world literature review

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luhnat277

Humanities

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Know the events that contributed to literary Modernism

Know the concepts artists during the Modern period lost faith in

Know the major literary methods of Modernism

Know what is meant by the phrase “casual comedy” in Yeats’ “Easter 1916”

Know the shape that Yeats uses to explain his theory of history; this same shape is referred to in his poem, “The Second Coming.”

Know the images used by Eliot in “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” to characterize the modern world in which Prufrock lives

Know the examples of verbal or dramatic irony in “Ladies and Gentlemen, to the Gas Chamber”

Know why the older woman In “Ladies and Gentlemen, to the Gas Chamber” picks up the small child and takes it with her to the truck that will go to the gas chamber

Know why The Guest in Camus’ story makes the choice to turn himself in to the police

Know the postcolonial location that is the setting for Thiongo’s “Wedding at the Cross”

Know the Literary characteristics of Modern literature

Know the image Yeats uses in “Easter 1916” to show how people are changed over time by their passionate ideas.

Know the historical argument Yeats is making in his poem “The Second Coming”

Know the significance of the title “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

Know the source of the epigram in “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”

Know the biographical facts about the author of “Ladies and Gentlemen, to the Gas Chamber”

Know the significance of the title “The Guest”

Know the reaction of Miriamu’s family to her marriage in “Wedding at the Cross,”

Know the characteristics of the new religion Miriamu joins after her husband takes a Western name In “Wedding at the Cross”

Know what is meant by the mantra of Modernism, “Show; don’t tell”

Know why J. Alfred Prufrock is so afraid to express meaningful ideas and emotions to other people

Know why the narrator of “Ladies and Gentlemen, to the Gas Chamber,” who is an anti-hero, is different from The Underground Man and J. Alfred Prufrock, also anti-heroes

Know the internal, phychological/philosophical conflicts and global/political conflicts in “The Guest”

You will also have one subjective question and five quote identifications


please show the answer for each questions. you can try to find the answer from power point. the power point is for help. only few sentence for each question . let me know if you have any questions.

