doctor in engeneering electrical for piezoelectric roads

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timer Asked: Apr 19th, 2018

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technical project cw2 witch is writing 10000 to 14000 words and cw3 witch is presentation and follow the same stepes and distration

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CALEDONIAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SULTANATE OF OMAN Critical Study Report on: Application of Solar PV Energy in Rural areas of Oman Submitted by: Ahmed Abdullah Al-Bahri 131003 BENG EPE For the module: MHH121509 Research Methodology Under the supervision of: Dr ramalingam Muralidharan Electrical and Computer Engineering 2016-2017 SEMESTER B Turn it in Report i Project Risk Assessment Form ii Formal Project Proposal (Approved) iii iv v vi Table of Contents Turn it in Report ........................................................................................................................................... i Project Risk Assessment Form ................................................................................................................ ii Formal Project Proposal (Approved) ...................................................................................................... iii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ viii Chapter1 Introduction: ............................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Research Problem: ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Scope: .............................................................................................................................................. 9 1.3 Aim: ................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Objectives: ...................................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Feasibility Study: ......................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2 Literature Review: .................................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Paper 1: Solar Powered Smart Irrigation System ..................................................................... 11 2.2 Paper 2, 3: Rural Electrification through Solar Energy: Insights from Chhattisgarh State of India, and Impact of Solar Energy in Rural Development in India. ....................... 12 2.3 Paper 4: Impact of Solar Energy in Rural Development in India .................................... 14 2.5Summary: ....................................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter3 Pre-Design: .............................................................................................................................. 18 3.1 Block Diagram:............................................................................................................................. 18 3.2 Working principle of the solar system ................................................................................... 18 3.3 Apparatus Discretion: ................................................................................................................ 19 3.3.1 PV solar cell ............................................................................................................................ 19 3.3.2 DC voltage regulator .............................................................................................................. 19 3.3.3 Boost converter....................................................................................................................... 20 3.3.4 Solar Battery ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.3.5 Inverter ..................................................................................................................................... 21 3.3.6 Water pump ............................................................................................................................. 21 3.4 Costing:.......................................................................................................................................... 22 4.0 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 23 5.0 Future work ....................................................................................................................................... 23 6.0 Gantt chart: ....................................................................................................................................... 24 7.0 Reference: .......................................................................................................................................... 25 vii List of Figures Figure 2.4. 1 PV water heating diagram ....................................................................................16 Table 2.5. 1 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 17 Figure 3. 1 Block Diagram ...................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 3.3. 1 PV solar cell ....................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 3.3. 2 voltage regulator ............................................................................................................... 19 Figure 3.3. 3 Boost converter ................................................................................................................. 20 Figure 3.3. 4 Solar Battery ...................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 3.3. 5 Inverter ............................