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A. American Views,“Mississippi’s 1865 Black Codes”. Answer questions 1-3.

1. How did the black codes fit into President Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction program?

2. Some Northerners charged that the black codes were a backdoor attempt at re-establishing slavery. Do you agree?

3. If Southern states enacted black codes to stabilize labor relations, how did the provisions stated in this excerpt effect that objective?

B. Global Perspectives, Emancipation and Freedom in the United States and Russia. Reflect on the economic implications for emancipated serfs and slaves and note 2-3 similarities in their plight.

C. Web Destinations. Google Albion Winegar Tourgee. Click on www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/voice-agai... You will find a brief article outlining the heroic role of Tourgee in Reconstruction politics in North Carolina. List three important contributions this early Civil Rights advocate made on behalf of emancipated slaves.

D. Web Destination: www.gutenberg.org/etext/67. This is a highly regarded work by historian Norman Coombs, The Black Experience In America. Click on Download and I chose the HTML format. Go to Part 2, Chapter 6, “From Slavery to Segregation” and then choose Reconstruction And Its Failures.. Read through to paragraph six. From Coombs paragraph six, cite two examples of successes that Reconstruction governments achieved. Also, from the same paragraph, cite three examples of political successes of newly enfranchised African-Americans. In the next paragraph, seven, summarize in several sentences how these successes were undermined.



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Mississippi's 1865 Black Codes White souchemens, especially landown- slaves as full social equals. Thus, begin- How did the black codes fit into ers and business owners, feared that ning in late 1865, several southern President Andrew Johnson's Re construction program! emancipation would produce a labor states, including Mississippi, enacted crisis; freedmen, they expected, would laws designed to control black labor, Some northerners charged that the black codes were a backdoor either refuse to work or strike hard bar- mobility, and social status, Northern- attempt at reestablishing slavery. gains with cheir former masters. White ers responded to the codes as a provo- Do you agree? soucherners also recoiled from the cation, a bold move to deny the result of If southern states enacted black prospect of having to treat their former the war and its consequences. codes to stabilize labor relations, how did the provisions below ef- fect char objective? From An Act to Confer Civil Rights legally employed by the alleged employer, and has good on Freedmen, and for other Purposes cause to quit said employer. Either party shall have the Section 1. All freedmen, free negroes negroes and mulatroes may right of appeal to the county court, pending which the al- sue and be sued, implead and be impleaded, in all the leged deserter shall be remanded to the alleged employer courts of law and equity of this State, and may acquire the decision of the county court shall be final or otherwise disposed of, as shall be right and just; and personal property, and choose in action, by descent or purchiase, and may dispose of the same in the same man- ner and to the same extent that white persons may: Pro- From An Act to Amend the Vagrant Laws vided. That the provisions of this section shall not be so of the State construed as to allow any freedman, free negro or mu- Section 2. All freedoren, free negroes and melarroes in Latto to rent or lease any lands or tenements e Xem in in- this Starc. over the age of eighteen years, found on the corporated dries or towns, in which places the corporate second Monday in January, 1866, or thereafter. With no authorities shall control the same. lawful ernployment or business, or found unlawfully as- Section 7. Every civil officer shall, and every person sembling themselves together, either in the day or night may, arrest and carry back to his or hver kyal employer time, and all white persons assembling themselves with any freedman, free negro or mulatto who shall have q- freedmen. Free negroes or mulaittees, or usually associ- the service of his or her employer before the expiration aring with freednes. free regrees or mulattoes, on terms of his or her term of service with good cause and said of equality or living in adultery or fornication with a officer and person shall be emailed to receive for arrest freed woman, freed rzegro or mulatto, shall be deemed ing and carrying back every deserting employee aforemad vagrants, and on conviction thereof shall be fined in a the sum of five dollars, and ten cents per mile from the sum not exceeding in the cof freedman, free negro place of arrest to the place afdelivery; and the same shall or mulatto. fit dollars, and a white man two hundred be paid by the employer, and held as a menolf' for so much dollars de prisonment at the discretion of the court, against the wages of said deserting amplexe : Provide the free negro not exceeding ten days and the white man char said arrested party, after being su returneala marip not exceeding six months. peal to the justice of the peace or member of the board or police of the county, who, on notice to the alleged em u nekantrauen Steel ployer, shall try summarily whether sidd appellant is derita Global Perspectives Emancipation and Freedom in the United States and Russia Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) freed farms equally between the landlords tions. In other words, they were as Russia's serfs in 1861, two years before and the former serfs, compensating the much tied to the land after emancipa- Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation owners for the divided property. tion as before. And, as a method to im- Proclamation. Although Russian serfs In theory at least, Russian serfs prove the quality of agricultural had more rights than American slaves, seemed in a better position than the cultivation, the multiplicity of small both were tied to the land and to their southern freedmen to secure economic plots and impoverished peasants was landlords/masters. The liberation of the independence, given the land they re- also a failure. serts was part of a broader reform plan ceived. One Russian official exulted, As in the United States, violence designed to help modernize Russia. "The people are erect and trans- marred the transition from bondage to On becoming tsar in 1855, Alexan- formed; the look, the walk, the speech, freedom. Rebellions flared in several der II had relaxed the speech, travel, everything is changed." But the Russ- parts of Russia, but the tsar's armies and press restrictions imposed by his ian serfs found their economic situa- put these uprisings down quickly. predecessors, resulting in an influx of tion little improved. The land chosen Some of the former serfs managed to Western ideas into Russia. These ideas for redistribution was marginal, and escape to towns and cities and become helped create widespread public sup- redistribution came with a major part of the growing laboring class, port for the liberation of the serfs. The catch: The former serfs were required much as freedmen went to southern tsar couched his emancipation procla- to repay the state on the installment cities. In the cities, both former serfs mation in the ideals of God and coun- plan. Given the quality of the land, the and slaves came closer to the free-labor try, but its origin lay primarily in relatively high interest rates attached ideal posited but not supported by Russia's economic aspirations and the to the loans, and the vast numbers of their respective governments. In rural tsar's political strategy. While most serfs and their families, repayment was areas, reform broke down through a Americans perceived their liberated unrealistic even in the long term. To lack of planning and a failure of will. slaves as forming an agricultural work- ensure that the former serfs would pay ing class, Alexander made land owner- u After emancipation, did the Russ- the tsar allowed local governments ian serf or the American slave ship one of the major attractions of to keep the peasants on their land until have a better opportunity to es- emancipation. The government divided they fulfilled their financial obliga- tablish economic independence? up, ܡܡܡ ܕܬܝܐܨ
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1. How did the black codes fit into President Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction program?
President Johnson took over the presidency following the assassination of Lincoln.
Although Johnson plan was to follow Lincoln’s ideologies in restoring the Union, he was too
willing to allow the states back to the Union. Though Johnson was firm supporter of the Union
throughout the war, he was a supporter of the rights of states and held that the federal
government did not have any power in issues regarding state voting requirements. Under
Johnson’s reconstruction polices that commenced in May 1865, ex Confederate states were
obliged to support abolition of slavery, pledge loyalty to the Union and pay off the debts incurred
during the war. However, past these limitations, the states that were dominated by white planters
were allowed freedom in rebuilding their individual governments. Under his Reconstruction
policies, most of the southern states were allowed to pass their own black codes between 1865
and 1866. While the black codes granted the former slaves some rights such as freedom to marry,
own property, and testify in courts, their primary objective was to confine black...


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