1. Herbert Hoover •Elected 1928 •Republican – policies
aligned with predecessors Harding and Coolidge •Head of
Food Administration during WWI “Stock Market Crash
•October 24, 1929 – “Black Friday” •Panicked selling causes
market to plummet. Banks and lending agencies collapse.
Depression results •Stock market crash does not cause the
Great Depression that follows it. –Depression is a result of
broken economic structures – a decade of income inequality,
overextension of credit, failure of government oversight t
Hoover Responds •Believer in Laissez--‐faire government
and in voluntarism – nation can ride out Depression if labor
and capital work together •By 1930, Hoover willing to
support public works projects to put Americans back to
work •Gross national income –1929 - $88 billion –1933 --‐
$40 billion •Unemployment –1929 – 3.1% –1933 –
25%Franklin D. Roosevelt •Elected President in 1932
•Democrat •Privileged upbringing •Pragmatism – willing to
experiment; willing to fail; must do something• Humanity and
compassion – seems to care about American people The
New Deal •Body of legislation designed to ease suffering
•Enormous expansion of government's role in economy –
end of a decade of laissez--‐faire. •Relief – provide aid to
poor and unemployed •Recovery – help farms and business,
create jobs •Reform – reshape government and economy to
avoid future depressions Banking •Banking system is on
verge of collapse •FDR orders banks to close for several
days •1933 - Congress passes Emergency Banking Act,
provides aid to banks and increases federal oversight •1933
--‐ Creation of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(FDIC) – insures personal savings in banks, so individuals
will not lose savings in event of bank collapse Farmers and
rural poor •1933 - Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA). aims
to raise prices by reducing overproduction. Too much supply
means low demand and low prices. Pays subsidy to farmers
to limit production •1933 – Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA) – Public works project builds dams, providing
electricity to rural poor across the South Industrial
Production •National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) --‐
creates National Recovery Administration (NRA) •NRA
works with labor and capital to create codes regulating
production, prices, wages, hours • Partially successful.
Businesses fail to abide by codes, government fails to
enforce provisions Unemployment Relief •Federal Emergency
3 .Fascist Dictators in Europe •Italy:
Benito Mussolini comes to power in 1922.
–Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935.
•Spain: right--‐wing general Francisco
Franco comes to power aster Spanish Civil
War 1936--‐39) •Germany: Adolf Hitler
and National Socialist (Nazi) party come
to power in 1933 Nazi Militarism •1936 –
occupy Rhineland between Germany and
France •March 1938 – annex Austria
•Sept. 1938 – occupy Sudetenland, western
region of Czechoslovakia •March 1939 –
seize
remainder
of
Czechoslovakia
•“Appeasement” – fearing another war,
France and Britain do not respond Japanese
Militarism •1931 – Japanese invade
Chinese province of Manchuria. War
between Chinese and Japanese lasts for
more than a decade •Begin to build up
naval forces in Pacific in mid--‐1930s,
violating international treaties War in
Europe •Aug. 1939 – Nazi/Soviet non--‐
aggression pact •Sept. 1939 – Germany
invades Poland. England and France
declare war. •German Blitzkrieg (lightning
war) across Europe •June 1940 – fall of
Paris •Battle of Britain – air battle
between Germany and Britain U.S.
Neutrality •Throughout 1930s, widespread
opposition to intervention in Europe •1935
and 1937 – Congress passes Neutrality
Acts to keep U.S. out of war •American
First Committee opposes U.S. involvement.
800,00 members in 450 chapters the
“Arsenal of Democracy” •Roosevelt elected
to third term in 1940 •Works to assist
British without entering war •Lend--‐Lease
Act (1941) – U.S. lends arms to Britain
for duration of war. Extended to USSR
after Hitler breaks Nazi--‐Soviet pact
Attack on Pearl Harbor •1940 . Japanese
sign pact with Italy and Germany
•December 7, 1941 – Japanese bomb U.S.
5. Eastern Europe • USSR
suffers enormous human and
economic in World War II •
Stalin
(right)
demands
friendly governments in
Eastern Europe • By 1948,
installs Communist satellite
governments in Poland,
Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia.
Division of Germany • Stalin
wants monetary reparations
and a demilitarized Germany;
U.S. wants to spur industrial
revival • Unable to reach
consensus, allies divides
Germany.
•
British,
American, and French sectors
unify as West Germany in
1949 War of Words, 1946 •
Stalin: capitalism inevitably
leads to war • Churchill
(speaking in Missouri, leti):
"an
iron
curtain
has
descended across" Europe.
Containment
•
George
Kennan, U.S. diplomat,
writes "long telegram" (1946)
• Soviet expansionism must
be resisted at all costs • U.S.
should work to build up
economies of western Europe
in hopes of reducing the
appeal
of
communism.
Truman Doctrine • 1947 •
Truman wants to send money
and supplies to prop up failing
democratic governments in
Greece and Turkey • U.S.
must "support free peoples
who
are
resisting
subjugation" • U.S. will
provide military and political
assistance to democratic
7. The Sit - In Movement • Born
in Greensboro, NC, February
1960 • Participants sit at lunch
counters in spite of being
refused service • By April, sit in protests have occurred in 60
cities • Student Non - Violent
Coordinating Committee (
SNCC - "snick") founded to
organize sit - ins. -Becomes
leading
civil
rights
organization,
along
with
NAACP and King's Southern
Christian
Leadership
Conference (SCLC). Freedom
Rides • Interracial delegation
leaves Washington, DC in April
1961. Testing segregation in
interstate transport • Bus is
firebombed near Anniston, AL;
riders beaten severely in
Birmingham, AL • 300 riders
jailed in Mississippi. Martin
Luther King, Jr. • Master of
Civil Rights spectacle • Non violence as means to create a
media - worthy spectacle in the
hopes of shifting public opinion
• Birmingham 1963 - teenage
Civil Rights activists attacked
with dogs and fire houses,
creating a national media story.
Birmingham Church Bombing
(1963) • Bomb planted at 16th
Street Baptist Church explodes,
killing four young girls •
Violence
outrages
many
outside of the South. March on
Washington (1963) • August
28, 1963 • 250,000 people
gather in front of the Lincoln
Memorial • Site of King's "I
Have a Dream" Speech.
Relief Administration – cash grants to states to provide
poor relief •Public Works Administration hires workers to
rebuild infrastructure (roads, schools, ports) •Civilian
Conservation Corps (right) – hires young men to work in
and improve parks, forests.NaIonal Labor Relations Act
(1935) •AKA the Wagner Act •Creates National Labor
Relations Board (NLRB) •Protects workers’ right to organize
unions without owner interference •Simple election model –
when a majority of workers vote for a union, employer
must recognize and negotiate with union Growth of
organized labor •During 1930s, union membership increases
from 4 million to 10 million workers, including 800,000
women. •1929 – 6% of labor force is organized; 1940 –
33% •FDR is more sympathetic to labor than Republicans
of 1920s, but grassroots organizing is key to growth –1.5
million workers strike in 1933 alone Birth of the CIO
•Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) created in 1935
•Industrial workers denied a place in American Federation
of Labor (AFL) •More vigorous and radical than moderate
AFL •1937, CIO launches full scale organizing campaign.