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Ladies and Gentlemen, to the Gas Chamber By Tadeusz Borowski Borowski 1922-1951 1943 – imprisoned by Nazis for illegally printing his writing (Poles were not allowed to publish) – sent to Birkenau/Auschwitz Joined Communists after war – thought it would prevent things like the death camps from every happening again, but found he was wrong 1951 – committed suicide by GAS The Breaking of the Glass Jason Sommer He observed that the rabbis present were very gay. So he seized a costly goblet…and broke it before them. Thus he made them somber. - Talmud Make me a wedding glass of crystal to outlast the shrillest pitches of a solid scream, the heel above the temple and the people dragged along the shards. One true form of tears is heaps of glass— from windows with their faces kicked-in and the family's crystal and all the unlucky mirrors of the houses now with their several million faces that cannot reflect. God gave Moses a mouth that brimmed with glass that when he spoke his pain was keen and the blood came to his face. This was His way of saying: I am the Lord My voice is in the gusting of the wind and the stuttering of men and the breaking of the glass. Ladies and Gentlemen… While this could be read as a coming of age story, the narrator wants to repress whatever knowledge he might gain from his experience Narrator Tone – matter of fact, as if this is an everyday situation – this compounds the sense of atrocity Attempts to avoid making judgments… But can’t – and we can determine his real position from the lapses in objectivity 2019 – paradise imagery – But can’t be Eden – must be post-fall (Babel of the multitudes) – humans can’t work together in united and purposeful concern Why does narrator attempt this objectivity? To protect himself from the surroundings He must become part of the system to survive Physical VS Spiritual survival Woman and her child – 2025 When the spiritual intervenes, the narrator gets sick He is getting sick because he is “eating the flesh” (figuratively) of other humans His sympathetic nerveous system cannot take it. Irony – the story is full of it Paragraph 2 – lamenting lack of “usual recreation” Decorum of Nazi Guards Church bells ringing in the distance Sociable world of “Canada” Red Cross Truck – p 2023 The forms of civilized life – even the sacred persists (This makes the camp and Nazi program even more obscene) How do prisoner/laborers get swept into the Nazi evil? They get food from those who will be exterminated (cannibalism) – They fear they will run out of people But in his descriptions, Borowski makes sure we know the laborers are sharing the same insectlike, animal-like existence of the other inmates (p 2020) Indeed, they are kept in buildings that used to house diseased animals The laborers view on religion (p 2018) How does the story show us the Nazis were able to exterminate so man? Deception by the Nazis – p 2022 By the prisoner laborers – p 2028 How do the victims gain some measure of superiority? Denial of connection with other victims Creating an isolation of the OTHER (the attitude on which prejudice thrives) Henri p 2024 Why is the blonde woman (who reminds the narrator of a woman he once knew) important? p 2026-27 The anti-hero (again) The narrator crawls under the rails A little girl runs around, mad A dead hand clutches his, and he vomits Order returns, but it is the twisted order of the fascists This is an ANTI-TRAGEDY – from the clear tragedy, nothing noble is affirmed, and it is presented by an anti-hero WHY IS THE ANTI-HERO DIFFERENT FROM UNDERGROUND MAN AND J. ALFRED PRUFROCK??? The Guest Albert Camus Existentialism (again) Christianity and most monotheistic faiths – essence precedes existence who we are is defined (as essence) by our creator, before we even have physical existence Existentialism – existence precedes essence we exist – just that – until and unless we “create” our own essence We “create” who we are through the act of making choices, and those choices are the only things that give our lives meaning Choices we are faced with almost always involve other people, so we are defined through our relations with others (we make meaningful choices or destructive ones) Major existentialist figures: Nietzsche, Sartre, Camus Camus also concerned with: Absurdism: A belief that our need for meaning is greater than the ability of the universe to be meaningful - all philosophical positions absurd. Moralism: A philosophical enquiry into the ethical implications of the human condition. The French/Algerian conflict From: http://www.historytoday.com/martin-evans/french-resistance-and-algerian-war “During the 1950s the Algerian struggle against France and its white settlers for independence inflamed passions and hatreds in both countries.” “The French conquest of Algeria began in 1830. In 1848 Algeria was annexed as three French departments. During the nineteenth century there were two waves of French immigration: post 1848 and post 1881. At the same time Algerians were systematically pauperised. Traditional patterns of land ownership were dismantled and French settlers were allowed to buy or confiscate land. In 1954, French Algeria was a society rigidly polarised along racial lines, economically, politically and culturally. On the one side there were one million French settlers; on the other nine million Algerians. So from the outset the relationship between Algeria and France, French and Algerians, was a racist, colonial one, based on violence.” “The Algerian war started with the insurrection organised by the National Liberation Front (FLN), on November 1st, 1954, and lasted until 1962 when Algeria became independent. During those eight years one million Algerians died.” Brief clip of Youtube film on French-Algerian war http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gHrJHNiN0k Themes in “The Guest” Revolt Feeling of