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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY EXAMINATION 2 Dr. David M. Lefkowitz 1. The best test of how good a theory is is: a. its ability to describe behavior b. how well it explains facts c. its ability to predict d. all of the above 2. Which of the following represents a major difference between classical and operant conditioning? a. In classical conditioning, the response is altered by what precedes it and in operant conditioning, the response is altered by what follows it. b. In operant conditioning, the response is altered by what precedes it and in classical conditioning, the response is altered by what follows it. c. In operant conditioning, the response is altered by reflexes only, while in classical conditioning, the response is altered by learning complex behaviors. d. In classical conditioning, the response is altered by association with a specific consequence, while in operant conditioning the response is altered by a general class of stimuli. 3. Mitch wants to take a good paying job but hesitates because he is afraid to fly and the job requires air travel. To reduce his fear of flying, he buys some records that first teach him how to relax his muscles, then, beginning with very mildly arousing situations, ask him to imagine himself in these situations. As Mitch gains control over his anxiety, he goes on to imagine more stressful situations until he can picture himself flying across the country feeling no anxiety at all. This technique is most similar to: a. flooding b. covert sensitization c. aversion therapy d. systematic desensitization 4. According to the text, man's evolution was characterized by the adaptive significance of larger: a. brains b. hands c. pelvic openings d. mouths a. 10. Which of the following procedures best demonstrates that consciousness is selective? use of EEGS b. the effects that tranquilizers have on the brain c. our inability to attend to more than one message at a time in a dichotic listening situation d. the analysis of both manifest and latent content of dreams 11. According to Maslow, which needs must be satisfied before self-actualization can take place? a. basic needs b. need for safety c. need for self-esteem d. all of the above 12. The procedure in which an animal is rewarded for displaying closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior is: a. classical conditioning b. shaping c. generalization d. superstitious behavior 13. As a new stimulus becomes similar to the conditioned stimulus, it is likely to evoke a conditioned response. a. more: less b. less: more c. less: less d. None of the above is true in the relationship 14. In an experiment, the dependent variable is the being studied, the independent variable is the a. cause: effect b. hypothesis: conclusion c. control; experimental condition d. effect: cause 15. According to ethical guidelines set by the American Psychological Association, psychologists must do which of the following when using human subjects in research? a. Inform the subjects before the experiment of any possible harm b. Make sure the subjects understand that they can stop the experiment at any time c. Make sure that the information generated by any subject is kept confidential and never reported in such a way that the subject could be Identified d. All of the above 22. AI 16. A psychologist who strongly advocated the environment side of the heredity- environment issue would probably feel most comfortable with which of the following explanations of male homosexuality? a. It is learned from an over-protective mother b. It is reflected in a malformed gene c. It is caused by a deficiency of androgenic hormones during the prenatal period d. It is caused by a childhood injury reducing the testosterone hormone production in adulthood 17. “Every morning a train goes by my house at 6:30. Then I get up and eat break- fast about 7:30. Lately, however, the train has been coming by at 4:30 and I have a terrible time getting back to sleep because I'm so hungry.” This is an example of classical conditioning. What is the conditioned stimulus? a. hunger b. 7:30 a.m. c. the sound of the train d. eating breakfast 18. If you wanted to study the effects that cigarette smoking has on cancer, the number of cigarettes smoked would be: a. the independent variable b. the dependent variable c. the control variable d. the hypothesis 19. Suppose you ride in a sports car that is driven very fast. You now assume that all sports cars will travel faster than ordinary cars. Which of the following concepts best describes your logic? a. discrimination b. generalization c. superstitious behavior d. negative reinforcement 20. Correlations do NOT allow an experimenter to: a. make predictions b. talk about relationships between variables c. indicate cause and effect d. show that increasing one variable would have an effect on the other a. 21. Suppose an environmental stimulus is detected by your body. What is the correct order in which this stimulus energy passes through your nervous system? motor neuron - receptor neuron - neuron b. receptor neuron - neuron-motor neuron receptor neuron - motor neuron d. receptor neuron - motor neuron - neuron C. neuron- 22. A telephone switchboard might be conceptualized as an incoming message, an operator to keep track of things, and an outgoing message. Which of the following parts of the neuron would be analogous to the operator? a. dendrite b. cell body c. axon d. synapse 23. Which of the following would probably be the most productive method to follow in order to teach a rat a very complicated or difficult behavior pattern? a. Reward simple behaviors that approximate the desired behavior, then require closer and closer proximations for reward. b. Wait for the behavior to occur and then supply a very large reward c. Attempt to pair a neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus that elicits the behavior d. Use discrimination training 24. The messages in the nervous system are carried by the nerves: the messages in the endocrine system are carried by the: a, endocrines b. glands c. pituitary secretions d. bloodstream 25. Which of the following types of learning belongs better with the social learning view than with the behaviorist view? a. observational learning b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. instrumental conditioning 26. is a change in a behavioral disposition that is caused by experience and is is not explained on the basis of reflexes, maturation, or temporary states. a. fatigue b. motivation c. performance d. learning 27. The word that the text finds best when defining consciousness is: a. useful b. motivation c. emotional d awareness 28. According to Piaget, if Jake has no specific schema for the smell of a skunk he may do one of two things when he encounters the smell. He may it to an existing schema for bad smells or he may to the smell by asking someone what the smell is. a. organize: respond b. accommodate: assimilate c. adapt; respond d. assimilate; accommodate 29. His first-grade teacher decides that to stop Bobby from whispering, she will give him a demerit mark every time he whispers. She is attempting to alter his behavior with the technique of: a. positive reinforcement b. shaping c. punishment d. reconditioning 30. If a test yields the same results over and over again, that test is said to be: a. standardized b. normed c. reliable d. valid 31. Often, when we are not paying attention, we immediately start listening once our name is mentioned. This demonstrates the process of: a. selective attention b. elaborative rehearsal c. maintenance rehearsal d. retroactive interference a. 32. Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE? Emotions have very little adaptive value for present-day humans, although they did in our evolutionary past b. Nearly all emotions are learned c. Nearly all emotions are innate d. All of the above are false 33. In an experiment, as the independent variable changes, a researcher would look for a change in: a. other independent variables b. the correlation c. the dependent variable d. the hypothesis
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