4.5 million workers participate in 4,700 strikes the
Communist Party in the 1930s •Depression suggests a crisis
in capitalism •100,000 Americans join the Communist Party
(CP) •Popular Front – CP works with socialists, unionists,
and New Dealers to work for social change. Demand reform
(rather than overthrow) of capitalism •CP involved in wide
variety of activities during 1930s Communism in the
mainstream •Earl Browder, head of CP, on the cover of Time
magazine (right) •CP involved in unemployment rallies, union
organizing, and civil rights work Communists and Civil
Rights •During 1930s, Communists lead fight for African
American civil rights •Scottsboro Nine – Black teenagers
are wrongly arrested for rape in 1931. CP lawyers defend
them in several trials. Last defendant released from jail in
1950
2.The Second New Deal •Democrats gain seats in
Congress in 1934 midterm elections. •FDR responds by
expanding New Deal •Building the American Welfare
State – when people suffer because of forces beyond their
control, the government owes them its support Works
Progress Administration (1935) •Millions remain
unemployed in 1935 •Massive work relief program
designed to put unemployed Americans to work improving
the nation’s infrastructure •Also employs artists, musicians,
actors, poets, novelists •By 1936, WPA is responsible for
7% of nation’s work force Social Security Act (1935)
pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii •Dec.
8 – FDR asks for, and Congress provides,
declaration of war on Japan •Dec. 11 –
Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.
Forming the Army •Selective Service Act
(1940) requires men to register for draft
•16 million men and women serve
•Selective
Service
Act
prohibits
discrimination by race
– African
Americans, Mexican Americans, Native
Americans, and Chinese Americans serve
Early War in the Pacific •Japanese hope
to defeat U.S. quickly. •1942 invasion of
the Philippines leads to Bataan Death
March. Thousands of American and
Filipino POWs die. •November 1942 –
Battle of Midway is important U.S. victory
U.S.
Involvement in European
War
•German troops have invaded USSR; Stalin
asks allies to open a second front •Allies
invade northern Africa; land troops in Italy
in July 1943. Mussolini is deposed and
Italy surrenders •June 6, 1944 – D--‐Day.
Massive allied landing at Normandy,
France •Liberation of Paris – August 25,
1944 •Battle of the Bulge (Dec. 1944--‐
Jan. 1945) – 70,000 Allied deaths, 100,000
German deaths The Holocaust •Reports of
Hitler’s “Final Solution” reach U.S. as early
as
1942, but U.S.
refuses
asylum
•Systematic
murder of Jews, Gypsies,
radicals, homosexuals
•Liberation
of
concentration camps throughout 1945 by
Allied troops •Approx. 9 million victims
(6 million Jews) Yalta Conference •Big
Three – Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin, Winston
Churchill discuss postwar plans •Agree to
create
international
peacekeeping
organization . the United Nations. •U.S.
Senate will approve UN Charter 89--‐2
End of the European War •April 11, 1945.
U.S. troops reach Elbe River in Germany
•April 30 – Hitler commits suicide •May
2 – Russian troops occupy Berlin.
Provisional
German
government
surrenders, ending war in Europe Dropping
countries under pressure from
authoritarianism
/
communism. The Marshall
Plan • 1948 • Named for
Secretary of State George
Marshall • Provides $ 13
million in cash and supplies to
struggling democracies of
Western
Europe
•
Humanitarian and strategic
impulses - increase American
sphere of influence. Berlin
Airlift • Berlin is shared by
Soviets and western allies, but
it is located in East Germany.
• Stalin blocks roads to Berlin
in early 1948 • Truman
responds with airlift - U.S.
and British pilots fly 2 million
tons of cargo into Berlin
before USSR litis blockade in
1949. 1949 • U.S. joins 11
European countries in North
Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) - collective security
pact. -Warsaw Pact - eastern
bloc equivalent to NATO signed several years later •
Soviet Union successfully
detonated an atomic bomb •
Communist forces in China,
led by Mao Zedong, establish
People's Republic of China.
NSC - 68 • 1950 • National
Security Council reconsiders
U.S. Cold War policy •
Recommends expansion of
containment,
increased
military spending, accelerated
arms production, engaging in
"covert means" to disrupt
communist countries • "The
Soviet Union, unlike previous
aspirants to hegemony ... is
animated by a new fanatic
faith, antithetical to our own,
Freedom Summer (1964) •
Hundreds of northern college
students head South to register
black
voters
•
Near
Philadelphia, MS, members of
a revitalized Ku Klux Klan
abduct
and
kill
three
volunteers: James Chaney,
Andrew
Goodman,
and
Michael Schwerner. Selma
(1965) • A white mob attacks
voting rights protesters •
"Bloody Sunday": Police attack
peaceful marchers on the
Edmund Pegs Bridge • Events
horrify the nation, 3000
marchers head to Selma to join
MLK in another protest march.
1960 Presidential Election •
MA Senator John F. Kennedy
(Dem) defeats sitting vice
president Richard Nixon (Rep)
• Black voted for Kennedy is
decent • First televised debt
benefits Kennedy. Kennedy's
"New Frontier" • Promises to
address poverty, ignorance, and
prejudice during campaign, but
moves slowly in first two years
• 1963, pushes for aid to urban
America, a full-scale war on
poverty, and a comprehensive
Civil Rights Bill. Kennedy
Assassination • November 22,
1963 • Killed in Dallas, TX.