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 3.3. 6 Water pump ....................................................................................................................... 21 Table 3.4. 1. Costing 22 List of Tables Table 2.5. 1 Summary ..............................................................................................................17 Table 3.4. 1. Costing .................................................................................................................................... 22 viii Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter1 Introduction: Electricity is all around us, electricity is the power for all the technology nowadays, everything in the world work with electricity, so because of that everyone should have the electricity all time, but there is specific requirement to provide electricity like power plants, cables, transmission lines and transformers this is the recoupments for generate and deliver the electricity for the consumers, all of these requirement can be done easily for the cities and the flat areas. But for sandy areas and rural areas it’s different. Distance and nature of the place make it expensive to the government to make a special power plants for few beneficiaries. The need for electricity lead the government and the people on the rural Ares to use the diesel generators to pull the water out of the wells also to run some different equipment and street lights. As Delivering electricity to rural areas in Oman need much of work, time, money and workers. But there is easier way to deliver electricity to rural areas. This project will show a way to get use of the sun energy by using solar PV that will help to provide clean electrical power for the rural areas in Oman. As known Oman located at equator so the sun stays for long periods of time, that’s way this project bulled on the solar PV as a clean and renewable source of power. 1.1 Research Problem: Rural areas are far from the grid networks which make the people living in that areas with no electrical power source other than using diesel generators which are noisy and uneconomical and produce a lot of pollution. Diesel generators tend to be consume a lot of time to set it up before using it, diesel generator needs to be filled with diesel as a fuel which is an added cost, diesel generator are not clean because of burning fuel, also diesel generator are very loud. 1.2 Scope: This system will help the people who lives in the rural areas in Oman to get clean energy. This energy can last for long time with no additional cost. This energy can be used any time, in the morning the system took the sun light and use it for anything the consumer want, the excess power will be stored in a solar battery to be used when there is no sun light. 1.3 Aim: To design and implement a solar energy powered system to generate electricity in rural areas in Oman. 1.4 Objectives: 1. 2. 3. 4. To literature review the existing system in power generation in rural areas. To study the information in solar energy system. To simulate and test the designed system using software. To test the system using hardware and analyses its performance. 9 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.5 Feasibility Study: The components required for this project are available, some of them can be determined from the college and some can be purchased throw the internet or electronics shops. The parts which will be ordered throw the internet will arrived in one month maximum from the purchased date. The software required is available in the college in power and high voltage lap, or it can be downloaded from the internet. This project can be done within three months. 10 Chapter 2 Literature Review Chapter 2 Literature Review: 2.1 Paper 1: Solar Powered Smart Irrigation System (Harishankar, Kumar, Sathish , Sudharsan & Viveknath , 2014)The paper starts with an introduction to the solar energy applications and how it will be a solution to today’s energy crisis. It describes the decreasing costs of the solar panels used for the solar energy generation and its application in the irrigation systems for farming. The author briefly is describing the automatic irrigation system that uses the solar energy, the main apparatus of the system and its advantages. The author discussed the background of the irrigation systems used in India. The background includes number of pump sets used, number of yearly connections installation and total of annual power consumption. It describes how the techniques used in the solar powered smart irrigation system will help solving the current energy crisis. Then the paper describes the proposed solution by describing the solar system to be used for the irrigation purposes. It describes the two common methods used for pumping water from the bore well and shows the difference in terms of power consumption. The proposed solution is consuming less energy. The author explains in details the solar pumping module, the automatic irrigation module and the apparatus used in each module. A detailed description of the soil moisture sensor and its method of work are provided. For the implementation a full specification of the solar panel selected and its load test characteristics is listed. Also, battery specification, the design and type of the converter and the moisture sensor module are described in details. It describes how the probe produces a voltage