Great Depression, New Deal, World War II. (1920-1945)

User Generated

NyA147

Writing

Description

Between 1920 and 1945 the United States experienced incredible growth and prosperity, a

prolonged and catastrophic economic depression, and world war. Looking at your notes for the

1920s, the Great Depression and New Deal of the 1930s, and World War II, as well as the film(s)

we have watched, create a top five list of most significant historical developments that you

believe most accurately reflect the changes that shaped America over this span of time. For your

essay to be successful, you should elaborate and explain the historical developments you choose

to focus upon in order, moving forward in time from 1920 to 1945. You can write about positive

or negative events, or a combination of both. The most crucial factor in choosing your top five

historical developments should be change over time. For each of your five topics, you should

explain/describe the historical development, offer an argument as to why you think it is so

important/significant, and suggest how it leads either directly or indirectly to the next historical

event on your list. In other words, do not just provide a list of 5 historical events that you think

are interesting – explain how they relate to each other, how they worked together to shape, alter,

or define the country between the First and Second World Wars.

(2 pages, typed, double-spaced, preferably 12-pt font, roughly 500 words)

please use the note I attached.

Unformatted Attachment Preview

1. Herbert Hoover •Elected 1928 •Republican – policies aligned with predecessors Harding and Coolidge •Head of Food Administration during WWI “Stock Market Crash •October 24, 1929 – “Black Friday” •Panicked selling causes market to plummet. Banks and lending agencies collapse. Depression results •Stock market crash does not cause the Great Depression that follows it. –Depression is a result of broken economic structures – a decade of income inequality, overextension of credit, failure of government oversight t Hoover Responds •Believer in Laissez--‐faire government and in voluntarism – nation can ride out Depression if labor and capital work together •By 1930, Hoover willing to support public works projects to put Americans back to work •Gross national income –1929 - $88 billion –1933 --‐ $40 billion •Unemployment –1929 – 3.1% –1933 – 25%Franklin D. Roosevelt •Elected President in 1932 •Democrat •Privileged upbringing •Pragmatism – willing to experiment; willing to fail; must do something• Humanity and compassion – seems to care about American people The New Deal •Body of legislation designed to ease suffering •Enormous expansion of government's role in economy – end of a decade of laissez--‐faire. •Relief – provide aid to poor and unemployed •Recovery – help farms and business, create jobs •Reform – reshape government and economy to avoid future depressions Banking •Banking system is on verge of collapse •FDR orders banks to close for several days •1933 - Congress passes Emergency Banking Act, provides aid to banks and increases federal oversight •1933 --‐ Creation of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – insures personal savings in banks, so individuals will not lose savings in event of bank collapse Farmers and rural poor •1933 - Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA). aims to raise prices by reducing overproduction. Too much supply means low demand and low prices. Pays subsidy to farmers to limit production •1933 – Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – Public works project builds dams, providing electricity to rural poor across the South Industrial Production •National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) --‐ creates National Recovery Administration (NRA) •NRA works with labor and capital to create codes regulating production, prices, wages, hours • Partially successful. Businesses fail to abide by codes, government fails to enforce provisions Unemployment Relief •Federal Emergency 3 .Fascist Dictators in Europe •Italy: Benito Mussolini comes to power in 1922. –Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935. •Spain: right--‐wing general Francisco Franco comes to power aster Spanish Civil War 1936--‐39) •Germany: Adolf Hitler and National Socialist (Nazi) party come to power in 1933 Nazi Militarism •1936 – occupy Rhineland between Germany and France •March 1938 – annex Austria •Sept. 1938 – occupy Sudetenland, western region of Czechoslovakia •March 1939 – seize remainder of Czechoslovakia •“Appeasement” – fearing another war, France and Britain do not respond Japanese Militarism •1931 – Japanese invade Chinese province of Manchuria. War between Chinese and Japanese lasts for more than a decade •Begin to build up naval forces in Pacific in mid--‐1930s, violating international treaties War in Europe •Aug. 1939 – Nazi/Soviet non--‐ aggression pact •Sept. 1939 – Germany invades Poland. England and France declare war. •German Blitzkrieg (lightning war) across Europe •June 1940 – fall of Paris •Battle of Britain – air battle between Germany and Britain U.S. Neutrality •Throughout 1930s, widespread opposition to intervention in Europe •1935 and 1937 – Congress passes Neutrality Acts to keep U.S. out of war •American First Committee opposes U.S. involvement. 800,00 members in 450 chapters the “Arsenal of Democracy” •Roosevelt elected to third term in 1940 •Works to assist British without entering war •Lend--‐Lease Act (1941) – U.S. lends arms to Britain for duration of war. Extended to USSR after Hitler breaks Nazi--‐Soviet pact Attack on Pearl Harbor •1940 . Japanese sign pact with Italy and Germany •December 7, 1941 – Japanese bomb U.S. 5. Eastern Europe • USSR suffers enormous human and economic in World War II • Stalin (right) demands friendly governments in Eastern Europe • By 1948, installs Communist satellite governments in Poland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia. Division of Germany • Stalin wants monetary reparations and a demilitarized Germany; U.S. wants to spur industrial revival • Unable to reach consensus, allies divides Germany. • British, American, and French sectors unify as West Germany in 1949 War of Words, 1946 • Stalin: capitalism inevitably leads to war • Churchill (speaking in Missouri, leti): "an iron curtain has descended across" Europe. Containment • George Kennan, U.S. diplomat, writes "long telegram" (1946) • Soviet expansionism must be resisted at all costs • U.S. should work to build up economies of western Europe in hopes of reducing the appeal of communism. Truman Doctrine • 1947 • Truman wants to send money and supplies to prop up failing democratic governments in Greece and Turkey • U.S. must "support free peoples who are resisting subjugation" • U.S. will provide military and political assistance to democratic 7. The Sit - In Movement • Born in Greensboro, NC, February 1960 • Participants sit at lunch counters in spite of being refused service • By April, sit in protests have occurred in 60 cities • Student Non - Violent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC - "snick") founded to organize sit - ins. -Becomes leading civil rights organization, along with NAACP and King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Freedom Rides • Interracial delegation leaves Washington, DC in April 1961. Testing segregation in interstate transport • Bus is firebombed near Anniston, AL; riders beaten severely in Birmingham, AL • 300 riders jailed in Mississippi. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Master of Civil Rights spectacle • Non violence as means to create a media - worthy spectacle in the hopes of shifting public opinion • Birmingham 1963 - teenage Civil Rights activists attacked with dogs and fire houses, creating a national media story. Birmingham Church Bombing (1963) • Bomb planted at 16th Street Baptist Church explodes, killing four young girls • Violence outrages many outside of the South. March on Washington (1963) • August 28, 1963 • 250,000 people gather in front of the Lincoln Memorial • Site of King's "I Have a Dream" Speech. Relief Administration – cash grants to states to provide poor relief •Public Works Administration hires workers to rebuild infrastructure (roads, schools, ports) •Civilian Conservation Corps (right) – hires young men to work in and improve parks, forests.NaIonal Labor Relations Act (1935) •AKA the Wagner Act •Creates National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) •Protects workers’ right to organize unions without owner interference •Simple election model – when a majority of workers vote for a union, employer must recognize and negotiate with union Growth of organized labor •During 1930s, union membership increases from 4 million to 10 million workers, including 800,000 women. •1929 – 6% of labor force is organized; 1940 – 33% •FDR is more sympathetic to labor than Republicans of 1920s, but grassroots organizing is key to growth –1.5 million workers strike in 1933 alone Birth of the CIO •Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) created in 1935 •Industrial workers denied a place in American Federation of Labor (AFL) •More vigorous and radical than moderate AFL •1937, CIO launches full scale organizing campaign. 4.5 million workers participate in 4,700 strikes the Communist Party in the 1930s •Depression suggests a crisis in capitalism •100,000 Americans join the Communist Party (CP) •Popular Front – CP works with socialists, unionists, and New Dealers to work for social change. Demand reform (rather than overthrow) of capitalism •CP involved in wide variety of activities during 1930s Communism in the mainstream •Earl Browder, head of CP, on the cover of Time magazine (right) •CP involved in unemployment rallies, union organizing, and civil rights work Communists and Civil Rights •During 1930s, Communists lead fight for African American civil rights •Scottsboro Nine – Black teenagers are wrongly arrested for rape in 1931. CP lawyers defend them in several trials. Last defendant released from jail in 1950 2.The Second New Deal •Democrats gain seats in Congress in 1934 midterm elections. •FDR responds by expanding New Deal •Building the American Welfare State – when people suffer because of forces beyond their control, the government owes them its support Works Progress Administration (1935) •Millions remain unemployed in 1935 •Massive work relief program designed to put unemployed Americans to work improving the nation’s infrastructure •Also employs artists, musicians, actors, poets, novelists •By 1936, WPA is responsible for 7% of nation’s work force Social Security Act (1935) pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii •Dec. 8 – FDR asks for, and Congress provides, declaration of war on Japan •Dec. 11 – Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. Forming the Army •Selective Service Act (1940) requires men to register for draft •16 million men and women serve •Selective Service Act prohibits discrimination by race – African Americans, Mexican Americans, Native Americans, and Chinese Americans serve Early War in the Pacific •Japanese hope to defeat U.S. quickly. •1942 invasion of the Philippines leads to Bataan Death March. Thousands of American and Filipino POWs die. •November 1942 – Battle of Midway is important U.S. victory U.S. Involvement in European War •German troops have invaded USSR; Stalin asks allies to open a second front •Allies invade northern Africa; land troops in Italy in July 1943. Mussolini is deposed and Italy surrenders •June 6, 1944 – D--‐Day. Massive allied landing at Normandy, France •Liberation of Paris – August 25, 1944 •Battle of the Bulge (Dec. 1944--‐ Jan. 1945) – 70,000 Allied deaths, 100,000 German deaths The Holocaust •Reports of Hitler’s “Final Solution” reach U.S. as early as 1942, but U.S. refuses asylum •Systematic murder of Jews, Gypsies, radicals, homosexuals •Liberation of concentration camps throughout 1945 by Allied troops •Approx. 9 million victims (6 million Jews) Yalta Conference •Big Three – Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill discuss postwar plans •Agree to create international peacekeeping organization . the United Nations. •U.S. Senate will approve UN Charter 89--‐2 End of the European War •April 11, 1945. U.S. troops reach Elbe River in Germany •April 30 – Hitler commits suicide •May 2 – Russian troops occupy Berlin. Provisional German government surrenders, ending war in Europe Dropping countries under pressure from authoritarianism / communism. The Marshall Plan • 1948 • Named for Secretary of State George Marshall • Provides $ 13 million in cash and supplies to struggling democracies of Western Europe • Humanitarian and strategic impulses - increase American sphere of influence. Berlin Airlift • Berlin is shared by Soviets and western allies, but it is located in East Germany. • Stalin blocks roads to Berlin in early 1948 • Truman responds with airlift - U.S. and British pilots fly 2 million tons of cargo into Berlin before USSR litis blockade in 1949. 1949 • U.S. joins 11 European countries in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - collective security pact. -Warsaw Pact - eastern bloc equivalent to NATO signed several years later • Soviet Union successfully detonated an atomic bomb • Communist forces in China, led by Mao Zedong, establish People's Republic of China. NSC - 68 • 1950 • National Security Council reconsiders U.S. Cold War policy • Recommends expansion of containment, increased military spending, accelerated arms production, engaging in "covert means" to disrupt communist countries • "The Soviet Union, unlike previous aspirants to hegemony ... is animated by a new fanatic faith, antithetical to our own, Freedom Summer (1964) • Hundreds of northern college students head South to register black voters • Near Philadelphia, MS, members of a revitalized Ku Klux Klan abduct and kill three volunteers: James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner. Selma (1965) • A white mob attacks voting rights protesters • "Bloody Sunday": Police attack peaceful marchers on the Edmund Pegs Bridge • Events horrify the nation, 3000 marchers head to Selma to join MLK in another protest march. 