Police arrest Lee Harvey
Oswald, who is murdered two
days later • Lyndon B. Johnson,
Kennedy's
VP,
becomes
President. Lyndon B. Johnson •
Born poor in Texas • Selected
to Congress in 193ti as New
Dealer; Senate in 1948 • Master
of parliamentary maneuvering
and
political
dealing
•
Passionate reformer pushes
•Designed to provide elderly with a small income to
alleviate poverty •Social Security Act also creates Aid for
Dependent Children (later known as Aid for Families with
Dependent Children), most commonly known as welfare
Roosevelt’s “Four Freedoms” •1941 speech •American
citizens have a right to “freedom of speech, freedom of
worship, freedom from want, freedom from fear.” •New
Deal as an attempt to secure “freedom from want”–
economic security – as a fundamental right Court Packing”
•In order to protect New Deal legislation from
conservative Supreme Court justices, FDR proposes adding
six more justices •American people respond negatively,
emboldening conservative opposition to New Deal and
helping to slow pace of reform Fair Standards Act of
1938 •Last major piece of New Deal legislation •Sets
national minimum wage and maximum labor hours
•Regulates child labor •Government establishes baseline
protections for employees in labor relationships
•Republicans gain seats in 1938 Congressional elections,
pace of New Deal reform slows Conservative/Business
Opposition to the New Deal •Great Depression hurts
Republican Party •1934 – conservative business leaders
form American Liberty League. Goal is to teach “the
value of encouraging people to work; encouraging people
to get rich.” •Spends more than $1 million attacking FDR
and New Deal as socialistic and opposed to free
enterprises Southern Democrats in Congress •No viable
Republican party in South; Roosevelt must work with
southern Democrats in Congress to pass any legislation
•Southern Democrats are much more conservative than
Roosevelt, oppose anything that seems to challenge white
supremacy •[Right: Ellison D. “Cotton Ed” Smith, Senator
from South Carolina] Francis Townsend •Townsend is
re=red California physician. •Proposes that Americans over
60 be a given a monthly s=pend provided they a) are
re=red and b) spend it each month •Sales tax pays for
the plan •Retirees will open up jobs for younger people,
while elderly spending stimulates economy •3.5 million
people join Townsend Clubs Charles Coughlin •Catholic
Priest with national radio show based in Michigan
•Blames New Deal for catering to banks •His cri=ques of
Roosevelt, Communism, and “international bankers” often
veer into crude anti ‐Semitism Huey P. Long •Louisiana
governor and senator •Believes New Deal stops short of
necessary redistribution of wealth • “Share Our Wealth”
plan promises each family a homestead and a monthly
the Atomic Bomb •August 1945 --‐
President Harry Truman (FDR dies in
April 1945) orders atomic bomb dropped
on Hiroshima, Japan •A second bomb
dropped on Nagasaki three days later
•100,000 --‐ 200,000 deaths •August 14,
1945 – Japan surrenders World War II and
the U.S. Economy •Finally ends Great
Depression •Increased federal spending
•Gross national product grows from $91
billion to $168 billion •Unemployment
drops from 8 million to 1 million •All
regions of the country prosper –Booming
factories in Northeast and Midwest –
South: farms thrive, increased industry and
urbanization
–West
coast:
military
installations lead to massive population
growth Building the War Machine •War
Production Board oversees economy.
Government alliance with big business
•Military production increases 800 percent
during war •By 1945: 86,000 tanks,
300,000 planes, 15 million guns, 6,500
ships Organized Labor during WWII
•Wartime demands for production + labor
shortage due to military = excellent
bargaining position for Unions •1942 –
Roosevelt’s National War Labor Board
regulates wages, hours, working conditions
Women at Work •Increased opportunities
for women •By 1944 – 6 million women
working. Huge increase in female factory
workers •More married women working
•Limits:
women
paid
less, denied
advancement, assumed to be purely
temporary labor Encouraging Patriotism
and
Cooperation
•Office
of
War
Information promotes patriotism •Scrap
metal and rubber donations • “Victory
gardens” – vegetables grown at home
conserve
food
•Hollywood
makes
propaganda films; coordinates bond drives;
entertainers perform for soldiers
and seeks to impose its
absolute authority over the
rest of the world. The Second
Red Scare • House Un American
Activities
Committee (HUAC) created
during
the
1930s
•
Widespread
fear
of
communist subversion during
Truman's second term. •
Federal Employee Loyalty
Program -Board investigators
federal employees suspected
of
disloyalty
-378
government
officials
dismissed, despite failure to
find a single verifiable case of
espionage -Gay employees
targeted for persecution.
HUAC and Hollywood •
House Un - American
Activities
Committee
Investigators
Communist
Infiltration of Hollywood,
1947 • Widely publicized.
Witnesses forced to confess
their affiliations and "name
names." • Failure to comply
leads to blacklisting. High
Profile Cases • 1948 - Alger
Hiss, former government
official, accused of passing
documents to Soviet spy •
1949 - Truman administration
prosecutes
twelve
high
ranking Communist Party
officials • 1950 - Julius and
Ethel Rosenberg sentenced to
death for providing nuclear
secrets to Soviet. Joseph
McCarthy
•
Wisconsin
Senator, public face of
anticommunism, 1950--54 •
Claims to have a list of
4. Internment •February 19, 1942 --‐ communists in the state
Executive Order 9066 authorizes removal department • Badgers and
expansive domestic agenda.
Civil Rights Bill (1964) • LBJ
asks Congress for Bill "so that
[JFK] did not die in vain" •
Strongest piece of Civil Rights
legislation
since
Reconstruction • Significance
of civil rights activism in
coercing JFK and LBJ to move
on Civil Rights. The Great
Society • Ambitious domestic
reform agenda focused on
expanding welfare state and
eliminating poverty • Increases
funding for food stamps,
education, job training, eases
welfare restrictions • Creates
Medicare
(comprehensive
health care for the elderly) and
Medicaid (improved medical
care for poor) ) • Expansion of
New Deal ideology - Federal
Government has an obligation
to eliminate poverty and
expand opportunity. Voting
Rights Act (1965) • Bans
literacy tests and authorizes
federal intervention to protect
voting rights • Between this act
and the Civil Rights Act (1964),
the federal government is now
responsible for the protection of
African American civil rights to
a
degree
unseen
since
Reconstruction.
Accomplishments of the Great
Society • 1965 - new
immigration act removals
discriminatory quotations on
the books since 1924 • Pace of
reform slows after 1965 •
Percentage of Americans in
poverty decrees from 20% to
13% between 1959 and 1968 •
Percentage
of
African
Americans in poverty falls 10%
s=pend. •7 million people join “Share Our Wealth” clubs
•Long assassinated in 1935 The New Deal and the Black
Voter •Since Reconstruction, African Americans had voted
overwhelmingly Republican •Though most southern
African Americans still denied the right to vote, black
voters in North and West move towards Democrats during
the New Deal •1936 – 75% of black voters support
Roosevelt The New Deal and African Americans
•Roosevelt consults with “black cabinet” on race issues
•Reverses federal government segregation policy •Creates
Civil Rights Sec=on in Department of Justice •Mary
McLeod Bethune (right) becomes highest ranking black
person in FDR’s administration White Supremacy in the
New Deal •Influence of Southern Democrats in shaping
New Deal •National Recovery Act – separate pay scale
for black workers •Agricultural Adjustment Act – funds to
landowners not sharecroppers; many black sharecroppers
kicked off land •Social Security and Fair Labor Standards
Act exclude jobs that black people are most likely to
hold •Roosevelt fails to fully support federal an=--‐
lynching law or a ban on the poll tax. Neither law
passes. the Indian New Deal •Native Americans live in
crushing poverty since late 19th century •John Collier,
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pushes for new direction
in federal policy (right) •Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
–Overturns Dawes Act –Self--‐government for reservations
–Government will respect native customs •Limitations: –
Top--‐Down policy, fails to account for diversity of native
peoples.
