dr ramalingam Muralidharan
Electrical and Computer Engineering
2016-2017
SEMESTER B
Turn it in Report
i
Project Risk Assessment Form
ii
Formal Project Proposal (Approved)
iii
iv
v
vi
Table of Contents
Turn it in Report ........................................................................................................................................... i
Project Risk Assessment Form ................................................................................................................ ii
Formal Project Proposal (Approved) ...................................................................................................... iii
List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... viii
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ viii
Chapter1 Introduction: ............................................................................................................................... 9
1.1 Research Problem: ....................................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Scope: .............................................................................................................................................. 9
1.3 Aim: ................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.4 Objectives: ...................................................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Feasibility Study: ......................................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 2 Literature Review: .................................................................................................................. 11
2.1 Paper 1: Solar Powered Smart Irrigation System ..................................................................... 11
2.2 Paper 2, 3: Rural Electrification through Solar Energy: Insights from Chhattisgarh
State of India, and Impact of Solar Energy in Rural Development in India. ....................... 12
2.3 Paper 4: Impact of Solar Energy in Rural Development in India .................................... 14
2.5Summary: ....................................................................................................................................... 17
Chapter3 Pre-Design: .............................................................................................................................. 18
3.1 Block Diagram:............................................................................................................................. 18
3.2 Working principle of the solar system ................................................................................... 18
3.3 Apparatus Discretion: ................................................................................................................ 19
3.3.1 PV solar cell ............................................................................................................................ 19
3.3.2 DC voltage regulator .............................................................................................................. 19
3.3.3 Boost converter....................................................................................................................... 20
3.3.4 Solar Battery ........................................................................................................................... 20
3.3.5 Inverter ..................................................................................................................................... 21
3.3.6 Water pump ............................................................................................................................. 21
3.4 Costing:.......................................................................................................................................... 22
4.0 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 23
5.0 Future work ....................................................................................................................................... 23
6.0 Gantt chart: ....................................................................................................................................... 24
7.0 Reference: .......................................................................................................................................... 25
vii
List of Figures
Figure 2.4. 1 PV water heating diagram ....................................................................................16
Table 2.5. 1 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 17
Figure 3. 1 Block Diagram ...................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 3.3. 1 PV solar cell ....................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 3.3. 2 voltage regulator ............................................................................................................... 19
Figure 3.3. 3 Boost converter ................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 3.3. 4 Solar Battery ...................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 3.3. 5 Inverter ............................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3.3. 6 Water pump ....................................................................................................................... 21
Table 3.4. 1. Costing 22
List of Tables
Table 2.5. 1 Summary ..............................................................................................................17
Table 3.4. 1. Costing .................................................................................................................................... 22
viii
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter1 Introduction:
Electricity is all around us, electricity is the power for all the technology nowadays, everything in
the world work with electricity, so because of that everyone should have the electricity all time,
but there is specific requirement to provide electricity like power plants, cables, transmission
lines and transformers this is the recoupments for generate and deliver the electricity for the
consumers, all of these requirement can be done easily for the cities and the flat areas. But for
sandy areas and rural areas it’s different. Distance and nature of the place make it expensive to
the government to make a special power plants for few beneficiaries. The need for electricity
lead the government and the people on the rural Ares to use the diesel generators to pull the
water out of the wells also to run some different equipment and street lights. As Delivering
electricity to rural areas in Oman need much of work, time, money and workers. But there is
easier way to deliver electricity to rural areas. This project will show a way to get use of the sun
energy by using solar PV that will help to provide clean electrical power for the rural areas in
Oman. As known Oman located at equator so the sun stays for long periods of time, that’s way
this project bulled on the solar PV as a clean and renewable source of power.
1.1 Research Problem:
Rural areas are far from the grid networks which make the people living in that areas with no
electrical power source other than using diesel generators which are noisy and uneconomical
and produce a lot of pollution. Diesel generators tend to be consume a lot of time to set it up
before using it, diesel generator needs to be filled with diesel as a fuel which is an added cost,
diesel generator are not clean because of burning fuel, also diesel generator are very loud.
1.2 Scope:
This system will help the people who lives in the rural areas in Oman to get clean energy. This
energy can last for long time with no additional cost. This energy can be used any time, in the
morning the system took the sun light and use it for anything the consumer want, the excess
power will be stored in a solar battery to be used when there is no sun light.
1.3 Aim:
To design and implement a solar energy powered system to generate electricity in rural areas in
Oman.