1960 Presidential Election • MA Senator John F. Kennedy (Dem) defeats sitting vice president Richard Nixon (Rep) • Black voted for Kennedy is decent • First televised debt benefits Kennedy. Kennedy's "New Frontier" • Promises to address poverty, ignorance, and prejudice during campaign, but moves slowly in first two years • 1963, pushes for aid to urban America, a full-scale war on poverty, and a comprehensive Civil Rights Bill. Kennedy Assassination • November 22, 1963 • Killed in Dallas, TX. Police arrest Lee Harvey Oswald, who is murdered two days later • Lyndon B. Johnson, Kennedy's VP, becomes President. Lyndon B. Johnson • Born poor in Texas • Selected to Congress in 193ti as New Dealer; Senate in 1948 • Master of parliamentary maneuvering and political dealing • Passionate reformer pushes •Designed to provide elderly with a small income to alleviate poverty •Social Security Act also creates Aid for Dependent Children (later known as Aid for Families with Dependent Children), most commonly known as welfare Roosevelt’s “Four Freedoms” •1941 speech •American citizens have a right to “freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, freedom from fear.” •New Deal as an attempt to secure “freedom from want”– economic security – as a fundamental right Court Packing” •In order to protect New Deal legislation from conservative Supreme Court justices, FDR proposes adding six more justices •American people respond negatively, emboldening conservative opposition to New Deal and helping to slow pace of reform Fair Standards Act of 1938 •Last major piece of New Deal legislation •Sets national minimum wage and maximum labor hours •Regulates child labor •Government establishes baseline protections for employees in labor relationships •Republicans gain seats in 1938 Congressional elections, pace of New Deal reform slows Conservative/Business Opposition to the New Deal •Great Depression hurts Republican Party •1934 – conservative business leaders form American Liberty League. Goal is to teach “the value of encouraging people to work; encouraging people to get rich.” •Spends more than $1 million attacking FDR and New Deal as socialistic and opposed to free enterprises Southern Democrats in Congress •No viable Republican party in South; Roosevelt must work with southern Democrats in Congress to pass any legislation •Southern Democrats are much more conservative than Roosevelt, oppose anything that seems to challenge white supremacy •[Right: Ellison D. “Cotton Ed” Smith, Senator from South Carolina] Francis Townsend •Townsend is re=red California physician. •Proposes that Americans over 60 be a given a monthly s=pend provided they a) are re=red and b) spend it each month •Sales tax pays for the plan •Retirees will open up jobs for younger people, while elderly spending stimulates economy •3.5 million people join Townsend Clubs Charles Coughlin •Catholic Priest with national radio show based in Michigan •Blames New Deal for catering to banks •His cri=ques of Roosevelt, Communism, and “international bankers” often veer into crude anti ‐Semitism Huey P. Long •Louisiana governor and senator •Believes New Deal stops short of necessary redistribution of wealth • “Share Our Wealth” plan promises each family a homestead and a monthly the Atomic Bomb •August 1945 --‐ President Harry Truman (FDR dies in April 1945) orders atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan •A second bomb dropped on Nagasaki three days later •100,000 --‐ 200,000 deaths •August 14, 1945 – Japan surrenders World War II and the U.S. Economy •Finally ends Great Depression •Increased federal spending •Gross national product grows from $91 billion to $168 billion •Unemployment drops from 8 million to 1 million •All regions of the country prosper –Booming factories in Northeast and Midwest – South: farms thrive, increased industry and urbanization –West coast: military installations lead to massive population growth Building the War Machine •War Production Board oversees economy. Government alliance with big business •Military production increases 800 percent during war •By 1945: 86,000 tanks, 300,000 planes, 15 million guns, 6,500 ships Organized Labor during WWII •Wartime demands for production + labor shortage due to military = excellent bargaining position for Unions •1942 – Roosevelt’s National War Labor Board regulates wages, hours, working conditions Women at Work •Increased opportunities for women •By 1944 – 6 million women working. Huge increase in female factory workers •More married women working •Limits: women paid less, denied advancement, assumed to be purely temporary labor Encouraging Patriotism and Cooperation •Office of War Information promotes patriotism •Scrap metal and rubber donations • “Victory gardens” – vegetables grown at home conserve food •Hollywood makes propaganda films; coordinates bond drives; entertainers perform for soldiers and seeks to impose its absolute authority over the rest of the world. The Second Red Scare • House Un American Activities Committee (HUAC) created during the 1930s • Widespread fear of communist subversion during Truman's second term. • Federal Employee Loyalty Program -Board investigators federal employees suspected of disloyalty -378 government officials dismissed, despite failure to find a single verifiable case of espionage -Gay employees targeted for persecution. HUAC and Hollywood • House Un - American Activities Committee Investigators Communist Infiltration of Hollywood, 1947 • Widely publicized. Witnesses forced to confess their affiliations and "name names." • Failure to comply leads to blacklisting. High Profile Cases • 1948 - Alger Hiss, former government official, accused of passing documents to Soviet spy • 1949 - Truman administration prosecutes twelve high ranking Communist Party officials • 1950 - Julius and Ethel Rosenberg sentenced to death for providing nuclear secrets to Soviet. Joseph McCarthy • Wisconsin Senator, public face of anticommunism, 1950--54 • Claims to have a list of 4. Internment •February 19, 1942 --‐ communists in the state Executive Order 9066 authorizes removal department • Badgers and expansive domestic agenda. Civil Rights Bill (1964) • LBJ asks Congress for Bill "so that [JFK] did not die in vain" • Strongest piece of Civil Rights legislation since Reconstruction • Significance of civil rights activism in coercing JFK and LBJ to move on Civil Rights. The Great Society • Ambitious domestic reform agenda focused on expanding welfare state and eliminating poverty • Increases funding for food stamps, education, job training, eases welfare restrictions • Creates Medicare (comprehensive health care for the elderly) and Medicaid (improved medical care for poor) ) • Expansion of New Deal ideology - Federal Government has an obligation to eliminate poverty and expand opportunity. Voting Rights Act (1965) • Bans literacy tests and authorizes federal intervention to protect voting rights • Between this act and the Civil Rights Act (1964), the federal government is now responsible for the protection of African American civil rights to a degree unseen since Reconstruction. Accomplishments of the Great Society • 1965 - new immigration act removals discriminatory quotations on the books since 1924 • Pace of reform slows after 1965 • Percentage of Americans in poverty decrees from 20% to 13% between 1959 and 1968 • Percentage of African Americans in poverty falls 10% s=pend. •7 million people join “Share