alienation and exile in the world. Freedom Brotherhood Responsibility Inevitability of choice Responsibility for another's fate The system vs the individual Guest-host relationship There are two major choices that must be made in the story. One is Daru’s, and the other is his “guest’s”. Daru’s is a moral choice (moral consequences to whatever he decides). The Guest’s is an existential choice – truly – ultimately between living or dying. What you must think about in reading the story is why these two characters make the choices they do. Mostly, your final exam questions on this story will ask you to discuss this question. Think about how Daru’s isolation may contribute to his situation and, thus, his decision. Think about how the political/cultural conflicts may contribute to both characters decisions. T. S. Eliot “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” J. W. Waterhouse http://www.robertmaurusart.com/large-view/Acrylic/115859-1-09487/Painting/Acrylic/Impressionism.html T. S. Eliot Born 1888, St. Louis, MO. Died 1965, London, England Major figure in the definition of Modernism through focused images, and allusive and ironic voice Work characterized by a search for meaning. Presents a world void of the spiritual Allusions to “Prufrock” Robert Kennedy’s speech “The Adventure of Change” The Crash Test Dummies - “Afternoons and Coffeespoons” The Police – “Bring on the Night” The Grateful Dead – “Dark Star” and “Stella Blue” Stephen King – “The Shining” and “The Stand” Raymond Chandler – “The Long Goodbye” Apocalypse Now The poem is an Ironic Dramatic Monologue The poem is filled with allusion (noted at the bottom of your pages) Why is the title ironic? (Is Prufrock capable of singing a love song to anyone?) How is the epigram relevant to the poem? How does the meaning of the epigram increase after we finish reading the poem? What in this poem makes it such a clear representative of modernism? Introduction to Contemporary Literature Contemporary literature is that literature written roughly between WW II and the present It is more accurate to speak of contemporary literatures than a single vision of literature As with most changes in literary periods, this is explained through social and political shifts WWII – War, bad in itself, had taken America out of depression Women had gone to work in the factories, but, after the war, were sent home to open jobs for men The atom bomb was devasting, but held the promise of cheap power War, then, produce both negative and positive outcomes Then came The Cold War Vietnam Conflicts over human rights (civil, gender, etc.) Deepening poverty (and now terrorism) Rather than searching for some universal meaning, as Modernism did, people began to search for meanings that applied to their distinct circumstances One author claims that “America had becomes a cacophony of competing voices, all demanding a piece of action” These sometimes competing voices characterize contemporary literature It is a literature that values all human expeirence We get: African American literature Feminist literature Gay and lesbian literature Caribbean literature ETC. Expression in Contemporary Literature is also different from Modern Literature Modernism demanded that the objects of art be the immediate objects of experience “No ideas but in things” Contemporary literature focuses instead on describing emotional states “No ideas but in feelings” Postmodernism One “type” thought within contemporary literature that is in direct contrast with modernism Modernism tries to show that art can provide the meaning and order lost in modern life Postmodernism, rather than trying to force meaning on the world, accepts the premise that the world is meaningless and instead sees art at the vehicle for playing with the nonsense that is the world Postmodernism critiques the “Big Stories” a culture uses to explain its practices and beliefs (democracy is good [America], capitalism will collapse on itself [Marxism]) Postmodernism says these large stories hide the contradictions inherent in human life and societies, projecting an order that isn’t there and can’t be there Disorder is what is real (Some have claimed that 9/11 was the death of Postmodernism – why would they make this claim?) Introduction to the Twentieth Century The Literature of Modernism http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/r/images/realis m_homer.sketching.lg.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.topofart.com/images/artists/AdolpheWilliam_Bouguereau/paintings/bouguereau074.jpg&imgrefurl=http://watchmepaint.blogspot.com/2007/11/joan-ofarc.html&h=777&w=463&sz=73&hl=en&start=52&um=1&usg=__6n9wj6p5CJelqyfByAUlQNRF5g=&tbnid=OVdQ6C1ighvHxM:&tbnh=142&tbnw=85&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNaturalism%2Bpainting %26start%3D42%26ndsp%3D21%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us%26sa%3DN http://www.artinliverpool.com/blog/images/oct07/PICASSO-Weeping-Woman.jpg Disillusionment - the attitude behind 20th Century Modernism What brought on this disillusionment? 