1.4 Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
To literature review the existing system in power generation in rural areas.
To study the information in solar energy system.
To simulate and test the designed system using software.
To test the system using hardware and analyses its performance.
9
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.5 Feasibility Study:
The components required for this project are available, some of them can be determined from
the college and some can be purchased throw the internet or electronics shops. The parts which
will be ordered throw the internet will arrived in one month maximum from the purchased date.
The software required is available in the college in power and high voltage lap, or it can be
downloaded from the internet. This project can be done within three months.
10
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 2 Literature Review:
2.1 Paper 1: Solar Powered Smart Irrigation System
(Harishankar, Kumar, Sathish , Sudharsan & Viveknath , 2014)The paper starts with an
introduction to the solar energy applications and how it will be a solution to today’s energy crisis.
It describes the decreasing costs of the solar panels used for the solar energy generation and
its application in the irrigation systems for farming. The author briefly is describing the automatic
irrigation system that uses the solar energy, the main apparatus of the system and its
advantages.
The author discussed the background of the irrigation systems used in India. The background
includes number of pump sets used, number of yearly connections installation and total of
annual power consumption. It describes how the techniques used in the solar powered smart
irrigation system will help solving the current energy crisis. Then the paper describes the
proposed solution by describing the solar system to be used for the irrigation purposes. It
describes the two common methods used for pumping water from the bore well and shows the
difference in terms of power consumption. The proposed solution is consuming less energy. The
author explains in details the solar pumping module, the automatic irrigation module and the
apparatus used in each module. A detailed description of the soil moisture sensor and its
method of work are provided.
For the implementation a full specification of the solar panel selected and its load test
characteristics is listed. Also, battery specification, the design and type of the converter and the
moisture sensor module are described in details. It describes how the probe produces a voltage
proportional to soil moisture. Then it explains the use of the stepper motor in controlling the
valve outlet.
The paper demonstrates the amount of money that can be saved using the solar energy for the
irrigation systems. However, it fails to estimate the exact amounts of money to be used for solar
irrigation systems since it needs regular maintenance that costs a lot of money.
The author concluded the paper by listing the benefits of the solar irrigation systems for the
government and the farmers over the normal systems. The solar system is easy to implement,
environment friendly, requires minimal maintenance and it is a solution for energy crisis. He is
declaring that it needs high Capital investment but the overall benefits will be high.
11
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.2 Paper 2, 3: Rural Electrification through Solar Energy: Insights from
Chhattisgarh State of India, and Impact of Solar Energy in Rural Development in
India.
(Jain, Mita & Syal, 2016) This report is about Rural Electrification through Solar Energy: Insights
from Chhattisgarh State of India. In the abstract section the writer briefly discussed the status of
the energy sector in India. He discussed the result of using fossil fuels on the environment and
the community. The use of renewable energy for example the solar energy will help in solving
most of energy crisis and meeting community demand. The Government is taking steps toward
being the leader in using solar energy and implements it widely throughout the entire country. It
has been discovered through some examples like Remote Rural Village
Electrification in Chhattisgarh State that people are not aware of the government initiatives
regarding the solar energy so it important to increase their awareness.
(Buragohain, 2012) The second article is about Impact of Solar Energy in Rural Development in
India. In the abstract the author is summarizing the need for solar energy by implementing solar
PV systems in the remote villages. The system performance and power generation is differing
with the seasons. Improvements have been achieved by utilizing solar energy in many sectors
such as, standard living, children education and crime decrease.
In the introduction section the author is discussing the importance of energy in for the economic
growth and development of societies. A statistics shows that the industrialized countries are the
most consumers of energy then the developed countries and last the developing countries. India
is facing a growing demand on energy. Fossil fuels are the most energy source used and second
are the crude oil and natural gas. This energy sources are causing environmental problems like
the global warming. Implementation of renewable energy in India will help reducing the CO2
emission and will help developing global technologies. India can deploy solar energy widely
because of its climate during the year. The Indian government has initiated programs and policies
for the implementation of solar energy.
In the methodology section the author is describing the study done in Chhattisgarh State where
four villages were selected and are all energized by solar systems. A summary of the methodology
is shown in a figure.
12
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The report talks about the Government Programs and Policies for the implementation of the solar
energy systems. It shows that the prime minister of India has prioritized the rural electrification
and for this purposes, electrification program has been held by MNRE to provide solar energy for
village household and the street lightening.