proportional to soil moisture. Then it explains the use of the stepper motor in controlling the valve outlet. The paper demonstrates the amount of money that can be saved using the solar energy for the irrigation systems. However, it fails to estimate the exact amounts of money to be used for solar irrigation systems since it needs regular maintenance that costs a lot of money. The author concluded the paper by listing the benefits of the solar irrigation systems for the government and the farmers over the normal systems. The solar system is easy to implement, environment friendly, requires minimal maintenance and it is a solution for energy crisis. He is declaring that it needs high Capital investment but the overall benefits will be high. 11 Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.2 Paper 2, 3: Rural Electrification through Solar Energy: Insights from Chhattisgarh State of India, and Impact of Solar Energy in Rural Development in India. (Jain, Mita & Syal, 2016) This report is about Rural Electrification through Solar Energy: Insights from Chhattisgarh State of India. In the abstract section the writer briefly discussed the status of the energy sector in India. He discussed the result of using fossil fuels on the environment and the community. The use of renewable energy for example the solar energy will help in solving most of energy crisis and meeting community demand. The Government is taking steps toward being the leader in using solar energy and implements it widely throughout the entire country. It has been discovered through some examples like Remote Rural Village Electrification in Chhattisgarh State that people are not aware of the government initiatives regarding the solar energy so it important to increase their awareness. (Buragohain, 2012) The second article is about Impact of Solar Energy in Rural Development in India. In the abstract the author is summarizing the need for solar energy by implementing solar PV systems in the remote villages. The system performance and power generation is differing with the seasons. Improvements have been achieved by utilizing solar energy in many sectors such as, standard living, children education and crime decrease. In the introduction section the author is discussing the importance of energy in for the economic growth and development of societies. A statistics shows that the industrialized countries are the most consumers of energy then the developed countries and last the developing countries. India is facing a growing demand on energy. Fossil fuels are the most energy source used and second are the crude oil and natural gas. This energy sources are causing environmental problems like the global warming. Implementation of renewable energy in India will help reducing the CO2 emission and will help developing global technologies. India can deploy solar energy widely because of its climate during the year. The Indian government has initiated programs and policies for the implementation of solar energy. In the methodology section the author is describing the study done in Chhattisgarh State where four villages were selected and are all energized by solar systems. A summary of the methodology is shown in a figure. 12 Chapter 2 Literature Review The report talks about the Government Programs and Policies for the implementation of the solar energy systems. It shows that the prime minister of India has prioritized the rural electrification and for this purposes, electrification program has been held by MNRE to provide solar energy for village household and the street lightening. In the Impediments in Solar Energy Policies section, summary of the beneficiaries, amount of power, type of households and the project fund is summarized. The electricity was provider for three hours instead of six and the villagers were paying for it. Moreover, the electricity was not available at night, very limited amount and not enough to run fans, pumps or TVs and discontinuous electrical supplies. Major problems were faced due to the negligence of the beneficiaries. The implementation of bigger solar power plant requires huge fund and manpower and both resources are limited. In the Conclusion section the author listed the challenges faced by using the fossil fuel for electrification purposes. He declared that renewable energy is the solution for the current energy crisis and for the increasing demand. Government is responsible for initiating the renewable projects. The author lists solutions for the challenges that faced Chhattisgarh State solar project and he declared that people awareness require the major attention. Training to be provided by local language to spread awareness about the solar energy. 