Watergate •Nixon wins 1972 election in a landslide •During
1972 campaign, five men arrested for breaking into Democratic
headquarters at Watergate building in DC •Washington Post
reporters tie break--‐in to Nixon administration •During Senate
hearings, evidence surfaces that Nixon had taped Oval Office
conversations. These tapes prove he took part in Watergate
cover--‐up. •Nixon is impeached, resigns presidency in August
1974 •VP Gerald Ford takes over
…………………………………………………………………..
parental notification. Far - Right Militia Movement • Radical an
(- government fringe.) Often white supremacist Opposed
government, taxes, United Nations) • Militia movement grows
after federal raid on armed religious cult in Waco, TX kills 80 in
1993 • April 1995 - Timothy McVeigh bombs federal building
in Oklahoma City, killing 169 (right) Clinton Impeachment •
Prosecutor Kenneth Starr charges that Clinton had had affair
of Japanese from West Coast (order does
not apply to Hawaii) • Nissei – American
citizens, born in the United States – are
included in internment orders: “A Jap’s a
Jap” •Japanese American families are force
to sell all their belongings (homes, cars,
businesses) at an estimated loss of $400
million Internment Camps •Ten camps
located in remote sections of Utah,
Arizona, Arkansas, Idaho, California, and
Wyoming •Internees live in barracks. A
family shared one room, 20 x 20 feet.
Barbed wire and armed guards surrounded
the camps. •1944 Korematsu case –
Supreme Court rules that “military
necessity” justified internment Japanese
Americans in the Military •Initially denied
the right to serve; policy reversed in
response to Japanese propaganda •Several
thousand Japanese Americans serve with
distinction –One battalion made up of
Nissei suffers such a high casualty rate it
is known as the “purple heart battalion”
•Soldiers such as Daniel Inouye (right)
face discrimination upon their return home
Reparations Bill (1988) •President Reagan
signs bill apologizing for Japanese
internment during World War II and
offering monetary reparations to survivors
•Daniel Inouye, longtime Democratic
Senator from Hawaii, is the bill’s sponsor
African Americans and World War II
•Approximately one million African
Americans serve in military during WWII
•Rise in civil rights activism at home
•Wartime
mobilization
and
labor
requirements present opportunity to attack
Jim Crow at home •“Double V” campaign:
victory over fascism abroad, victory over
Jim Crow at home •NAACP membership
triples Executive Order 8802 •1941
•Companies receiving federal defense
contracts must be integrated •Response to
A. Philip Randolph’s threatened March on
Washington •Ensures that black workers
will receive a share of wartime prosperity
bullies witnesses • 1954 Army
- McCarthy hearings: "have
you no decency?" Prosperity
in the 1950s • 1945--1960: per
capita income increases 35%
• 1960: 60% percent of
Americans are "middle class"
• 1947--1960: poverty rate
falls from 34% to 22% •
1950s prosperity is more
evenly distributed than '20s.
Television • By 1960, 90% of
Americans own a television •
Popular
shows
reflect
prevailing cultural norms •
Major advertising vehicle •
Politics
and
political
campaigns now played on TV
-Dwight D. Eisenhower's
victorious 1952 campaign for
President is the first to feature
television ads. Baby Boom •
Birth rate grows 40% from
1930s to 1950s • Marriages
occur earlier • Many women
struggle with their confined
existence • Vaccinations keep
children alive • Alcohol and
pills -Bely Friedan, The
Feminine Mystique, (1963):
"The problem that has not
name" Suburban Boom •
1956 - President Eisenhower
signs Interstate Highway and
Defense System Act Authorizes construction of
the national highway system •
Encourages movement to
suburbs • By 1960, 1/3 of
nation lives in suburbs.
Levittown • William Levitt's
model suburb • Crews build
36 approximately identical
houses a day • Affordably
priced, houses come with a
TV and refrigerator! •
between 1966 and 1974.
Kennedy and the Cold War •
Believes American foreign
policy has "gone so`" under
Eisenhower • Bay of Pigs
invasion - CIA plans invasion
of Cuba to depose Fidel Castro,
who comes to power in 1959. In
April 1961 Kennedy approves
plan
organized
under
Eisenhower . Invasion is a
disaster. • 1961 - Soviets have a
man orbit the Earth. Kennedy
increases funding for space
program. 1962: American
orbits earth 1969: Americans
reach the moon. Cuban Missile
Crisis • 1962 - Khrushchev
plans to put nuclear missiles in
Cuba to counter US. missiles in
Britain, Turkey, and Italy • US
discovers plans. Kennedy
blockades Cuba and threatens
nuclear retaliation • Nations
seem to be on the brink of
nuclear war until agreement is
reached. Kennedy and Vietnam
• Eisenhower's funds and
military advisers have not
stabilized South Vietnam. Viet
Cong continue resistance to
Diem regime, with assistance
from North Vietnam • Kennedy
expends
American
involvement. Increases flow of
weapons, funds, and advisers.
Johnson and Vietnam • Johnson
expands US involvement •
1964 - Gulf of Tonkin incident
leads LBJ to begin bombing
North Vietnam. Congress
passes
Gulf
of Tonkin
Resolution (1965), granting
LBJ increased authority in
Vietnam • Early 1965 intensified bombing campaign.
with Monica Lewinsky (left) and lied about it under oath • 1999
- House of Representatives impeaches Clinton, charging perjury
and obstruction of justice. Senate acquits. • Impeachment as
capstone of culture wars and "family values" campaign of 1990s.
African American soldiers •Significant as
symbols and as actors •Many leading Civil
Rights activists of the 1950s and 1960s
first become political due to wartime
experience. “The shock troops of the
modern Civil Rights movement” The
Bracero Program •Organized in 1942.
Attempt to ease wartime labor shortages
in Southwest and West •Mexican contract
laborers – braceros – enter the U.S. for
limited period of time to work as farm
laborers and in factories •Low wages,
difficult work •Program lasts until 1964
Wartime Conflict and Opportunity for
Mexican Americans •Increased civil rights
activism among Mexican Americans
•1943“Zoot Suit Riots” in Los Angeles:
white sailors attack Mexican--‐American
youths for wearing zoot suits The
Homecoming •By 1946, three quarters of
American soldiers have returned to civilian
life •Enormous pressures on family life in
immediate postwar years. Increase in
divorce
and
juvenile
delinquency.