In the Impediments in Solar Energy Policies section, summary of the beneficiaries, amount of
power, type of households and the project fund is summarized. The electricity was provider for
three hours instead of six and the villagers were paying for it. Moreover, the electricity was not
available at night, very limited amount and not enough to run fans, pumps or TVs and
discontinuous electrical supplies. Major problems were faced due to the negligence of the
beneficiaries. The implementation of bigger solar power plant requires huge fund and manpower
and both resources are limited.
In the Conclusion section the author listed the challenges faced by using the fossil fuel for
electrification purposes. He declared that renewable energy is the solution for the current energy
crisis and for the increasing demand. Government is responsible for initiating the renewable
projects. The author lists solutions for the challenges that faced Chhattisgarh State solar project
and he declared that people awareness require the major attention. Training to be provided by
local language to spread awareness about the solar energy.
13
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.3 Paper 4: Case Study Applications of Solar PV On Rural Development in
Bangladesh
(Ahammed, & Taufiq, 2008) The case study is about applications of solar PV on rural development
in Bangladesh and it is started with an abstract that briefly illustrating the different entrepreneurs
working on this application and the beneficiaries. Then, the introduction clarifies the energy
consumption in Bangladesh and compares it with world average consumption. It describes the
main energy source for electricity production and the aim to increase it and connecting all citizens
to the national grid system. Finally, it is clarified how the solar PV system can solve the energy
problem by its reliable and clean service and long-term sustainability and what are the limitations
of implementing such application or service.
In the literature review section the author illustrates different studies about implementing the solar
PV systems. The first study talks about the first solar PV system implemented in Bangladesh
which was financed by France and the amount of energy it produces. Another study, illustrates
how the utilization of renewable or green energy can help meeting the energy increasing
requirement and how it can help providing energy to the poor and to support economic activities.
Hiranvarondon, Hill, and O’Keefe study describes the precautions that should be taken by the
government to facilitate the implementation and dissemination of solar PV systems and the
barriers that must be removed. All studies lists the factors for successful implementation of solar
PV systems like financial factors, maintenance and available designs to suit consumers.
The Solar Electricity and the Applications of Solar PV section define the solar electricity and the
photovoltaic process. It illustrates the solar PV systems main components like the solar panels,
charge controllers and others. It defines the solar panel and its adjustments with the sun in
different seasons also, the importance of protecting it against obstacles and debris. Batteries are
needed for energy storage to continuo energy supply when the sun sets. A table is describing the
major application of this system. Then the advantages for individuals such as financial and in
terms of system sustainability and for environment are illustrated. Also, a second table is listing
the links between using solar PV systems and several MDGs.
In the Solar Home System section, the author lists the NGOs and institutes that have been
implementing the solar PV system with the help of donors, the number of SHSs installed and the
capacity of the solar system. For the cost analysis, it was done by Centre for Mass Education in
14
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Science and the pricing options are listed in a table. A socioeconomic survey was done and one
of the important outcomes indicates that 84% of solar system costumers had no other source of
energy (electricity) and 90% are happy with this technology.
Then the author talked about Solar PV Microutility and in this section he is describing how it is
mounted on the top of the devices, the connection procedure and person who maintain it. He
talked about the history of Solar PV Microutility, how it begins and areas to implement. The
feedback from the users shows their satisfaction of the system and that was due to several
reasons such us, it was a cheap service and had a good marketing. The author discussed the
increased demand of electricity from the shops owners and from other rural people. He lists rural
markets that utilized this system, date of installation, special system features, and type of
consumers.
In the discussion and conclusion section the report discussed the several observations from using
the solar PV system such as lack of financial supports and awareness. Also, training is required
for users and technicians and other important observations such us increasing income by the
utilization of this system. Improvements in rural life and increase income can be granted by the
using solar PV systems.
15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.4 Paper 5: Photovoltaic Solar Water Heating System
(Fanney & Dougherty, 1997)The case study is about applications of solar PV system, how the
system work, this system is use the solar photovoltaic to use for heating the water.
In 1994 the solar water system was patented. This system works PV solar cells to generate
electricity, the electricity provide from the solar cells connected to resistive heating elements. This
heating elements is controlled by microprocessor by selecting the appropriate heating element,
so the PV cells work only for the wanted load.
This type of systems does not required any type of inverters for the direct current that come from
the PV cells, the system does not need for any
energy storing element like battery’s to store the
electricity current, this system is uses the direct
current directly from the solar cell and during the
night the heater is designed to contained the
heat for long time.
