Post 1: 1. What role does community and economic development play in recovery? Following a major disaster, many organizations rush in to provide immediate humanitarian assistance for a short duration in the response or relief phase. Sometimes the recovery phase can last years, and it can take even longer for the region’s economic viability to renew (Coppola, 2015). When a major disaster has affected an entire community, there are typically long-term projects in the recovery phase including infrastructure, permanent housing, and the reconstruction of the social construct of the region (Amin & Goldstein, 2008). The overall objective of this phase postdisaster is to allow a community to get back to a level of normalcy. Depending on the size and effects of the disaster, the population may not be able to return to the way things used to be, but most people should be able to resume their roles in society in some form. Once employers have rebuilt worksites and people are back in their homes, children can resume their schooling, and working adults can return to their jobs. Feeling useful and serving a purpose in their community helps individuals recover from a disaster, and a sense of belonging increases personal and community resilience. Community and economic recovery is typically financed and executed by government entities, as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Communities need to have input in the plans of development organizations, prioritizing the needs of the people versus what the NGO considers to be most important. Humanitarian agencies should engage the local community to ensure their needs are met in a culturally sensitive way, and agree on benchmarking to determine when the recovery phase has ended. Once the population has arrived to a level of sustainable livelihood, humanitarian agencies should withdraw their involvement (Régnier, Neri, Scuteri, &Miniati, 2008). References: Amin, S., Goldstein, M (2008). Data against Natural Disasters, Establishing Effective Systems for Relief, Recovery, and Reconstruction, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. Pgs 31-32. Coppola, D. P., & Coppola, D. P. (2015). Recovery. Introduction to International Disaster Management (pp. 405–460). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801477-6.00007-1 Régnier, P., Neri, B., Scuteri, S., &Miniati, S. (2008). From emergency relief to livelihood recovery: Lessons learned from post-tsunami experiences in Indonesia and India. Disaster Prevention and Management. 410-430. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237332427_From_emergency_relief_to_livelihoo d_recovery_Lessons_learned_from_post-tsunami_experiences_in_Indonesia_and_India 2. Recovery is an essential part of disaster management. However, it is not well supported. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Provide your thoughts on this topic and substantiate your opinion. Funding for the recovery stage could come from a multitude of sources: government-based emergency relief funds, donations, loans, catastrophe bonds and weather derivatives, private development funding, incentives, and tax increases, as well as insurance reimbursements (Coppola, 2015) (Amin & Goldstein, 2008). Financial and in-kind contributions come from other governments, non-governmental organizations, charity organizations, the private sector, and private citizens, including remittances (Coppola, 2015). Grants and loans are frequently difficult to find, and often come with stipulations, so leaders need to be sure that the funding meets the goals and needs of their community. In order to achieve recovery goals, the World Bank , as well as other regional banks, can offer their expertise nations related to planning, budgeting, lending, market analysis, project management and coordination, technical assistance and support (Govindaraj, Herbst, and Clark, 2018). Amin, S., Goldstein, M (2008). Data against Natural Disasters, Establishing Effective Systems for Relief, Recovery, and Reconstruction, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. Pgs 31-32. Coppola, D. P., & Coppola, D. P. (2015). Recovery. Introduction to International Disaster Management (pp. 405–460). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801477-6.00007-1 Govindaraj, R., Herbst C.H., Clark J.P. (Eds). (2018). Strengthening postEbola health systems: From response to resilience in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. Post 2: What role does community and economic development play in recovery? Economic development can be defined as efforts that are carried out to improve the economic well being a community by and their quality if life by creating more job opportunities, increasing literacy rates, supporting and growing income etc., all to improve the resiliency and sustainability. For the this to be successful, active participation by the community is vital. Therefore, the community plays a very important role by actively participating. They should be allowed to define their own standards and goals, control more resources and redirect redevelopment activities following a disaster, with an ambition of long term social and economic development, thereby contributing to recovery. The community should also be involved in the part of recovery that contributes to hazard mitigation. This gives them the chance to alter their physical structures and develop them in such a way to mitigate a future hazard vulnerability. These kinds of activities are typically the strongest immediately following a disaster, and hence the community should be encouraged to take more responsibilities rather than treating them as helpless victims. It has been pointed out that by developing appropriate construction policies, standards and repairs, and letting a community rebuild on their own with these standards can result in low-risk disaster structures, compared to pre-disaster conditions, as long-standing community problems are resolved through this reconstruction. This significantly contributes to economic and social development. Communities also need to collectively work amongst each other, especially soon after the impact. This would help facilitate timely and equitable distribution of aid during the initial recovery stages. Having prior recovery and redevelopment plans contribute enormously to development and reconstruction post disaster. Planning can also aid in identifying the capacity and skills of every individual in the community which can be utilized in the vent od disaster reconstruction. A good example is, a community in Aceh, Indonesia who were approached after the Tsunami and taught how to build their communities with earthquake resistant materials, methods and techniques. Though it took a while, the community rebuild their village in the most sustainable and resilient way, which also promoted self-resiliency. Recovery is an essential part of disaster management. However, it is not well supported. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Provide your thoughts on this topic and substantiate your opinion. Considering the recent situation around the world, I do not agree with this statement. International organizations such as the UNHCR for example, have been diligently focusing on long-term recovery and development currently. After the initial short-term recovery by providing food, water, and other essentials, primary focus has been on long term development such as education, employment and mental health recovery and resiliency. Many initiatives such as a UN women initiative to train Syrian Refugee women in income generating activities such as sewing, and handcrafting have helped women get employment and provide for their families. Recovery is indeed a very essential part of disaster management, as recovery, redevelopment and reconstruction are a part of mitigation, for any future disasters. UNHCR and UNICEF, for instance have acknowledged the fact that, children are the future, and have heavily invested in their recovery by providing mental health services, education and other essential services. the same goes for women too, as investing in women have proven to improve a nations socio-economic development drastically. More women have been involved in decision making, which is a step towards recovery on its own. Hence as stated before, several organizations and governments currently have invested in such efforts and activities to improve resiliency worldwide. The world has increasingly realized that disasters and humanitarian crises are unpredictable, and hence there are dedicated organizations, foundations and governments with goals and objectives that support any and every recovery effort and activity exclusively. This allows a community, city or nation that have previously been affected by a disaster or crisis, to rebuild sustainably and more resilient to thereby, mitigate, prepare and respond better to any future disaster or humanitarian crisis that it faces. Berke, P. R., Kartez, J., & Wenger, D. (1993). Recovery after disaster: achieving sustainable development, mitigation and equity. Disasters, 17(2), 93-109. Strömberg, D. (2007). Natural disasters, economic development, and humanitarian aid. Journal of Economic perspectives, 21(3), 199-222. Jabbar, S. A., & Zaza, H. I. (2016). Evaluating a vocational training programme for women refugees at the zaatari camp in jordan: Women empowerment: A journey and not an output. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 21(3), 304-319. doi:10.1080/02673843.2015.1077716 Post-conflict reconstruction: The importance of women's participation. Retrieved Feb 14, 2018, from https://www.cfr.org/report/post-conflict-reconstruction-importance-womens-participation Sirin, S. R., & Rogers-Sirin, L. (2015). The educational and mental health needs of Syrian refugee children. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
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