Literature Review

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timer Asked: Apr 20th, 2018

Question Description

Standards: (the focus of this assignment is HIGH-QUALITY consistent with graduate level work).

Length - The body of this assignment should be exactly 5 pages in length (excluding the title page and references)

Format - Follow APA/Graduate Program standards.

Abstract - An abstract is NOT required for this paper.

References - At least ten (10) references are required. All references must be used and cited in the text of your paper and the sources must come from major academic journals.

In the attached file below I have my original paper that must be used any additional information must be added to this paper.

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Running head: IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL INJUSTICE Impact of Institutional Justice Kakesa Wilkerson Keiser University Dr. Lori Daniels April 14, 2018 1 IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL INJUSTICE 2 Introduction The incarceration rate in the United States is the highest among the developed nations of the world because of an institutional justice system that is designed to punish more than to rehabilitate criminals, especially minor offenders. It is challenging when consideration is given to the statistical figure of the number of inmates relative to the population and uses the figure to perform a comparative analysis of other countries. According to Ahalt et al. (2013), the gap is wide because imprison its citizen 15 times more than Japan, 11times more than the Netherlands, and 7 times more than France, which are countries that have similar economic and political conditions as the nation. On the other hand, the problem with the mass incarceration agenda of the institutions in the criminal justice system is leading to a situation where the social issues experienced by some minority group is getting worse thereby increasing the need for the development of alternatives to the methods for implementing institutional justice policy. Therefore, racial profiling, criminal stereotyping, and harsh sentencing are factors that are creating imbalances in the administration of institutional justice in the country. However, DiIulio et al. (1993) argued that evidence from the literature showed that institutions in the justice system have to be ineffective in meeting the expectations of the citizens, which is a major challenge because of the enormous resources that are invested in them and their role in the attainment of social harmony, democratic principles, and economic development. The Impact of Institutional Justice IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL INJUSTICE 3 In every democracy, the justice system should be efficient, effective and fair to all citizens in its administration of the provisions of the laws of the society. While retribution is an essential part of the process of maintaining law and order in the country, the institutions are expected to use the punishments to rehabilitate the incarcerated and deter people for engaging in crimes (Collica-Cox & Sullivan, 2017). However, the outcome of the overall assessment of the U.S. justice by scholars and analyst showed that the most of the institutions have policies that would make it impossible for them to achieve this imperative. In their study on the institutional impact of incarceration on the public health system, Schnittker, Uggen, Shannon, and McElrath (2015) posited that “individuals residing in states with a larger number of former prison inmates have diminished access to care, less access to specialists, less trust in physicians, and less satisfaction with the care they receive.” They further noted that a greater level of the effect of the failures in the American justice system could be observed through its influence on the women and dependents of inmates who alluded to the notion that the uncompensated care available at the correctional facilities is part of the problem. Social institutions are designed to implement the policies and laws of a nation, which establishes a link between their performances. When one fails in the attainments of the policy goals that are placed under its jurisdiction, the performing ones would need to create new programs to accommodate the spillover effects from the institution. This dimension is a critical one for examining the overall impact of institutional injustice on the current society. Moreover, Blanco (2012) asserted that the attainment of social objectives such as employment, provision of affordable housing, and education is the essence of the huge investment in their operations. Empirical evidence from their research showed that funding of institutions in the educational sectors is critical for improving the performance of a nation in most of the human development IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL INJUSTICE 4 parameters. Therefore, a failure of the system designed for improving the moral and intellectual capacity of the citizens would contribute to the pressures on other systems such as healthcare and social services. Rosich (2007) supported this viewpoint when they cited the role that the institutional justice system of the United States has played in the race issues that exist in the country, especially those related to the experiences of ethnic minorities. For example, the historical bias of the criminal justice system to African-Americans in the country is making the fight against crimes as a tool for promoting racial discrimination thereby making diversity management and inclusion difficult. Furthermore, it is pertinent to examine the impact of institutional justice on the prevention of crime and reduction of the incident rates of violent criminal activities. In this regard, it is important to conduct a structured examination of the factors responsible for the problem as a means to identify the strategies for dealing with the negative consequences of programs and policies of the institutional justice system. According to Seigafo(2017), the criminal justice system of the United States used the rehabilitation based policy directives to reduce criminal activities in the country by ensuring that correctional facilities offer programs that provide opportunities for