This system as the writer says, is expensive little
pit and the most likely system is solar thermal
hot water system, but in the next decade , the
prices of photovoltaic cells will decreased so any
one can do this type of systems.
As shown this system have PV solar cell for the
Figure 2.4. 1 PV water heating diagram
pump and another cell for switching on the controller, so the system is self-depending, some of
disadvantages of this system is after some time the efficiency of the system will decrease, also
during the clued days it need more time to retch the wanted heat, in the other hand the system is
economical, free of maintains and save consumer time.
16
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.5Summary:
In summary the rural areas in all over the world safer from almost the same problems as
the previous paper shows:
Table 2.5. 1 Summary
N
Method in the
Journal
1
Water pump
work with solar
cell
2,3
Solar cell grids
4
Advantage
Disadvantage
Clean energy, less
water consumption.
High initial cost
Providing
sustainable
electricity
Lack of awareness
of the solar systems
case study is
They can provide the
about
electricity in the
applications of
places where there
solar PV
is no electricity
Summary
At began the initial cost is
very high, but after few
years the only
Montanans cost will be
paid.
The previse grids was
work only 3 hours a day,
but after this project they
can use the electricity for
more than 6 hours a day.
The solar cells can be
lack of financial
provided from the
supports and
different charities but it
awareness
required training for users
and technicians
The system is self-
Photovoltaic
5
Solar Water
Heating System
Uses the direct
current (DC)
The efficiency
dependent, it heat and
reduce in the heavy
contain the water with
cloudy days
help of solar cell and
microcontroller
17
Chapter 3 Pre-Design
Chapter3 Pre-Design:
3.1 Block Diagram:
Figure 3. 1 Block Diagram
3.2 Working principle of the solar system
1. Solar cells will collect the sun rays and changed to an electrical current.
2. The current will go to the regulator to inshore the input power stay in the set limit.
3. After the regulator some of the power flow to the post converter and some of it
goes to be stored in the battery.
4. The inverter change the direct current to an alternating current to be used at
different loads.
5. Electrical pox is where all the wires and circuit breakers is located.
This working principle is for loads that work with alternating current, but if the loads are work with
direct current, it can be directed after the regulator and the solar cell.
18
Chapter 3 Pre-Design
3.3 Apparatus Discretion:
3.3.1 PV solar cell:
Photovoltaic solar cells can change the light into
electricity by using semiconducting material.
Photovoltaic solar cells have some specific
advantages as it’s considered as energy
source, its cause no pollution, gas and it’s made
from silicon which is available in all over the
earth.
The main disadvantage is the system need
100% to be directed to the sun or it will loss 10-
Figure 3.3. 1 PV solar cell (Solar PV Greenergy
Electric & Designs, 2017)
20% of the provided power, the solar cells effect
by the dust and clouds and the cells need to be washed from time to other.
Now days this type of power source if much cheaper than it was on 2000 when the first time solar
cells is available in the global market.
3.3.2 DC voltage regulator:
The voltage regulator is designed keep the voltage in
constant level, it can contain two different type of
components it can be electromechanical mechanism,
or it can have electronic components, the type depend
on the limit, design and type of the current if direct or
alternating current.
In this project, electronic dc voltage will be used, this
will help to regulate the direct current that come from
the solar cell to be at the appropriate voltage needed to
be stored on the battery.
The regulator will save the battery and the other
component from over voltage damage.
Figure 3.3. 2 voltage regulator (DC to DC
Step up Voltage Regulator, 2016)
Voltage regulator is contain of resistors in series with a
diode, or with only diodes. If the voltage is on the rated voltage nothing change its only regulate
19
Chapter 3 Pre-Design
the slightly change on the voltage, it also can be used for the current, but because the measuring
of voltage is more accurse in this project the suitable regulator is voltage regulator.
3.3.3 Boost converter:
Boost converter, or it can be called step up converter, is a circuit
consist of diode, capacitor, inductor and switch. The switch can
be MOSFET, IGBT or BJT.
This circuit work with DC to DC step up voltage that given throw
input supply to the output going to the load.
The boost converter can work with any power sores like battery,
rectifier or solar banal. The only condition is the power should be Figure 3.3. 3 Boost converter
a direct current. If the input given to the converter is 12V the out (Booster Board DC-DC Step-up,
2016)
but will be higher, because the converter will step the current
down and increase the voltage for the output.
This will help in this project to increase the output from the solar cells, this will help to decrease
the use of many solar cells.
3.3.4 Solar Battery:
This type of batteries is known as rechargeable battery and its
mead especially for the photovoltaic systems.