“Disintegration of our family life”
Economic Transitions •Fears of renewed
depression. Shortage of goods and
foodstuff is common during postwar
transition period •The GI Bill (1944) –
AKA: Servicemen’s Readjustment Act –
Offers job training, education, financial
benefits –By 1948, 1.3 million vets have
bought homes and 2.2 million have
attended Truman and Civil Rights •1946 –
appoints President’s Committee on Civil
Rights to study race relations •Committee
publishes its report, To Secure These
Rights, in 1947 –Places civil rights in
context of Cold War --‐ fear that racial
unrest will provide Soviets with anti--‐
American propaganda •1948 – Truman
issues
Executive
Order
9981,
desegregating the nation’s armed forces
Election of 1948 •Four--‐way race.
Truman defeats: –Republican Thomas
Dewey –Progressive
Party’s
Henry
Original (NY) Levittown sells
out quickly, Levitt, builds
subdivisions in NJ and PA.
Race and Suburbia • Real
estate
brokers
maintain
housing
segregation
•
Restrictive covenants bar
certain racial groups from
purchasing homes
6. Literary / Intellectual
Critics • The Lonely Crowd Americans are "outer directed," concerned only
with fitting in • The Man
Organization and the Man in
the Gray Flannel Suit business
destroys
individuality • Peyton Place scandalous 1956 novel about
small-- town life Sexuality •
Playboy begins publication in
1953 • Kinsey reports Sexual Behavior in the
Human Male and Sexual
Behavior in the Human
Female - reveal broad range
of sexual behavior. Rock 'n'
Roll • Born in the South;
mixture of white country and
black rhythm & blues
traditions • Chuck Berry,
Little Richard, Jerry Lee
Lewis, Elvis Presley (le_) •
Sexuality
and
African
American influences are
central to popularity. Jazz •
New directions. Smaller
bands, more experimentation
• Bebop: Dizzy Gillespie and
Charlie Parker • Miles Davis,
Birth of the Cool (1957) and
Kind of Blue (1959) • John
Coltrane, Blue Train (1958)
The Beats • Poets, writers,
intellectuals • Radical critique
LBJ orders first U.S. combat
troops into Vietnam. Escalation
of American involvement • By
1968, half a million US. troops
on the ground • Average soldier
is poor and young (19 years
old).
Black
soldiers
overrepresented. • Use of
napalm and Agent Orange
(herbicide) • By 1968, war is
the political issue in the United
States. LBJ's Great Society has
ground to a halt, debate over
war is splitting country.
8 Students for a Democratic
Society (SDS) • Founded 1960
• "Port Huron Statement"
(1962) calls for "participatory
democracy" • SDS is part of
"New Left" - left - wing
movements not Ged to labor
unions or communism (as the
"Old Left" had been) • Criticize
Cold War foreign policy,
racism, the status of higher
education in the US. Free
Speech Movement • Starts at
the University of California at
Berkeley in 1964, after
university denies students the
right to protest • Rallies, sit - ins
to demand the right to a
political voice • Colleges are a
major site of protest activity for
a reminder of 1960s. The
Antiwar
Movement
•
Opposition to Vietnam picks up
after LBJ intensifies American
involvement • Burn draft cards,
campaign against University
involvement with military,
interrupt recruiting events,
protest ROTC • Estimated 20%
of college students take part in
Wallace. “Dixiecrat” Strom
Thurmond
•Dixiecrats herald a major political
realignment. End of FDR’s Democratic
coalition. White southerners start to flee
the Democratic Party
…………………………………………..
10. Sources of the New Right •1960s
conservative resurgence William F.Buckley
and The National Review–Young Americans
for Freedom (YAF) – conservative
organization on college campuses –Barry
Goldwater’s 1964 campaign for president •
“Reagan Democrats” – white working-class
Americans angry with federal government •
“Supply Side” Economists – argue that lower
tax rates will spur business growth, thereby
increasing federal government’s revenue
•Conservative
intellectuals
–
“neoconservatives”-criticize Great Society
programs and government spending The
Religious Right •Socially conservative
Christians,
mostly
Evangelicals
•Televangelists Billy Graham, Pat Robertson,
Jerry Falwell (right) fuse religion and
electoral politics, supporting socially
conservative candidates •Abor-on is major
issue, but Christian Right also concerned
with prayer in schools, evolution, sex ed,
traditional “family values” •Instrumental in
killing the Equal Rights Amendment (which
they see as a threat to traditional gender roles)
Reagan’s Domestic Program •Tax reduction,
limiting federal oversight, encouraging free
enterprise •Reagan: “In the present crisis,
government is not the solution to our
problem, government is the problem.”
•Massive tax cuts in 1981 and 1986. Supply-‐
side economics suggests that tax cuts will
increase federal revenue. •Wealthy American
benefit disproportionately from Reagan-era
tax cuts. Deregulation •Limit federal
oversight of industry in order to stimulate
business •1980s see unprecedented number
of mergers and takeovers. Administration
does not enforce antitrust regulations or
pursue violators. •Loosens regulons
of mainstream culture's empty
consumerism • Spontaneity,
"authentic"
experience,
personal freedom • Allen
Ginsberg, "Howl" (1956) •
Jack Kerouac, On the Road
(1957) Visual Arts • Abstract
Expressionism • Artists reject
idea that painting should
represent recognizable forms
•
Jackson
Pollock
emphasizes
spontaneity;
pours, drips, throws paint
onto canvas Korean War •
Korea divided into North and
South during WWII. • U.S.
allied with non - communist
South led Syngman Rhee •
June 1950 - North invades
South, US responds with UN
- backed "police action" •
Chinese send 30,000 troops •
War ends with Korea divided
in roughly the same place as
when started • War costs US
54,000 lives and $ 54 billion.
The Threat of Nuclear War •
Dwight
Eisenhower
(Republican, elected in 1952)
enlarges nuclear stockpile;
USSR follows suit • Mutual
Assured Destruction (MAD) any act of aggression will lead
to annihilation of both
countries • School children
learn to "Duck and Cover" in
case of nuclear attack.
Détente • Khrushchev takes
over after Stalin's death •
Thawing of tensions in the
mid 1950s • 1959 - the
"Kitchen Debate" - Nixon
and
Khrushchev
debate
merits of communism and
capitalism in a model kitchen
• 1960 - US U - 2 spy plane
antiwar
activities.
