Road to the Civil War 1850-1860  Missouri Compromise (1820)  Mexican War (1846-1848)  U.S. gained all of the Southwest  Including California  One year later-California Gold Rush increased population drastically  Slavery’s expansion was center of political debate Manifest Destiny Achieved  California applies for admission as a free state  Congress debates slavery’s expansion into western territory  Henry Clay developed a compromise  7 months of debate  Admit California as free state.  Utah and New Mexico Territories created, but delayed decision on slavery  Ended slave trade in D.C. (but slavery would remain)  Congress had no jurisdiction over domestic slave trade.  Strengthened Fugitive Slave Act. John C. Calhoun Wanted constitutional amendment protecting slavery in the South  Democratic Senator from Illinois  Pushed the Compromise through Congress; Each part as a separate  Nashville Convention  “Fire-eaters”: Opponents of Compromise  Support Southern secession (leaving the Union)  Southerners did not widely support this convention  The Georgia Platform  Supported the Compromise  Union preserved as long as no assaults on South  Developing Solid South for Democratic Party  Fugitive Slave Act section of the bill increased debate and sectional conflict  Federal law  All runaway slaves who make it North must be returned to their owners in the South  Northerners may be arrested for aiding runaways  Increased sectional division  Caused many abolitionists to increase their efforts against slavery  Led to enslavement of free blacks  Increased the Underground Railroad activity as fleeing slaves made their way to Canada  Compromise of 1850  Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)  “Bleeding Kansas”  Brooks-Sumner caning (1856)  Dred Scott decision (1857)  John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859)  Abraham Lincoln’s election (1860)  Sponsored by Stephen Douglas  Created two new territories  Popular sovereignty  People of the territories vote and decide issue of slavery  Sectional divisions destroyed the Whig Party. Southern Whigs joined Democrats.  Northern Whigs joined some Northern Democrats to create the Republican Party: Northern only, banned in the South  The Democratic Party was the only national party.  Widespread violence in Kansas over issue of slavery  Majority of Kansans wanted to enter as free state  Border Ruffians from Missouri caused trouble  Mini-Civil War  Supreme Court decision  Ruled Dred Scott was not a citizen  no descendants of Africans could ever be citizens  The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.  Because it violated due process in the 5th Amendment’s protection of property rights.  Slaves are property  Therefore Congress cannot prohibit slavery  Devised a plan to arm slaves with guns and lead a slave rebellion  Led an assault on arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia  VA militia brought in to stop it  Tried and convicted of treason  Last words:  “I believe to have interfered as I have done on behalf of His despised poor was not wrong, but right. It if be deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for justice and mingle my blood with the blood of my children and the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded, I submit: so let it be done”  Increased southern distrust and animosity toward abolitionists and the North in general  Became a martyr to the abolitionist cause  John Brown’s body lies a-moldering in the grave,  While weep the sons of bondage, whom he ventured all to save;  But though he lost his life in struggling for the slave,  His soul is marching on!  John Brown he was a hero, undaunted, true and brave, And Kansas knew his valor, where he fought, her rights to save, And now, though the grass grows green above his grave, His soul is marching on!,  Missouri Compromise is now unconstitutional  A mini-Civil War going on in Kansas  An abolitionist attempting to lead a slave rebellion against the South  Physical violence on the floor of U.S. Congress  A Supreme Court ruling that slaves are property and southerners have constitutional right to maintain that property  What is the common theme?  slavery The Election of Abraham Lincoln  Democrats expected to choose Stephen Douglas.  Southern Democrats want constitutional amendment to protect slavery.  Convention refused. Southerners bolted.  Northerners chose Douglas.  Southerners chose John C. Breckinridge.  Abraham Lincoln  Congress could restrict slavery  Shouldn’t interfere where slavery already existed If Lincoln won, Southern states threatened to secede.  Lincoln Elected!  S.C. held Secession Convention.  South Carolina seceded from the Union!  Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-- the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution, and was at the point of reaching its consummation. There was no choice left us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin. That we do not overstate the dangers to our institution, a reference to a few facts will sufficiently prove.  “It refuses the admission of new slave States into the Union, and seeks to      extinguish it by confining it within its present limits, denying the power of expansion. It tramples the original equality of the South under foot. It has nullified the Fugitive Slave Law in almost every free State in the Union, and has utterly broken the compact which our fathers pledged their faith to maintain. It advocates negro equality, socially and politically, and promotes insurrection and incendiarism in our midst. It has made combinations and formed associations to carry out its schemes of emancipation in the States and wherever else slavery exists. Utter subjugation awaits us in the Union, if we should consent longer to remain in it. It is not a matter of choice, but of necessity. We must either submit to degradation, and to the loss of property worth four billions of money, or we must secede from the Union framed by our fathers, to secure this as well as every other species of property. For far less cause than this, our fathers separated from the Crown of England.” Convention in Montgomery, Alabama.  Founded the Confederate States of America (CSA).  Wrote Constitution and elected President and Vice President. Jefferson Davis West Point grad Secretary of War  Lincoln inaugurated.  Did not recognize secession.  Confederacy demanded withdrawal of U.S. military.  Lincoln refused.  South Carolina demanded surrender of Fort Sumter  Lincoln declared seceding states in rebellion.  Called for 75,000 volunteers  4 more Southern states seceded. social structure of the south e 2 regions i Upper south and lower south slaves outnumbered whites in South Carolina na and Mississippi many schools to Coltan was thing!! produced 90% of world's cotton Supply. o very rural Very limited industry not Cotton Kington Slavery © Economicallye a system to manage and control labor @ Cotton production profitable bec of slave labor o socially - a system to control African Americans © Norally-human beings owning other human beings (hew whites thought about it this way) * peculiar slanery mostly existed in the South institution But The entire nation profited from slave labor. Social onanization of the South most important gatessly to contunne slaver 6 slave owners - Planter: owned at least zo slaves a very successfuli aoned at least 56 e planter was the * Masters of this crops, family and slaves. apateralism plantation Mistress @ Domesticity Control the household control somatic shaves @victorian woman nood • Pure and virtuous Xeomen Farmers must be a landowner of a family sized farm) can be a slave .owner Cusually & slaves or lese) Carow for food and sell extra supply for profit Re ८ Poor whites @ owned no lound squatters Crackers? @ why did they support slavery? The Arkansas Traveler (1859), A clear caste system ୧ e planters е e xemen opoor whites slaves Slaves at worth . 15-16 hour work day ② large plantations governed by overseer Domestic work Discipline slave scars Gordona runaway slave image taken in 1860 sexual Abuse @ slave were targets of sexual abuse from masters and aner soers slaves So seea @ slave women created more Valuable to Continuation of slavery & some were traned into into "breeders Continually raped for the purpose of having more salves Slaves activery resisled turner Condition 6 Broke tools, misplaced iteras, mishanded animals, ran away : Rebelion: 1831 @ Nat Turner @lad 75 slaves @killed over 50 whites Consequences of & Turner's Rebelion @ increased fear anong Southem whites •whites kiled over 200 slave and free black people & Harsher punishments for slakes @ Turner became a martyr and hero for slave. African-American Culture Asrican past with American Culture sense of connunty along with hope of eventual freedom @ spirituals, hymns
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