Our Wealth” clubs •Long assassinated in 1935 The New Deal and the Black Voter •Since Reconstruction, African Americans had voted overwhelmingly Republican •Though most southern African Americans still denied the right to vote, black voters in North and West move towards Democrats during the New Deal •1936 – 75% of black voters support Roosevelt The New Deal and African Americans •Roosevelt consults with “black cabinet” on race issues •Reverses federal government segregation policy •Creates Civil Rights Sec=on in Department of Justice •Mary McLeod Bethune (right) becomes highest ranking black person in FDR’s administration White Supremacy in the New Deal •Influence of Southern Democrats in shaping New Deal •National Recovery Act – separate pay scale for black workers •Agricultural Adjustment Act – funds to landowners not sharecroppers; many black sharecroppers kicked off land •Social Security and Fair Labor Standards Act exclude jobs that black people are most likely to hold •Roosevelt fails to fully support federal an=--‐ lynching law or a ban on the poll tax. Neither law passes. the Indian New Deal •Native Americans live in crushing poverty since late 19th century •John Collier, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pushes for new direction in federal policy (right) •Indian Reorganization Act (1934) –Overturns Dawes Act –Self--‐government for reservations –Government will respect native customs •Limitations: – Top--‐Down policy, fails to account for diversity of native peoples. Watergate •Nixon wins 1972 election in a landslide •During 1972 campaign, five men arrested for breaking into Democratic headquarters at Watergate building in DC •Washington Post reporters tie break--‐in to Nixon administration •During Senate hearings, evidence surfaces that Nixon had taped Oval Office conversations. These tapes prove he took part in Watergate cover--‐up. •Nixon is impeached, resigns presidency in August 1974 •VP Gerald Ford takes over ………………………………………………………………….. parental notification. Far - Right Militia Movement • Radical an (- government fringe.) Often white supremacist Opposed government, taxes, United Nations) • Militia movement grows after federal raid on armed religious cult in Waco, TX kills 80 in 1993 • April 1995 - Timothy McVeigh bombs federal building in Oklahoma City, killing 169 (right) Clinton Impeachment • Prosecutor Kenneth Starr charges that Clinton had had affair of Japanese from West Coast (order does not apply to Hawaii) • Nissei – American citizens, born in the United States – are included in internment orders: “A Jap’s a Jap” •Japanese American families are force to sell all their belongings (homes, cars, businesses) at an estimated loss of $400 million Internment Camps •Ten camps located in remote sections of Utah, Arizona, Arkansas, Idaho, California, and Wyoming •Internees live in barracks. A family shared one room, 20 x 20 feet. Barbed wire and armed guards surrounded the camps. •1944 Korematsu case – Supreme Court rules that “military necessity” justified internment Japanese Americans in the Military •Initially denied the right to serve; policy reversed in response to Japanese propaganda •Several thousand Japanese Americans serve with distinction –One battalion made up of Nissei suffers such a high casualty rate it is known as the “purple heart battalion” •Soldiers such as Daniel Inouye (right) face discrimination upon their return home Reparations Bill (1988) •President Reagan signs bill apologizing for Japanese internment during World War II and offering monetary reparations to survivors •Daniel Inouye, longtime Democratic Senator from Hawaii, is the bill’s sponsor African Americans and World War II •Approximately one million African Americans serve in military during WWII •Rise in civil rights activism at home •Wartime mobilization and labor requirements present opportunity to attack Jim Crow at home •“Double V” campaign: victory over fascism abroad, victory over Jim Crow at home •NAACP membership triples Executive Order 8802 •1941 •Companies receiving federal defense contracts must be integrated •Response to A. Philip Randolph’s threatened March on Washington •Ensures that black workers will receive a share of wartime prosperity bullies witnesses • 1954 Army - McCarthy hearings: "have you no decency?" Prosperity in the 1950s • 1945--1960: per capita income increases 35% • 1960: 60% percent of Americans are "middle class" • 1947--1960: poverty rate falls from 34% to 22% • 1950s prosperity is more evenly distributed than '20s. Television • By 1960, 90% of Americans own a television • Popular shows reflect prevailing cultural norms • Major advertising vehicle • Politics and political campaigns now played on TV -Dwight D. Eisenhower's victorious 1952 campaign for President is the first to feature television ads. Baby Boom • Birth rate grows 40% from 1930s to 1950s • Marriages occur earlier • Many women struggle with their confined existence • Vaccinations keep children alive • Alcohol and pills -Bely Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, (1963): "The problem that has not name" Suburban Boom • 1956 - President Eisenhower signs Interstate Highway and Defense System Act Authorizes construction of the national highway system • Encourages movement to suburbs • By 1960, 1/3 of nation lives in suburbs. Levittown • William Levitt's model suburb • Crews build 36 approximately identical houses a day • Affordably priced, houses come with a TV and refrigerator! • between 1966 and 1974. Kennedy and the Cold War • Believes American foreign policy has "gone so`" under Eisenhower • Bay of Pigs invasion - CIA plans invasion of Cuba to depose Fidel Castro, who comes to power in 1959. In April 1961 Kennedy approves plan organized under Eisenhower . Invasion is a disaster. • 1961 - Soviets have a man orbit the Earth. Kennedy increases funding for space program. 1962: American orbits earth 1969: Americans reach the moon. Cuban Missile Crisis • 1962 - Khrushchev plans to put nuclear missiles in Cuba to counter US. missiles in Britain, Turkey, and Italy • US discovers plans. Kennedy blockades Cuba and threatens nuclear retaliation • Nations seem to be on the brink of nuclear war until agreement is reached. Kennedy and Vietnam • Eisenhower's funds and military advisers have not stabilized South Vietnam. Viet Cong continue resistance to Diem regime, with assistance from North Vietnam • Kennedy expends American involvement. Increases flow of weapons, funds, and advisers. Johnson and Vietnam • Johnson expands US involvement • 1964 - Gulf of Tonkin incident leads LBJ to begin bombing North Vietnam. Congress passes Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1965), granting LBJ increased authority in Vietnam • Early 1965 intensified bombing campaign. with Monica Lewinsky (left) and lied about it under oath • 1999 - House of Representatives impeaches Clinton, charging perjury and obstruction of justice. Senate acquits. • Impeachment as capstone of culture wars and "family values" campaign of 1990s. African American soldiers •Significant as symbols and as actors •Many leading Civil Rights activists of the 1950s and 1960s first become political due to wartime experience. “The shock troops of the modern Civil