Environmentalism • 1962 Biologist
Rachel
Carson
publishes
Silent
Spring,
illustrating dire effects of
pesticide
DDT
on
the
environment • Environmental
activists
argument
for
government
controls
on
pollution and industry • 1970 President
Richard
Nixon
creates the Environmental
Protection Agency. Hippies and
the Counterculture • Rejection
of middle - class values •
Hippies embrace communal
living, sexual freedom, instant
gratification, authenticity of
feelings • Hallucinogenic drugs
(LSD) • Popular music: the
Beatles , the Grateful Dead, the
Jefferson Airplane, the Jimi
Hendrix
Experience
•
Alternative
definition
of
American freedom or a retreat
from the political? From Civil
Rights to Black Power •
Malcolm X's message of selfadequacy and self-defense Member of Nation of Islam Assassinated 1965 • The Black
Panther Party for Self-Defense
(BPP), founded 1966 (right) Advocate armed self - defense,
conspicuous
display
of
weapons -Police patrols to
check brutality -Also start preschool breakfast programs,
health centers, day care -FBI
campaign of espionage and
assassination destroys BPP.
The transformation of Civil
Rights • Urban riots in Los
Angeles, Detroit, and Newark,
NJ -Impoverished African
Americans violently protest
protecting employee health and safety
•Attacks labor unions –1981 Air Traffic
Controller Strike – Reagan fires all striking
workers •Orders Environmental Protec-on
Agency to relax enforcement of clean air and
water standards Deregulation of the Banking
Industry •Loosens federal oversight of banks,
continuing process begun under Jimmy
Carter •Newly deregulated Savings and Loan
institutions make risky loans to real estate
developers •When real estate market falls,
hundreds of Savings and Loan institutions go
bankrupt. Congress votes to bail out Savings
and Loan companies in 1989. Costs $100
billion. An Economic Boom (...for some)
•Decreased federal spending on social
welfare programs (food stamps, job training,
student aid) for poor and working class
•Asher 1983, U.S. economy enters period of
growth. •1984 election – “Morning in
America” Theory of “trickle-‐down”
economics suggests that boom will benefit all
Americans – in fact, it doesn’t. “Greed is
Good “•Number of millionaire’s doubles
•Top 1% of Americans control 42% of wealth
• “Yuppies” – Young Urban Professionals
who practice conspicuous consumption
•Many get rich by moving assets around,
manipulating debt, and restructuring
cormorants •Gordon Gekko, corporate
tycoon in 1987 film Wall Street: “Greed is
Good” (right) How the Other Half Lives (in
the 1980s) • Contrary to Reagan's promises,
wealth does not trickle down • Decline of
unions and drop in manufacturing hurt blue
collar workers. Many forced to take lower
paying service industry jobs. • Percentage of
workers approaching below poverty level
increases from 12% to 18% • Poverty rate
increases to 13.5% • Number of homeless
grows to 400,000 • Slashes to social welfare
programs (food stamps, job training, student
loans) exacerbate poverty Social Issues •
Reagan is more aggressive on economic
issues than social ones • Makes it more
difficult for women to access birth control
shot down over USSR,
increasing tensions. US Cold
War Interventions • Iran Prime Minister Mossadegh
nationalizes oil industry. CIA
organizes a coup and installs
pro - American Shah •
Guatemala - Jacobotirbenz
Guzman seizes land held by
United Fruit Company. CIA
coup installs right wing
military
regime
(right).
Vietnam
•
Wins
independence from France
1954
•
Divided
into
communist North (led by Ho
Chi Minh, right) and US supported South led by Ngo
Dinh Diem • Diem rules as a
dictator, refuses to allow
elections • 1959 - Vietcong
founded, violent resistance to
Diem
regime.
NAACP
challenges segregation •
Since
1930s,
NAACP
organizes court challenges to
segregated schooling • Led by
Thurgood Marshall (right) •
Early cases focus on
situations
where
black
accommodations are clearly
inferior • Sweatt v. Painter
(1950) - black man must be
admitted to University of
Texas law school. Brown vs.
Board of Education of
Topeka, KS (1954) • Marshall
argues
that
segregation
represents
"badge
of
inferiority" • May 7, 1954 Supreme
Court
rules
unanimously that segregation
in
schooling
is
unconstitutional • "A second
emancipation proclamation"
Resistance in Little Rock •
poverty and police brutality Lyndon Johnson appoints
committee to study the plat of
urban black communities: "two
societies .. .separate and
unequal "• By 1965, Martin
Luther King, Jr. is engaged in
antiwar and antipoverty work. Assassinated in 1968 in
Memphis while organizing
striking sanitation workers as
part of his "Poor People's
Campaign. Latino Activism •
Black
Power
movement
inspired Latino struggle for
equality • Cesar Chavez (right)
leads Mexican farmworkers in
struggle for union recognition
and fair wages • The Chicano
movement organizes for jobs,
voting
rights,
bilingual
education, and the creation of
Chicano studies programs.
American Indian Movement
(AIM) • Also take inspiration
from Black Power • Indian
poverty and desperation on
reservations • In 1969, AIM
occupations Alcatraz Island in
San Francisco (left) • 1971 occupation Bureau of Indian
Affairs building and site of
1890 Wounded Knee Massacre.
Gay Liberation and Stonewall •
1969 - gay patrons of the
Stonewall Tavern in New York
protest repeated police raids The movement becomes visible
and public in a way it had not
been • Activists organize the
Gay Liberation Front - take
pride in being gay, demand
equality and legal protections.
The Federal Government and
Women's Rights • 1961 Kennedy creates President's
and a boron, but Roe v. Wade is not
overturned • AIDS - first appears among gay
men in the early 1980s. Reagan does not
speak about epidemic, systematic medical
establishment's requests • Increased
immigration-on in 1980s -NYC and LA are
1/3 immigrant by 1900 -85 - Reagan provides
amnesty to undocumented workers while
penalizing employers who hire new
undocumented workersReagan and the Cold
War • Enters office as aggressive Cold
Warrior. Calls USSR the "Evil Empire."
Seeks to ensure peace through an
overwhelming display of U.S. military might.
• Offers largest military budget increase in
U.S. history. Defense budget grows 7% per
year. Goes from $ 157 billion to $ 282 billion
during Reagan's term. • Strategic Defense
Initiative - "Star Wars" - orbiting shield of
antiballistic missiles to defend against soviet
attacks. Government spends $ 17 billion on
research. • 1982 - Strategic Arms Reduction
Talks (START) Cold War in the Third World
• Nicaragua - late 1970s, life-wing
Sandinistas overthrow brutal dictator
Somoza. CIA trains guerillas ("Contras") to
take down Sandinista government. • El
Salvador - Reagan supports right - wing
government that kills 40,000 during the
1980s • Grenada - US. marines invade in
1983 after military coup topples left-wing
government. US installs pro - American
government Iran - Contra scandal • Iran and
Iraq go to war in 1980. U.S. supports Iraq, but
Reagan agrees to sell an --- tank missiles to
Iran in exchange for release of 7 U.S. hosts. •
Oliver North (right) develops plan to transfer
these funds to Contras in Nicaragua (in order
to get around a congressional ban on aid to
the Contras) • Televised Senate hears in
1986. Apartheid in South Africa • Reagan
supports white minority government in South
Africa in spite of its violent white supremacy
• Divestment movement-urging US.
companies to cease investing in South Africa
- gains ground in 1980s (right) • Apartheid
1957 - Arkansas governor
Orval Faubus calls out
National Guard to prevent
black students from enrolling
at Central High School, then
removes Guard, leaving
students to face a white mob •
Eisenhower sends in U.S.
army to escort "Little Rock
Nine" to school. Emmett Till
• 14 year old from Chicago,
killed in Mississippi for
allegedly whistling at a white
woman • Mamie Till insists
on an open casket, forces
nation to look upon beaten,
bloated corpse • Galvanizes
civil
rights
activism
(including Anne Moody).