1. Instability in the British Crown Victoria, 1837-1901 Edward VII, 1901-1910 George V, 1920-1936 2. Marxism vs. Capitalism 3. Darwin vs. human intellectual determinism 4. Sir Ian Frazier’s The Golden Bough vs. moral progress 5. Nietzsche vs. reason 6. Physics vs. predictability in nature 7. Freud vs. rational thought Most of these ideas had been around since the 19th Century, but they had not yet completely dominated thought or destroyed the optimistic faith in religion, progress, and materialism. One event causes people to lose what little optimism they have left – WWI – 1914-1919 One historian said, “all the ingenuity of ‘civilized’ man was called forth in the service of murder and destruction.” What about WWI (as opposed to other wars) created this kind of universal disillusionment and loss of faith? After the war: Artists who created the representations of the world no longer trusted ideas that previously gave a sense of order to the world: God Humans as some kind of special or superior creation Reason as the supreme human faculty Even the idea that life was worth living What do you do if old systems of order don’t work for you anymore? Create new ones! Modern Writers looked within themselves for ways to order human experience The result was SUBJECTIVITY, one of the most remarkable characteristics of modern literature Preoccupation with the self, consciousness, the process of perception (In the visual arts, this is seen in Impressionism) One of the most striking methods of subjectivity in Modernism is FRAGMENTATION, whereby artists “break apart” things that used to give meaning and put them together in new ways to derive a more lasting meaning from them. T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land can be described by the phase he uses to describe the world: “a heap of broken images” What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow. Out of this stony rubbish? Son of man, You cannot say, or guess, for you know only A heap of broken images, where the sun beats, And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief, And the dry stone no sound of water. Only There is shadow under this red rock, (Come in under the shadow of this red rock), And I will show you something different from either Your shadow at morning striding behind you Or your shadow at evening rising to meet you; I will show you fear in a handful of dust. Frisch weht der Wind Der Heimat zu, Mein Irisch Kind, Wo weilest du? "You gave me hyacinths first a year ago; "They called me the hyacinth girl." –Yet when we came back, late, from the Hyacinth garden, Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could not Speak, and my eyes failed, I was neither Living nor dead, and I knew nothing, Looking into the heart of light, the silence. Other ways authors attempt in Modernism to create new order and new meaning: Juxtapositioning (collaging) Stream of Consciousness Use of irrational (alternative) logic – connected to dream experiences which take action out of logical space and time – Surrealism connected to this Stripped down mythology – myth not used to its magical or religious associations, but to create parallels between contemporary world and the past (The Waste Land relies on ancient fertility myth of the dying and reviving king) A Modern Literature Mantra Show, don’t tell! “Not Ideas about the Thing but the Thing Itself” Wallace Stevens At the earliest ending of winter, In March, a scrawny cry from outside Seemed like a sound in his mind. He knew that he heard it, A bird's cry, at daylight or before, In the early March wind. The sun was rising at six, No longer a battered panache above snow... It would have been outside. It was not from the vast ventriloquism Of sleep's faded papier-mache... The sun was coming from the outside. That scrawny cry--It was A chorister whose c preceded the choir. It was part of the colossal sun, Surrounded by its choral rings, Still far away. It was like A new knowledge of reality http://faculty.samford.edu/~jmbagget/personal/images/wallace%20steven s.jpg "Of Modern Poetry," Wallace Stevens The poem of the mind in the act of finding What will suffice. It has not always had T o find: the scene was set; it repeated what Was in the script. Then the theatre was changed To something else. Its past was a souvenir. It has to be living, to learn the speech of the place. It has to face the men of the time and to meet The women of the time. It has to think about war And it has to find what will suffice. It has To construct a new stage. It has to be on that stage, And, like an insatiable actor, slowly and With meditation, speak words that in the ear, In the delicatest ear of the mind, repeat, Exactly, that which it wants to hear, at the sound Of which, an invisible audience listens, Not to the play, but to itself, expressed In an emotion as of two people, as of two Emotions becoming one. The actor is A metaphysician in the dark, twanging An instrument, twanging a wiry string that gives Sounds passing through sudden rightnesses, wholly Containing the mind, below which it cannot descend, Beyond which it has no will to rise. It must Be the finding of a satisfaction, and may Be of a man skating, a woman dancing, a woman Combing. The poem of the act of the mind.
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RUNNING HEAD: WORLD LITERATURE REVIEW

World literature review
Course title:
Student name:
School affiliation:
Professor’s name:
Date

1

WORLD LITERATURE REVIEW

2

ANSWER 1
Some of the events that contributed to literary modernism include the instability and
inconstant of the British Empire ruling which was contributed by the death of Queen
Victoria. Also, the occurrence of World War I contributed to literary modernisation. The
event of Marxism and capitalism shook their economic instability (Lehan, 2012). The
challenge from the Darwin philosophy and human intellect extremism.
ANSWER 2
The concepts include the belief in God, the respect of human life and its worth, also believing
that humans are special and created in a unique way (Lehan, 2012). They also the belief that
humans are closest beings to the supernatural supreme beings.
ANSWER 3
The subjection of the human being this was achieved by the way modern writers and authors
do control human experience with their art. This is defined by the modern nature of literature.
There is also the concept of self-preoccupation and consciousness and how people perceive
themselves (Lehan, 2012). There is also the use of fragmentation where the artists are
breaking down what people believe in and add it up in major lasting themes.
ANSWER 4
The phrases meant that our daily lives are defined by the level of love and business success in
and the relat...


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