Rights movement” The Bracero Program •Organized in 1942. Attempt to ease wartime labor shortages in Southwest and West •Mexican contract laborers – braceros – enter the U.S. for limited period of time to work as farm laborers and in factories •Low wages, difficult work •Program lasts until 1964 Wartime Conflict and Opportunity for Mexican Americans •Increased civil rights activism among Mexican Americans •1943“Zoot Suit Riots” in Los Angeles: white sailors attack Mexican--‐American youths for wearing zoot suits The Homecoming •By 1946, three quarters of American soldiers have returned to civilian life •Enormous pressures on family life in immediate postwar years. Increase in divorce and juvenile delinquency. “Disintegration of our family life” Economic Transitions •Fears of renewed depression. Shortage of goods and foodstuff is common during postwar transition period •The GI Bill (1944) – AKA: Servicemen’s Readjustment Act – Offers job training, education, financial benefits –By 1948, 1.3 million vets have bought homes and 2.2 million have attended Truman and Civil Rights •1946 – appoints President’s Committee on Civil Rights to study race relations •Committee publishes its report, To Secure These Rights, in 1947 –Places civil rights in context of Cold War --‐ fear that racial unrest will provide Soviets with anti--‐ American propaganda •1948 – Truman issues Executive Order 9981, desegregating the nation’s armed forces Election of 1948 •Four--‐way race. Truman defeats: –Republican Thomas Dewey –Progressive Party’s Henry Original (NY) Levittown sells out quickly, Levitt, builds subdivisions in NJ and PA. Race and Suburbia • Real estate brokers maintain housing segregation • Restrictive covenants bar certain racial groups from purchasing homes 6. Literary / Intellectual Critics • The Lonely Crowd Americans are "outer directed," concerned only with fitting in • The Man Organization and the Man in the Gray Flannel Suit business destroys individuality • Peyton Place scandalous 1956 novel about small-- town life Sexuality • Playboy begins publication in 1953 • Kinsey reports Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female - reveal broad range of sexual behavior. Rock 'n' Roll • Born in the South; mixture of white country and black rhythm & blues traditions • Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, Elvis Presley (le_) • Sexuality and African American influences are central to popularity. Jazz • New directions. Smaller bands, more experimentation • Bebop: Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker • Miles Davis, Birth of the Cool (1957) and Kind of Blue (1959) • John Coltrane, Blue Train (1958) The Beats • Poets, writers, intellectuals • Radical critique LBJ orders first U.S. combat troops into Vietnam. Escalation of American involvement • By 1968, half a million US. troops on the ground • Average soldier is poor and young (19 years old). Black soldiers overrepresented. • Use of napalm and Agent Orange (herbicide) • By 1968, war is the political issue in the United States. LBJ's Great Society has ground to a halt, debate over war is splitting country. 8 Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) • Founded 1960 • "Port Huron Statement" (1962) calls for "participatory democracy" • SDS is part of "New Left" - left - wing movements not Ged to labor unions or communism (as the "Old Left" had been) • Criticize Cold War foreign policy, racism, the status of higher education in the US. Free Speech Movement • Starts at the University of California at Berkeley in 1964, after university denies students the right to protest • Rallies, sit - ins to demand the right to a political voice • Colleges are a major site of protest activity for a reminder of 1960s. The Antiwar Movement • Opposition to Vietnam picks up after LBJ intensifies American involvement • Burn draft cards, campaign against University involvement with military, interrupt recruiting events, protest ROTC • Estimated 20% of college students take part in Wallace. “Dixiecrat” Strom Thurmond •Dixiecrats herald a major political realignment. End of FDR’s Democratic coalition. White southerners start to flee the Democratic Party ………………………………………….. 10. Sources of the New Right •1960s conservative resurgence William F.Buckley and The National Review–Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) – conservative organization on college campuses –Barry Goldwater’s 1964 campaign for president • “Reagan Democrats” – white working-class Americans angry with federal government • “Supply Side” Economists – argue that lower tax rates will spur business growth, thereby increasing federal government’s revenue •Conservative intellectuals – “neoconservatives”-criticize Great Society programs and government spending The Religious Right •Socially conservative Christians, mostly Evangelicals •Televangelists Billy Graham, Pat Robertson, Jerry Falwell (right) fuse religion and electoral politics, supporting socially conservative candidates •Abor-on is major issue, but Christian Right also concerned with prayer in schools, evolution, sex ed, traditional “family values” •Instrumental in killing the Equal Rights Amendment (which they see as a threat to traditional gender roles) Reagan’s Domestic Program •Tax reduction, limiting federal oversight, encouraging free enterprise •Reagan: “In the present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem, government is the problem.” •Massive tax cuts in 1981 and 1986. Supply-‐ side economics suggests that tax cuts will increase federal revenue. •Wealthy American benefit disproportionately from Reagan-era tax cuts. Deregulation •Limit federal oversight of industry in order to stimulate business •1980s see unprecedented number of mergers and takeovers. Administration does not enforce antitrust regulations or pursue violators. •Loosens regulons of mainstream culture's empty consumerism • Spontaneity, "authentic" experience, personal freedom • Allen Ginsberg, "Howl" (1956) • Jack Kerouac, On the Road (1957) Visual Arts • Abstract Expressionism • Artists reject idea that painting should represent recognizable forms • Jackson Pollock emphasizes spontaneity; pours, drips, throws paint onto canvas Korean War • Korea divided into North and South during WWII. • U.S. allied with non - communist South led Syngman Rhee • June 1950 - North invades South, US responds with UN - backed "police action" • Chinese send 30,000 troops • War ends with Korea divided in roughly the same place as when started • War costs US 54,000 lives and $ 54 billion. The Threat of Nuclear War • Dwight Eisenhower (Republican, elected in 1952) enlarges nuclear stockpile; USSR follows suit • Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) any act of aggression will lead to annihilation of both countries • School children learn to "Duck and Cover" in case of nuclear attack. Détente • Khrushchev takes over after Stalin's death • Thawing of tensions in the mid 1950s • 1959 - the "Kitchen Debate" - Nixon and Khrushchev debate merits of communism and capitalism in a model kitchen • 1960 - US U - 2 spy plane antiwar activities. Environmentalism • 1962 Biologist Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, illustrating dire effects of pesticide DDT on