acquiring occupational skills and treatment for psychological problems. Regarding the interventions for mental disorders, the goal was to use them to reduce the recidivism rate since the scientific evidence showed that they play a major role in the commission of crimes. An example is the substance abuse and anger management programs that the Department of Justice used for the allocation of financial resources to the prisons. Duwe (2017) claimed that programs such as cognitive behavior therapy and social support systems are effective in the reduction of an ex-convict to engage in criminal activities after their release. IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL INJUSTICE 5 While the programs offered by the prison system are useful for rehabilitation of prisoners, the bigger problem of overpopulation is making them irrelevant to the needs of the society. According to Phelps (2011), 1 in 142 Americans are either in jail or prison while an additional 45million is on probation or parole. They noted that the implication of this stance by criminal justice professionals is that U.S residents are more involved in the criminal justice in one way or the other than their counterparts in other developed societies. Also, the country is the only one among the developed nations that imprison people for non-criminal activities such as prostitution, drug possession, and violation of several complex regulations that most citizens are either unaware of and lacks their understanding. Leighton (2014) corroborated this position by arguing that a prison system that cost taxpayers an estimated $30,000 per inmate per annum is an ineffective one that should be reformed with alternative solutions that are less expensive and contribute to a safer and secure society. Therefore, low socioeconomic development of the citizens could be regarded as one of the impacts of an institutional justice system that fails to meet the social objectives for its establishment. Rather, than contribute to social order and harmony, it would exacerbate existing problems and make solutions that are designed for their resolution ineffective. In spite of the issues surrounding the U.S criminal justice system, especially those associated with institutionalized racial discrimination, the correctional system remains a critical element for achieving the global status of a leading economy. In the opinion of Reiman and Leighton (2015), prisons are designed to deter criminals from engaging in crimes because its absence would result in an unjust environment where the weak becomes victims of the strong. A burglar will continue to torment residents of a community if he or she knows that his or her actions would go unpunished. Rapists and juvenile sex offenders would take advantage of the IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL INJUSTICE 6 vulnerability of the young and old to cause emotional and physical pain unabated. Also, CollicaCox et al. (2017) argued that punishments are methods for maintaining the existence of equity and social debt since it serves the goal of retribution, which is required to maintain law and order. Therefore, the pain and unpleasant feelings associated with punishment are necessary for achieving other elements of retribution including rehabilitation and deterrence Conclusion The examination of the literature has shown that the duties performed by social institutions are interrelated which makes the effective delivery of their expectations a necessity for the maintenance of social harmony. According to Blanco (2012), the judicial reforms should cause the perception on the security of individuals and people being seen as victims of crime. Each judicial reform is supposed to deal with specific issues that are unique to the factors of each locality since it is the institution justice is one that seeks to promote the larger goal of “good governance, and consequently greater economic growth”, which leads to the rule of law and the respect for the right to property of all citizens. As a conclusion, institutions in the criminal justice system of the United States must strive towards ensuring that its policies and programs are designed to generate outcomes that positively impact the citizens by reducing the potentials for people to engage in criminal activities or contribute to an increase in the population of the prisons. IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL INJUSTICE References Ahalt, C., Trestman, R. L., Rich, J. D., Greifinger, R. B., & Williams, B. A. (2013). Paying the price: The pressing need for quality, cost, and outcomes data to improve correctional health care for older prisoners. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61(11). Blanco, L. R. (2012). The impact of reform on the criminal justice system in Mexico. Collica-Cox, K., & Sullivan, L. (2017). Why Retribution Matters: Progression not Regression. Theory in Action, 10(2), 41 DiIulio, J. J., Alpert, G. P., Moore, M. H., Cole, G. F., Petersilia, J., Logan, C. H., & Wilson, J. Q. (1993). Performance measures for the criminal justice system. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Duwe, G. (2017). The Use and Impact of Correctional Programming for Inmates on Pre-and Post-Release Outcomes. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice. Leighton, P. (2014). 'A Model Prison for the Next 50 Years': The High-Tech, Public-Private Shimane Asahi Rehabilitation Center. Phelps, M. S. (2011). Rehabilitation in the punitive era: The gap between rhetoric and reality in US prison programs. Law & Society Review, 45(1), 33-68. Reiman, J., & Leighton, P. (2015). The rich get richer and the poor get prison: Ideology, class, and criminal justice. Routledge. 7 IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL INJUSTICE 8 Rosich, K. J. (2007). Race, ethnicity, and the criminal justice system. ASA. Schnittker, J., Uggen, C., Shannon, S. K., & McElrath, S. (2015). The institutional effects of incarceration: Spillovers from criminal justice to health care. The Milbank Quarterly, 93(3), 516-560. Seigafo, S. (2017). Inmate’s right to rehabilitation during incarceration: A critical analysis of the United States correctional system. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 12(2), 183-195.
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