Rosa Parks • December 1,
1955 • Refuses to give up
their seat on Montgomery,
AL
bus
when
white
passengers board • Parks is
not "just to seamstress who
was tired" - she was involved
with the NAACP and the act
was
planned
civil
disobedience. Montgomery
Bus Boycott • NAACP takes
Parks' case to court • In the
meantime,
African
Americans
boycott
Montgomery buses • Boycott
lasts a year • Martin Luther
King, Jr. is an important
boycott leader • 1956 Supreme
Court
rules
segregated
buses
are
unconstitutional
12. 2000 Election •
Republican George W. Bush
narrowly defeats Democrat
Al Gore • Election turns on a
manual recount in the
Commission on the Status of
Women • Equal Pay Act of
1963 • 1964 Civil Rights Act
includes provisions against
discrimination in employment •
1965 - Equal Employment
Opportunity
Commission
(EEOC)
begins
monitor
workplace
discrimination.
National Organization for
Women (NOW) • Founded in
1966 by Beky Friedan (author
of The Feminine Mys2que) and
others • Seek "true equality for
all women" • Focus on political
sphere -Call on federal
government to enforce equal
opportunity provisions -Seek
legislation creating child care
centers, job training, and
protecting reproductive rights •
1966
1971:
NOW's
membership grows from 1,000
to 15,000. The Equal Rights
Amendment • Alice Paul
proposed it in 1923 • Would
have secured equal rights for
women in the Constitution •
Splits feminists - middle - class
activists support it, labor
advocates are opposed (because
ERA would deny female
workers special protections) •
Congress approves the ERA in
1972, but due to formidable
conservative opposition, it is
not ratified by required 38
states. Women's Liberation •
Women face discrimination in
other protest movements of
1960s • Seek to attack
patriarchy, the nuclear family,
objectification of women •
1968 Miss America protest women are "enslaved by
ludicrous 'beauty' standards" •
regime falls in early 1900s The End of the
Cold War • 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev (left)
comes to power and introduces reforms: glasnost
(openness)
-perestroika
(restructuring) • Reagan and Gorbachev meet
regularly from 1986 to 1988 - "They've
changed" • 1989 - Communism collapses
across eastern Europe, with no response from
USSR -Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
Bulgaria abandon communism peacefully Violent overthrow of dictator Nicolae
Ceausescu in Romania
Domestic Policy •Unexpectedly centrist
•Appeases conservatives by cutting funds
for Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great
Society programs •But expands other
aspects of Roosevelt/Johnson welfare state,
including social security and housing
programs •Persuades Congress to pass
Environmental Protection Act, increasing
federal oversight of environmental matters
•Race: opposes busing, takes a hands--‐off
approach to Civil Rights, but expands
affirmative action programs and signs
extension of 1965 Voting Rights Act •By
early 1970s, economy falters
contested state of Florida •
Supreme Court decides
election in Bush's favor.
Bush's Domestic Agenda •
Promotes agenda of
Republican Party's
conservative, evangelical
wing • Opposes gay
marriage, abortion, stem cell
research • Major tax cuts in
2001 and 2003 - end of
Clinton - era budget
surpluses • "No Child Left
Behind" (2002) - education
program. School districts
evaluated largely on basis of
standardized tests. 9/11 •
September 11, 2001 coordinated attacks on Twin
Towers and the Pentagon •
Osama Bin Laden and Al
Qaeda • Nearly 3000 people
killed. The War on Terror •
Bush dispatches troops to
Afghanistan. •
Fundamentalist Taliban
government refuses to give
up Bin Laden -Bin Laden and
Taliban had received US. aid
during Cold War - era Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan •
Invasion topples Taliban,
U.S. Bin Laden does not
locate Bin Laden. The War
on Terror at Home • October
2001 - Patriot Act passes
Congress. -Makes it easier
for intelligence services to
stain terrorism suspects, and
also to wiretaps phones / read
e - mails of individuals
(including U.S. citizens)
suspected of involvement in
terrorist activities. • Wave of
anti - Muslim sentiment (and
violence) across the US. The
Ms. magazine founded 1972.
Roe v. Wade (1973) • Supreme
Court rules that state can not
prevent a woman from
obtaining an abortion in the first
trimester • An abortion is a
private medical procedure issue
between a woman and her
doctor, and is there subject to
constitutional right of privacy •
Decision
sparks
major
backlash. Attempts to reverse
decision continue to this day.
Other Feminist Gains • Title IX
(1972)
prohibitions
discrimination on the basis of
sex in any federally funded
educational activity • Congress
bans discrimination in credit
and lending (1974) • Open U.S..
military academies to women
(1976) • Prohibit discrimination
against
pregnant
workers
(1978).