the environment • Environmental activists argument for government controls on pollution and industry • 1970 President Richard Nixon creates the Environmental Protection Agency. Hippies and the Counterculture • Rejection of middle - class values • Hippies embrace communal living, sexual freedom, instant gratification, authenticity of feelings • Hallucinogenic drugs (LSD) • Popular music: the Beatles , the Grateful Dead, the Jefferson Airplane, the Jimi Hendrix Experience • Alternative definition of American freedom or a retreat from the political? From Civil Rights to Black Power • Malcolm X's message of selfadequacy and self-defense Member of Nation of Islam Assassinated 1965 • The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (BPP), founded 1966 (right) Advocate armed self - defense, conspicuous display of weapons -Police patrols to check brutality -Also start preschool breakfast programs, health centers, day care -FBI campaign of espionage and assassination destroys BPP. The transformation of Civil Rights • Urban riots in Los Angeles, Detroit, and Newark, NJ -Impoverished African Americans violently protest protecting employee health and safety •Attacks labor unions –1981 Air Traffic Controller Strike – Reagan fires all striking workers •Orders Environmental Protec-on Agency to relax enforcement of clean air and water standards Deregulation of the Banking Industry •Loosens federal oversight of banks, continuing process begun under Jimmy Carter •Newly deregulated Savings and Loan institutions make risky loans to real estate developers •When real estate market falls, hundreds of Savings and Loan institutions go bankrupt. Congress votes to bail out Savings and Loan companies in 1989. Costs $100 billion. An Economic Boom (...for some) •Decreased federal spending on social welfare programs (food stamps, job training, student aid) for poor and working class •Asher 1983, U.S. economy enters period of growth. •1984 election – “Morning in America” Theory of “trickle-‐down” economics suggests that boom will benefit all Americans – in fact, it doesn’t. “Greed is Good “•Number of millionaire’s doubles •Top 1% of Americans control 42% of wealth • “Yuppies” – Young Urban Professionals who practice conspicuous consumption •Many get rich by moving assets around, manipulating debt, and restructuring cormorants •Gordon Gekko, corporate tycoon in 1987 film Wall Street: “Greed is Good” (right) How the Other Half Lives (in the 1980s) • Contrary to Reagan's promises, wealth does not trickle down • Decline of unions and drop in manufacturing hurt blue collar workers. Many forced to take lower paying service industry jobs. • Percentage of workers approaching below poverty level increases from 12% to 18% • Poverty rate increases to 13.5% • Number of homeless grows to 400,000 • Slashes to social welfare programs (food stamps, job training, student loans) exacerbate poverty Social Issues • Reagan is more aggressive on economic issues than social ones • Makes it more difficult for women to access birth control shot down over USSR, increasing tensions. US Cold War Interventions • Iran Prime Minister Mossadegh nationalizes oil industry. CIA organizes a coup and installs pro - American Shah • Guatemala - Jacobotirbenz Guzman seizes land held by United Fruit Company. CIA coup installs right wing military regime (right). Vietnam • Wins independence from France 1954 • Divided into communist North (led by Ho Chi Minh, right) and US supported South led by Ngo Dinh Diem • Diem rules as a dictator, refuses to allow elections • 1959 - Vietcong founded, violent resistance to Diem regime. NAACP challenges segregation • Since 1930s, NAACP organizes court challenges to segregated schooling • Led by Thurgood Marshall (right) • Early cases focus on situations where black accommodations are clearly inferior • Sweatt v. Painter (1950) - black man must be admitted to University of Texas law school. Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, KS (1954) • Marshall argues that segregation represents "badge of inferiority" • May 7, 1954 Supreme Court rules unanimously that segregation in schooling is unconstitutional • "A second emancipation proclamation" Resistance in Little Rock • poverty and police brutality Lyndon Johnson appoints committee to study the plat of urban black communities: "two societies .. .separate and unequal "• By 1965, Martin Luther King, Jr. is engaged in antiwar and antipoverty work. Assassinated in 1968 in Memphis while organizing striking sanitation workers as part of his "Poor People's Campaign. Latino Activism • Black Power movement inspired Latino struggle for equality • Cesar Chavez (right) leads Mexican farmworkers in struggle for union recognition and fair wages • The Chicano movement organizes for jobs, voting rights, bilingual education, and the creation of Chicano studies programs. American Indian Movement (AIM) • Also take inspiration from Black Power • Indian poverty and desperation on reservations • In 1969, AIM occupations Alcatraz Island in San Francisco (left) • 1971 occupation Bureau of Indian Affairs building and site of 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre. Gay Liberation and Stonewall • 1969 - gay patrons of the Stonewall Tavern in New York protest repeated police raids The movement becomes visible and public in a way it had not been • Activists organize the Gay Liberation Front - take pride in being gay, demand equality and legal protections. The Federal Government and Women's Rights • 1961 Kennedy creates President's and a boron, but Roe v. Wade is not overturned • AIDS - first appears among gay men in the early 1980s. Reagan does not speak about epidemic, systematic medical establishment's requests • Increased immigration-on in 1980s -NYC and LA are 1/3 immigrant by 1900 -85 - Reagan provides amnesty to undocumented workers while penalizing employers who hire new undocumented workersReagan and the Cold War • Enters office as aggressive Cold Warrior. Calls USSR the "Evil Empire." Seeks to ensure peace through an overwhelming display of U.S. military might. • Offers largest military budget increase in U.S. history. Defense budget grows 7% per year. Goes from $ 157 billion to $ 282 billion during Reagan's term. • Strategic Defense Initiative - "Star Wars" - orbiting shield of antiballistic missiles to defend against soviet attacks. Government spends $ 17 billion on research. • 1982 - Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) Cold War in the Third World • Nicaragua - late 1970s, life-wing Sandinistas overthrow brutal dictator Somoza. CIA trains guerillas ("Contras") to take down Sandinista government. • El Salvador - Reagan supports right - wing government that kills 40,000 during the 1980s • Grenada - US. marines invade in 1983 after military coup topples left-wing government. US installs pro - American government Iran - Contra scandal • Iran and Iraq go to war in 1980. U.S. supports Iraq, but Reagan agrees to sell an --- tank missiles to Iran in exchange for release of 7 U.S. hosts. • Oliver North (right) develops plan to transfer these funds to Contras in Nicaragua (in order to get around a congressional ban on aid to the Contras) • Televised Senate hears in 1986. Apartheid in South Africa • Reagan supports white minority government in South Africa in spite of its violent white supremacy • Divestment movement-urging US. companies to cease investing in South Africa - gains ground in 1980s (right) • Apartheid 1957 - Arkansas governor Orval Faubus calls out National Guard to prevent black students from enrolling at Central High School, then removes Guard, leaving students to face a white mob • Eisenhower sends in U.S. army to escort "Little Rock Nine" to school. Emmett Till • 14 year old from Chicago, killed in Mississippi for allegedly whistling at a white woman • Mamie Till insists on an open casket, forces nation to look upon beaten, bloated corpse • Galvanizes civil rights activism (including Anne Moody). Rosa Parks • December 1, 1955 • Refuses to give up their seat on Montgomery, AL bus when white passengers board • Parks is not "just to seamstress who was tired" - she was involved with the NAACP and the act was planned civil disobedience. Montgomery Bus Boycott • NAACP takes Parks' case to court • In the meantime, African Americans boycott Montgomery buses • Boycott lasts a year • Martin Luther King, Jr. is an important boycott leader • 1956 Supreme Court rules segregated buses are unconstitutional 12. 2000 Election • Republican George W. Bush narrowly defeats Democrat Al Gore • Election turns on a manual recount in the Commission on the Status of Women • Equal Pay Act of 1963 • 1964 Civil Rights Act includes provisions against discrimination in employment • 1965 - Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) begins monitor workplace discrimination. National Organization for Women (NOW) • Founded in 1966 by Beky Friedan (author of The Feminine Mys2que) and others • Seek "true equality for all women" • Focus on political sphere -Call on federal government to enforce equal opportunity provisions -Seek legislation creating child care centers, job training, and protecting reproductive rights • 1966 1971: NOW's membership grows from 1,000 to 15,000. The Equal Rights Amendment • Alice Paul proposed it in 1923 • Would have secured equal rights for women in the Constitution • Splits feminists - middle - class activists support it, labor advocates are opposed (because ERA would deny female workers special protections) • Congress approves the ERA in 1972, but due to formidable conservative opposition, it is not ratified by required 38 states. Women's Liberation • Women face discrimination in other protest movements of 1960s • Seek to attack patriarchy, the nuclear family, objectification of women • 1968 Miss America protest women are "enslaved by ludicrous 'beauty' standards" • regime falls in early 1900s The End of the Cold War • 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev (left) comes to power and introduces reforms: glasnost (openness) -perestroika (restructuring) • Reagan and Gorbachev meet regularly from 1986 to 1988 - "They've changed" • 1989 - Communism collapses across eastern Europe, with no response from USSR -Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria abandon communism peacefully Violent overthrow of dictator Nicolae Ceausescu in Romania Domestic Policy •Unexpectedly centrist •Appeases conservatives by cutting funds for Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society programs •But expands other aspects of Roosevelt/Johnson welfare state, including social security and housing programs •Persuades Congress to pass Environmental Protection Act, increasing federal oversight of environmental matters •Race: opposes busing, takes a hands--‐off approach to Civil Rights, but expands affirmative action programs and signs extension of 1965 Voting Rights Act •By early 1970s, economy falters contested state of Florida • Supreme Court decides election in Bush's favor. Bush's Domestic Agenda • Promotes agenda of Republican Party's conservative, evangelical wing • Opposes gay marriage, abortion, stem cell research • Major tax cuts in 2001 and 2003 - end of Clinton - era budget surpluses • "No Child Left Behind" (2002) - education program. School districts evaluated largely on basis of standardized tests. 9/11 • September 11, 2001 coordinated attacks on Twin Towers and the Pentagon • Osama Bin Laden and Al Qaeda • Nearly 3000 people killed. The War on Terror • Bush dispatches troops to Afghanistan. • Fundamentalist Taliban government refuses to give up Bin Laden -Bin Laden and Taliban had received US. aid during Cold War - era Soviet invasion of Afghanistan • Invasion topples Taliban, U.S. Bin Laden does not locate Bin Laden. The War on Terror at Home • October 2001 - Patriot Act passes Congress. -Makes it easier for intelligence services to stain terrorism suspects, and also to wiretaps phones / read e - mails of individuals (including U.S. citizens) suspected of involvement in terrorist activities. • Wave of anti - Muslim sentiment (and violence) across the US. The Ms. magazine founded 1972. Roe v. Wade (1973) • Supreme Court rules that state can not prevent a woman from obtaining an abortion in the first trimester • An abortion is a private medical procedure issue between a woman and her doctor, and is there subject to constitutional right of privacy • Decision sparks major backlash. Attempts to reverse decision continue to this day. Other Feminist Gains • Title IX (1972) prohibitions discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded educational activity • Congress bans discrimination in credit and lending (1974) • Open U.S.. military academies to women (1976) • Prohibit discrimination against pregnant workers (1978). 11. Foreign Policy under Bush • Opera (on Just Cause - US troops invade Panama and arrest dictator Manuel Noriega • Opera (on Desert Storm August 1990: Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein (right) invades Kuwait -UN orders Iraq to withdrawal; when they don ' t, US leads bombing campaign and invasionHussein remains in power in Iraq -Bush: "We've kicked the Vietnam syndrome once and for all". Bill Clinton • Democrat, former Governor of Arkansas • Selected in 1992 thanks to ailing economy and third-party candidacy of Ross Perot • Clinton positions himself as a "New Democrat," claiming that "the era of big Bush Doctrine • For Bush and advisers (VP Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld), Afghanistan is only the beginning • Opportunity to remake Middle East, installing pro - American democracies • Iraq, Iran, and North Korea form an "Axis of Evil "• Bush Doctrine - US will undertake pre-emptive war against governments deemed a threat to the US, even if threat is not imminent. Invasion of Iraq • Congress approves invasion in March 2003 • Saddam Hussein's regime quickly falls, Bush prematurely declares an end to military operations in Iraq (right) • Iraq descends into civil war • No military draft. Soldiers serve long and repeated tours. • Reliance on National Guard and private contractors (Halliburton. Stalemate in Iraq • Sectarian violence continues after Bush's re election • 2007 - "The Surge" - increase of 30,000 successes in decreasing violence around Baghdad • 2008 poll shows 54% of Americans believe war was a mistake • Patriot Act violations of civil liberties • Unlawful practices at Guantánamo and others prisoners denied