13 Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.3 Paper 4: Case Study Applications of Solar PV On Rural Development in Bangladesh (Ahammed, & Taufiq, 2008) The case study is about applications of solar PV on rural development in Bangladesh and it is started with an abstract that briefly illustrating the different entrepreneurs working on this application and the beneficiaries. Then, the introduction clarifies the energy consumption in Bangladesh and compares it with world average consumption. It describes the main energy source for electricity production and the aim to increase it and connecting all citizens to the national grid system. Finally, it is clarified how the solar PV system can solve the energy problem by its reliable and clean service and long-term sustainability and what are the limitations of implementing such application or service. In the literature review section the author illustrates different studies about implementing the solar PV systems. The first study talks about the first solar PV system implemented in Bangladesh which was financed by France and the amount of energy it produces. Another study, illustrates how the utilization of renewable or green energy can help meeting the energy increasing requirement and how it can help providing energy to the poor and to support economic activities. Hiranvarondon, Hill, and O’Keefe study describes the precautions that should be taken by the government to facilitate the implementation and dissemination of solar PV systems and the barriers that must be removed. All studies lists the factors for successful implementation of solar PV systems like financial factors, maintenance and available designs to suit consumers. The Solar Electricity and the Applications of Solar PV section define the solar electricity and the photovoltaic process. It illustrates the solar PV systems main components like the solar panels, charge controllers and others. It defines the solar panel and its adjustments with the sun in different seasons also, the importance of protecting it against obstacles and debris. Batteries are needed for energy storage to continuo energy supply when the sun sets. A table is describing the major application of this system. Then the advantages for individuals such as financial and in terms of system sustainability and for environment are illustrated. Also, a second table is listing the links between using solar PV systems and several MDGs. In the Solar Home System section, the author lists the NGOs and institutes that have been implementing the solar PV system with the help of donors, the number of SHSs installed and the capacity of the solar system. For the cost analysis, it was done by Centre for Mass Education in 14 Chapter 2 Literature Review Science and the pricing options are listed in a table. A socioeconomic survey was done and one of the important outcomes indicates that 84% of solar system costumers had no other source of energy (electricity) and 90% are happy with this technology. Then the author talked about Solar PV Microutility and in this section he is describing how it is mounted on the top of the devices, the connection procedure and person who maintain it. He talked about the history of Solar PV Microutility, how it begins and areas to implement. The feedback from the users shows their satisfaction of the system and that was due to several reasons such us, it was a cheap service and had a good marketing. The author discussed the increased demand of electricity from the shops owners and from other rural people. He lists rural markets that utilized this system, date of installation, special system features, and type of consumers. In the discussion and conclusion section the report discussed the several observations from using the solar PV system such as lack of financial supports and awareness. Also, training is required for users and technicians and other important observations such us increasing income by the utilization of this system. Improvements in rural life and increase income can be granted by the using solar PV systems. 15 Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.4 Paper 5: Photovoltaic Solar Water Heating System (Fanney & Dougherty, 1997)The case study is about applications of solar PV system, how the system work, this system is use the solar photovoltaic to use for heating the water. In 1994 the solar water system was patented. This system works PV solar cells to generate electricity, the electricity provide from the solar cells connected to resistive heating elements. This heating elements is controlled by microprocessor by selecting the appropriate heating element, so the PV cells work only for the wanted load. This type of systems does not required any type of inverters for the direct current that come from the PV cells, the system does not need for any energy storing element like battery’s to store the electricity current, this system is uses the direct current directly from the solar cell and during the night the heater is designed to contained the heat for long time. This system as the writer says, is expensive little pit and the most likely system is solar thermal hot water system, but in the next decade , the prices of photovoltaic cells will decreased so any one can do this type of systems. As shown this system have PV solar cell for the Figure 2.4. 1 PV water heating diagram pump and another cell for switching on the controller, so the system is self-depending, some of disadvantages of this system is after some time the efficiency of the system will decrease, also during the clued days it need more time to retch the wanted heat, in the other hand the system is economical, free of maintains and save consumer time. 16 Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.5Summary: In summary the rural areas in all over the world safer from almost the same problems as the previous paper shows: Table 2.5. 