11. Foreign Policy under Bush
• Opera (on Just Cause - US
troops invade Panama and
arrest dictator Manuel Noriega
• Opera (on Desert Storm August 1990: Iraqi dictator
Saddam Hussein (right)
invades Kuwait -UN orders
Iraq to withdrawal; when they
don ' t, US leads bombing
campaign and invasionHussein remains in power in
Iraq -Bush: "We've kicked the
Vietnam syndrome once and
for all". Bill Clinton •
Democrat, former Governor of
Arkansas • Selected in 1992
thanks to ailing economy and
third-party candidacy of Ross
Perot • Clinton positions
himself as a "New Democrat,"
claiming that "the era of big
Bush Doctrine • For Bush
and advisers (VP Dick
Cheney, Secretary of
Defense Donald Rumsfeld),
Afghanistan is only the
beginning • Opportunity to
remake Middle East,
installing pro - American
democracies • Iraq, Iran, and
North Korea form an "Axis
of Evil "• Bush Doctrine - US
will undertake pre-emptive
war against governments
deemed a threat to the US,
even if threat is not
imminent. Invasion of Iraq •
Congress approves invasion
in March 2003 • Saddam
Hussein's regime quickly
falls, Bush prematurely
declares an end to military
operations in Iraq (right) •
Iraq descends into civil war •
No military draft. Soldiers
serve long and repeated
tours. • Reliance on National
Guard and private contractors
(Halliburton. Stalemate in
Iraq • Sectarian violence
continues after Bush's re election • 2007 - "The Surge"
- increase of 30,000
successes in decreasing
violence around Baghdad •
2008 poll shows 54% of
Americans believe war was a
mistake • Patriot Act
violations of civil liberties •
Unlawful practices at
Guantánamo and others prisoners denied counsel,
held without charges,
"enhanced interrogation"
techniques (torture) • 2006 Supreme Court rules against
military tribunals
government is over" Clinton as
conservative "New Democrat"
• Thanks to extended economic
boom, Clinton lowers taxes •
Dismantles Aid for Families
with Dependent Children
(AFDC), aka welfare-New
Deal program unpopular with
conservatives who argued that
welfare fostered dependency •
Rather than ending military's
ban on gay soldiers,
implements "Do not Ask, Do
not Tell" policy - officers
cannot ask, but soldiers can be
discharged for homosexuality
Clinton as progressive
Democrat • With first lady
Hillary Rodham Clinton,
proposals overhaul of nation's
health care system • Signs gun
control legislation - Brady Bill
(1993) • Appointments
unprecedented numbers of
women and people of color to
government posts -Madeline
Albright and Janet Reno are
first female Secretary of State
and Attorney General. Foreign
Policy Under Clinton •
Rwanda - Hutu militias
massacre 800,000 ethnic
Tutsis. US does not intervene)
• Bosnia - Herzegovina - Civil
war leads to "ethnic cleansing."
• Clinton sends US troops as
peacekeepers. • Islamic
extremism: -1993 bombing of
World Trade Center garage 1998 bombing of US
embassies in Kenya and
Tanzania -2000 attack on USS
Cole in Yemen. Globalization •
World economies
incrementally integrated •
World Trade Organization (on
administration uses to try
suspects. Hurricane Katrina •
August 2005 - Hurricane
Katrina hits Gulf Coast.
Large areas of New Orleans
flood • Residents who do not
(or cannot) evacuate left in
Superdome • 1,800 people
are killed; 130,000 of New
Orleans's 500,000 residents
cannot return to the city •
Local, state, and federal
governments criticized for
inadequate response. The
Great Recession • Stock
market crashes in late 2008 •
Investment firms (Lehman
Brothers) go bankrupt •
Unemployment jumps from
4.9% to 7.6% • Consumer
spending decrements • Home
foreclosures. Causes of the
Great Recession •
Deregulation of financial
industry under every
president since Reagan
allows banks to indulge in
reckless speculation •
Subprime mortgages offered
to borrowers with low
incomes and poor credit
ratings • Wealth inequality Top 1% control 34.6% of
nation's wealth; top 20%
control 86% • In globalized
economy, recession goes
global. 2008 Election •
Barack Obama, Democrat,
defeats John McCain,
becoming first African
American president McCain's running mate,
Sarah Palin, would have been
first female Vice President •
Obama's grassroots political
movement uses Internet
WTO) founded 1995 -150
nations seek to organize and
regulate international trade.) •
Signed in 1993. • Increased
trade and commerce between
US, Canada, Mexico •
European Union (EU) formed
in 1993. -Euro established as
common currency in 1999.The
Internet • Availability of
personal computers and
Internet • Bill Gates and Steve
Jobs - founders of Microsoh
and Apple - among the world's
richest people by 1990 • 1991 World Wide Web allows
access to internet 2010 - 75%
of Americans and 25% of
people in the world use
internet.). The Downside of
Globalization • Organized
labor in US sufferers. Cannot
compete with cheaper facilities
overseas) • Environmental
hazards -Rapid
industrialization and reliance
on fossil fuels in US and
abroad leads to global warming
• Critics demand " fair trade
"along with" free trade "economic and environmental
regulation • 1999 WTO
protests in Seattle (right)
Immigration in the 1990s •
2006 - US has 35.7 million
immigrants (12.5% of
population) -La) n America,
the Caribbean, and Asia
produce the majorities of
immigrants • By 2050, native born whites will no longer be a
major • Legal immigration
increased after 1965 Htiart Cellar Act, which overturns
1924 quotas. Undocumented
Immigrants • Critics refer to
technology to rally support •
Message of hope - "Yes We
Can "- appeals to voters. The
End of Racism? • In spite of
claims that Obama's election
means US. is: "post - racial,"
inequality remains a fact: •
Median income -White: $
50,000 -Black: $ 32,000 •
Home ownership rate -White:
75% -Black: 50% • Poor rate
-White: 12% -Black: 24 % •
Incarceration rate -4% of
white men will spend time in
jail during their lives -28% of
African American men will
spend time in jail. Obama's
First Term Achievements •
Continues Bush's bank
bailouts; adds auto bailouts;
pushes major stimulus
package • Affordable Care
Act (Obamacare)
comprehensive healthcare
reform • Winds down wars in
Afghanistan and Iraq • 2011 US Special Forces kill
Osama Bin Laden • 2012 Obama re – elected.
Opposition and Dissent •
Conservatives form "Tea
Party" in opposition to
Obama -Obama accused of
"socialism" • 2010,
Republican restriction
control of House of
Representatives -Tension
between Obama and
Republicans leads to 2013
government shutdown •
Occupy Wall Street attacks
corporate wealth and income
inequality - "We are the
99%". The Silent Majority
•In a 1969 speech, Nixon
claims to govern for “the
them as "illegal aliens" •
Conservatives warn of an
"invasion" from Mexico during
the 1990s • 1994 - Proposition
187 passed in California -Bars
undocumented aliens from
schools, medical care, and
social services Federal Judge
overturns it. "Multiculturalism"
• Replaces "Melting Pot") •
Idea that Americans are not a
single people. on 227 bans
bilingual education (right) •
Debates over Affirmative
Action policies - "reverse
discrimination.” "Family
Values" • Conservatives blame
feminism and liberal policies
for destroying family and
gender roles • Abor (on
remains extraordinarily
controversial -An) - choice
activists step up their campaign
in 1990s (left) -Win victories
on state level: limit public
funding, enforced waiting
periods, Vietnamization Nixon
determined to end American
involvement, but without
“losing” Vietnam to
communism •Withdraws U.S.
forces while supporting build-‐up of South Vietnamese
forces •Begins secret bombing
campaign in neighboring
Cambodia. In 1970, orders
invasion of Cambodia
silent majority”
•Conservative, law--‐abiding
white Americans who fear
Civil Rights, protests, and
counterculture •Seek retreat
from welfare state liberalism
of LBJ
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