counsel, held without charges, "enhanced interrogation" techniques (torture) • 2006 Supreme Court rules against military tribunals government is over" Clinton as conservative "New Democrat" • Thanks to extended economic boom, Clinton lowers taxes • Dismantles Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), aka welfare-New Deal program unpopular with conservatives who argued that welfare fostered dependency • Rather than ending military's ban on gay soldiers, implements "Do not Ask, Do not Tell" policy - officers cannot ask, but soldiers can be discharged for homosexuality Clinton as progressive Democrat • With first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, proposals overhaul of nation's health care system • Signs gun control legislation - Brady Bill (1993) • Appointments unprecedented numbers of women and people of color to government posts -Madeline Albright and Janet Reno are first female Secretary of State and Attorney General. Foreign Policy Under Clinton • Rwanda - Hutu militias massacre 800,000 ethnic Tutsis. US does not intervene) • Bosnia - Herzegovina - Civil war leads to "ethnic cleansing." • Clinton sends US troops as peacekeepers. • Islamic extremism: -1993 bombing of World Trade Center garage 1998 bombing of US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania -2000 attack on USS Cole in Yemen. Globalization • World economies incrementally integrated • World Trade Organization (on administration uses to try suspects. Hurricane Katrina • August 2005 - Hurricane Katrina hits Gulf Coast. Large areas of New Orleans flood • Residents who do not (or cannot) evacuate left in Superdome • 1,800 people are killed; 130,000 of New Orleans's 500,000 residents cannot return to the city • Local, state, and federal governments criticized for inadequate response. The Great Recession • Stock market crashes in late 2008 • Investment firms (Lehman Brothers) go bankrupt • Unemployment jumps from 4.9% to 7.6% • Consumer spending decrements • Home foreclosures. Causes of the Great Recession • Deregulation of financial industry under every president since Reagan allows banks to indulge in reckless speculation • Subprime mortgages offered to borrowers with low incomes and poor credit ratings • Wealth inequality Top 1% control 34.6% of nation's wealth; top 20% control 86% • In globalized economy, recession goes global. 2008 Election • Barack Obama, Democrat, defeats John McCain, becoming first African American president McCain's running mate, Sarah Palin, would have been first female Vice President • Obama's grassroots political movement uses Internet WTO) founded 1995 -150 nations seek to organize and regulate international trade.) • Signed in 1993. • Increased trade and commerce between US, Canada, Mexico • European Union (EU) formed in 1993. -Euro established as common currency in 1999.The Internet • Availability of personal computers and Internet • Bill Gates and Steve Jobs - founders of Microsoh and Apple - among the world's richest people by 1990 • 1991 World Wide Web allows access to internet 2010 - 75% of Americans and 25% of people in the world use internet.). The Downside of Globalization • Organized labor in US sufferers. Cannot compete with cheaper facilities overseas) • Environmental hazards -Rapid industrialization and reliance on fossil fuels in US and abroad leads to global warming • Critics demand " fair trade "along with" free trade "economic and environmental regulation • 1999 WTO protests in Seattle (right) Immigration in the 1990s • 2006 - US has 35.7 million immigrants (12.5% of population) -La) n America, the Caribbean, and Asia produce the majorities of immigrants • By 2050, native born whites will no longer be a major • Legal immigration increased after 1965 Htiart Cellar Act, which overturns 1924 quotas. Undocumented Immigrants • Critics refer to technology to rally support • Message of hope - "Yes We Can "- appeals to voters. The End of Racism? • In spite of claims that Obama's election means US. is: "post - racial," inequality remains a fact: • Median income -White: $ 50,000 -Black: $ 32,000 • Home ownership rate -White: 75% -Black: 50% • Poor rate -White: 12% -Black: 24 % • Incarceration rate -4% of white men will spend time in jail during their lives -28% of African American men will spend time in jail. Obama's First Term Achievements • Continues Bush's bank bailouts; adds auto bailouts; pushes major stimulus package • Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) comprehensive healthcare reform • Winds down wars in Afghanistan and Iraq • 2011 US Special Forces kill Osama Bin Laden • 2012 Obama re – elected. Opposition and Dissent • Conservatives form "Tea Party" in opposition to Obama -Obama accused of "socialism" • 2010, Republican restriction control of House of Representatives -Tension between Obama and Republicans leads to 2013 government shutdown • Occupy Wall Street attacks corporate wealth and income inequality - "We are the 99%". The Silent Majority •In a 1969 speech, Nixon claims to govern for “the them as "illegal aliens" • Conservatives warn of an "invasion" from Mexico during the 1990s • 1994 - Proposition 187 passed in California -Bars undocumented aliens from schools, medical care, and social services Federal Judge overturns it. "Multiculturalism" • Replaces "Melting Pot") • Idea that Americans are not a single people. on 227 bans bilingual education (right) • Debates over Affirmative Action policies - "reverse discrimination.” "Family Values" • Conservatives blame feminism and liberal policies for destroying family and gender roles • Abor (on remains extraordinarily controversial -An) - choice activists step up their campaign in 1990s (left) -Win victories on state level: limit public funding, enforced waiting periods, Vietnamization Nixon determined to end American involvement, but without “losing” Vietnam to communism •Withdraws U.S. forces while supporting build-‐up of South Vietnamese forces •Begins secret bombing campaign in neighboring Cambodia. In 1970, orders invasion of Cambodia silent majority” •Conservative, law--‐abiding white Americans who fear Civil Rights, protests, and counterculture •Seek retreat from welfare state liberalism of LBJ
Purchase answer to see full attachment
User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Running head: GREAT DEPRESSION, NEW DEAL, WORLD WAR II. (1920-1945)

Great Depression, New Deal, World War II. (1920-1945)
Name
Institution

1

GREAT DEPRESSION, NEW DEAL, WORLD WAR II. (1920-1945)

2

Great Depression, New Deal, World War II. (1920-1945)
The Great Depression was a period of economic and political challenges for the United
States as the nation battled with the growing uprising Europe and the need to maintain its
sovereignty and position on the international stage. One of the major events that highlighted the
economic significance of this period was the Stock Market Crash of 1929. It was the single event
that started the economic recession as the panic selling of stocks on October 24 resulted in the
collapse of banks and other financial institutions in the country. The event highlight...


Anonymous
Excellent resource! Really helped me get the gist of things.

Studypool
4.7
Trustpilot
4.5
Sitejabber
4.4

Related Tags