1 Summary N Method in the Journal 1 Water pump work with solar cell 2,3 Solar cell grids 4 Advantage Disadvantage Clean energy, less water consumption. High initial cost Providing sustainable electricity Lack of awareness of the solar systems case study is They can provide the about electricity in the applications of places where there solar PV is no electricity Summary At began the initial cost is very high, but after few years the only Montanans cost will be paid. The previse grids was work only 3 hours a day, but after this project they can use the electricity for more than 6 hours a day. The solar cells can be lack of financial provided from the supports and different charities but it awareness required training for users and technicians The system is self- Photovoltaic 5 Solar Water Heating System Uses the direct current (DC) The efficiency dependent, it heat and reduce in the heavy contain the water with cloudy days help of solar cell and microcontroller 17 Chapter 3 Pre-Design Chapter3 Pre-Design: 3.1 Block Diagram: Figure 3. 1 Block Diagram 3.2 Working principle of the solar system 1. Solar cells will collect the sun rays and changed to an electrical current. 2. The current will go to the regulator to inshore the input power stay in the set limit. 3. After the regulator some of the power flow to the post converter and some of it goes to be stored in the battery. 4. The inverter change the direct current to an alternating current to be used at different loads. 5. Electrical pox is where all the wires and circuit breakers is located. This working principle is for loads that work with alternating current, but if the loads are work with direct current, it can be directed after the regulator and the solar cell. 18 Chapter 3 Pre-Design 3.3 Apparatus Discretion: 3.3.1 PV solar cell: Photovoltaic solar cells can change the light into electricity by using semiconducting material. Photovoltaic solar cells have some specific advantages as it’s considered as energy source, its cause no pollution, gas and it’s made from silicon which is available in all over the earth. The main disadvantage is the system need 100% to be directed to the sun or it will loss 10- Figure 3.3. 1 PV solar cell (Solar PV Greenergy Electric & Designs, 2017) 20% of the provided power, the solar cells effect by the dust and clouds and the cells need to be washed from time to other. Now days this type of power source if much cheaper than it was on 2000 when the first time solar cells is available in the global market. 3.3.2 DC voltage regulator: The voltage regulator is designed keep the voltage in constant level, it can contain two different type of components it can be electromechanical mechanism, or it can have electronic components, the type depend on the limit, design and type of the current if direct or alternating current. In this project, electronic dc voltage will be used, this will help to regulate the direct current that come from the solar cell to be at the appropriate voltage needed to be stored on the battery. The regulator will save the battery and the other component from over voltage damage. Figure 3.3. 2 voltage regulator (DC to DC Step up Voltage Regulator, 2016) Voltage regulator is contain of resistors in series with a diode, or with only diodes. If the voltage is on the rated voltage nothing change its only regulate 19 Chapter 3 Pre-Design the slightly change on the voltage, it also can be used for the current, but because the measuring of voltage is more accurse in this project the suitable regulator is voltage regulator. 3.3.3 Boost converter: Boost converter, or it can be called step up converter, is a circuit consist of diode, capacitor, inductor and switch. The switch can be MOSFET, IGBT or BJT. This circuit work with DC to DC step up voltage that given throw input supply to the output going to the load. The boost converter can work with any power sores like battery, rectifier or solar banal. The only condition is the power should be Figure 3.3. 3 Boost converter a direct current. If the input given to the converter is 12V the out (Booster Board DC-DC Step-up, 2016) but will be higher, because the converter will step the current down and increase the voltage for the output. This will help in this project to increase the output from the solar cells, this will help to decrease the use of many solar cells. 3.3.4 Solar Battery: This type of batteries is known as rechargeable battery and its mead especially for the photovoltaic systems. The batteries are important to store the surplus energy that coming from the solar cells to be used in the time when there is no sun to get the power for the components. Figure 3.3. 4 Solar Battery (Battery Back-up, 2015) 20 Chapter 3 Pre-Design 3.3.5 Inverter: Inverter or power inverter, is electrical circuit that change the direct current to alternating current. Alternating current depend on input, output and frequency. The overall power is depend on the design of the inverter. Figure 3.3. 5 Inverter (POWER INVERTER DC IN----AC OUT, 3.3.6 Water pump: 2017) Water pump is devise that used for pumping the water from a lower place to other higher place. Figure 3.3. 6 Water pump (Integrated Brushless DC Magnetic Drive Pumps, 2014) 21 Chapter 3 Pre-Design 3.4 Costing: Table 3.4. 