The batteries are important to store the surplus energy that
coming from the solar cells to be used in the time when there is
no sun to get the power for the components.
Figure 3.3. 4 Solar Battery
(Battery Back-up, 2015)
20
Chapter 3 Pre-Design
3.3.5 Inverter:
Inverter or power inverter, is electrical circuit that
change the direct current to alternating current.
Alternating current depend on input, output and
frequency. The overall power is depend on the
design of the inverter.
Figure 3.3. 5 Inverter
(POWER INVERTER DC IN----AC OUT,
3.3.6 Water pump:
2017)
Water pump is devise that used for pumping the
water from a lower place to other higher place.
Figure 3.3. 6 Water pump
(Integrated Brushless DC Magnetic
Drive Pumps, 2014)
21
Chapter 3 Pre-Design
3.4 Costing:
Table 3.4. 1. Costing
SL.
Overall price
of component
No.
Name of Component
Quantity
Price of single
component
1
PV solar cell 2.8w
5
1.940
9.700
2
Dc voltage regulator
2
3.000
6.000
3
Boost converter
2
3.500
7.000
4
Solar Batter
8
0.500
4.000
5
Inverter
2
4.000
8.000
6
Water pump
1
3.500
3.500
Order and shipping
1
5.000
5.000
7
Total
43.200
22
Conclusion and Future Work
4.0 Conclusion
This project shows the solar cell system for rural areas in Oman can influence the life of the
people in better way. By using the solar cells as shown the project, the cost of diesel that used
for the diesel generators, pollution, transmission and distribution cost. This project will give the
people that live in rural areas chance to enjoy using electricity safe and without any kind of
pollution. The works has been completed until now are the predesign for the overall project,
identify the recurred materials, costing of the required material and Gantt chart of the work.
5.0 Future work
In the next semester first thing to do is collecting the component from the different places, some
of the component will be ordered in the summer because it took time to reach the country. After
that assembling all the component to gather stage start. When all the components assembled to
gather, testing the preforming of the system start, the system should work as it’s supposed to
work, and if there is any modification for enhancing the work. Second Last thing in the work is
analyzing the project result. Last thing is present the work in front of the supervisor and the
evaluators to check the work quality.
23
Gantt Chart
6.0 Gantt chart:
24
Reference
7.0 Reference:
Solar
PV
Greenergy
Electric
&
Designs,
2017.
[Online].
Available
from:
Available
from:
http://mrgreenergy.com/residential/solar-pv/ .[Accessed: 24th April 2017].
(Solar PV Greenergy Electric & Designs, 2017)
DC
to
DC
Step
Up
Voltage
Regulator,
2016.
[Online].
http://www.robotshop.com/en/dfrobot-dc-to-dc-step-up-voltage-regulator.html.[Accessed:
24th
April 2017].
(DC to DC Step Up Voltage Regulator, 2016)
Booster Board DC-DC Step-up, 2016. [Online]. Available from: http://www.logicware.com.au/2ausb-booster-board-dc-dc-step-up-module-2-24v.[Accessed: 24th April 2017].
(Booster Board DC-DC Step-up, 2016)
Battery
Back-up,
2015.
[Online].
Available
from:
http://www.urbansolar.org.uk/back-
up.php.[Accessed: 24th April 2017].
(Battery Back-up, 2015)
POWER
INVERTER
DC
IN----AC
OUT,
2017.[Online].
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from:
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(POWER INVERTER DC IN----AC OUT, 2017)
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Reference
Integrated
Brushless
DC
Magnetic
Drive
Pumps,
2014.
[Online].
Available
from:
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Reference
Harishankar,S., Kumar, R., Sathish,K., Sudharsan,U. & Viveknath ,T.,2014. Solar Powered
Smart Irrigation System. Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering. [e-journal].4(4). P. 341346.
Available
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file:///C:/Users/ahmed131003/Downloads/Solar%20Powered%20Smart%20Irrigation%20Syste
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(Harishankar, Kumar, Sathish , Sudharsan & Viveknath , 2014)
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from:
https://books.google.com.om/books?id=ZiuZK4q5ZsEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=solar+energy&
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(Richards, 2010)
Sawhney, G., 2012. Non-conventional Energy Source. [e-book] New Delhi: Phi Learning Private
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Available
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https://books.google.com.om/books?id=y-
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Solar power, 2016. How Much Does it Cost to Install Solar on an Average US House. [Online].
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27