1. Costing SL. Overall price of component No. Name of Component Quantity Price of single component 1 PV solar cell 2.8w 5 1.940 9.700 2 Dc voltage regulator 2 3.000 6.000 3 Boost converter 2 3.500 7.000 4 Solar Batter 8 0.500 4.000 5 Inverter 2 4.000 8.000 6 Water pump 1 3.500 3.500 Order and shipping 1 5.000 5.000 7 Total 43.200 22 Conclusion and Future Work 4.0 Conclusion This project shows the solar cell system for rural areas in Oman can influence the life of the people in better way. By using the solar cells as shown the project, the cost of diesel that used for the diesel generators, pollution, transmission and distribution cost. This project will give the people that live in rural areas chance to enjoy using electricity safe and without any kind of pollution. The works has been completed until now are the predesign for the overall project, identify the recurred materials, costing of the required material and Gantt chart of the work. 5.0 Future work In the next semester first thing to do is collecting the component from the different places, some of the component will be ordered in the summer because it took time to reach the country. After that assembling all the component to gather stage start. When all the components assembled to gather, testing the preforming of the system start, the system should work as it’s supposed to work, and if there is any modification for enhancing the work. Second Last thing in the work is analyzing the project result. Last thing is present the work in front of the supervisor and the evaluators to check the work quality. 23 Gantt Chart 6.0 Gantt chart: 24 Reference 7.0 Reference: Solar PV Greenergy Electric & Designs, 2017. [Online]. Available from: Available from: http://mrgreenergy.com/residential/solar-pv/ .[Accessed: 24th April 2017]. (Solar PV Greenergy Electric & Designs, 2017) DC to DC Step Up Voltage Regulator, 2016. [Online]. http://www.robotshop.com/en/dfrobot-dc-to-dc-step-up-voltage-regulator.html.[Accessed: 24th April 2017]. (DC to DC Step Up Voltage Regulator, 2016) Booster Board DC-DC Step-up, 2016. [Online]. Available from: http://www.logicware.com.au/2ausb-booster-board-dc-dc-step-up-module-2-24v.[Accessed: 24th April 2017]. (Booster Board DC-DC Step-up, 2016) Battery Back-up, 2015. [Online]. Available from: http://www.urbansolar.org.uk/back- up.php.[Accessed: 24th April 2017]. (Battery Back-up, 2015) POWER INVERTER DC IN----AC OUT, 2017.[Online]. Available from: http://www.mobofree.com/nigeria/Electronics-appliances/Other-appliances/Power-Inverter-DCIN-AC-OUT-C-150/1546175?from=similar.[Accessed: 24th April 2017]. (POWER INVERTER DC IN----AC OUT, 2017) 25 Reference Integrated Brushless DC Magnetic Drive Pumps, 2014. [Online]. Available from: http://www.gripumps.com/products/integrated-brushless-dc-magnetic-drive-pumps/.[Accessed: 24th April 2017]. (Integrated Brushless DC Magnetic Drive Pumps, 2014) Ahammed, F. & Taufiq, D., 2008. Case Study Applications of Solar PV On Rural Development in Bangladesh. Journal of Rural and Community Development. 1(3). p. 93–103. Available from: file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/80-212-1-PB.pdf. [Accessed: 24thAprill 2017]. (Ahammed, & Taufiq, 2008) Buragohain, T., 2012. Impact of Solar Energy in Rural Development in India. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development.[e-journal]. 3(4). p. 334-338. Available from: http://www.ijesd.org/papers/242-B10021.pdf. [Accessed: 24thAprill 2017]. (Buragohain, 2012) Fanney, A. & Dougherty, B., 1997. A Photovoltaic Solar Water Heating System. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering.[e-journal].119(2). p. 126-133. Available from: http://solarenergyengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=1455701. [Accessed: 24thAprill 2017]. (Fanney & Dougherty, 1997) Jain, M., Mita, M. & Syal, M., 2016. Rural Electrification through Solar Energy: Insights from Chattisgarh State of India. International Journal of Environment and Sustainability. [e-journal]. 5(2). P. 99-104. Available from: file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/678-2052-1-PB.pdf. [Accessed: 24thAprill 2017]. (Jain, Mita & Syal, 2016) 26 Reference Harishankar,S., Kumar, R., Sathish,K., Sudharsan,U. & Viveknath ,T.,2014. Solar Powered Smart Irrigation System. Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering. [e-journal].4(4). P. 341346. Available from: file:///C:/Users/ahmed131003/Downloads/Solar%20Powered%20Smart%20Irrigation%20Syste m.pdf. [Accessed: 24thAprill 2017]. (Harishankar, Kumar, Sathish , Sudharsan & Viveknath , 2014) Richards, J., 2010. Energy choice Solar Energy. [e-book] New York: Marshal Cavendish Benchmark: Available from: https://books.google.com.om/books?id=ZiuZK4q5ZsEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=solar+energy& hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=solar%20energy&f=false. [Accessed: 24thAprill 2017]. (Richards, 2010) Sawhney, G., 2012. Non-conventional Energy Source. [e-book] New Delhi: Phi Learning Private Limited: Available from: https://books.google.com.om/books?id=y- xYsi5469UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Nonconventional+Energy+Source&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Nonconventional%20Energy%20Source&f=false. [Accessed: 24thAprill 2017]. (Sawhney, 2012) Solar power, 2016. How Much Does it Cost to Install Solar on an Average US House. [Online]. Available from: https://www.solarpowerauthority.com/how-much-does-it-cost-to-install-solar-onan-average-us-house. [Accessed: 24thAprill 2017]. (Solar power, 2016) The cttizen, 2016. Solar power now reigns supreme in rural areas. [Online]. Available from: http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Solar-power-now-reigns-supreme-in-rural-areas/18403403900292-2umyy8/index.html. [Accessed: 24thAprill 2017]. (The cttizen, 2016) 27
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