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Socio-economic factors underlying trending youth risk behaviour in Tshwane 1 Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................................. 3 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION .................................................................................................................................... 5 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.6 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY............................................................................................................................ 5 1.7. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK............................................................................................................... 6 2. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 6 2.0. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 6 2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 6 2.2. MARRIAGE AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ........................................................................................................ 6 2.3. UNEMPLOYMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 6 3. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................ 6 3.0. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 6 3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 6 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................................................................................................ 7 3.2.1 Study setting .................................................................................................................. 7 3.2.2 Study participants/target population .............................................................................. 7 3.3 SAMPLING ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 3.4 DATA COLLECTION ....................................................................................................................................... 7 3.5 DATA ANALYSIS............................................................................................................................................ 7 3.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................................. 8 3.6.1. Informed Consent and informed assent .......................................................................... 8 3.6.2. Confidentiality .............................................................................................................. 8 3.6.3. Anonymity .................................................................................................................... 8 3.6.4. Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................... 8 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................... 9 2 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study High-risk behaviour among youth has become a significant public health and social problem in many parts of the world. Guzman & Bosch (2007) regard risk behaviours as those that can hinder youth well-being and future growth and development successes and can also impact on relations with those around them. Examples of youth risk behaviour include violent or aggressive engagements such as fights; a smoking; alcohol and other substance abuse; and use illicit drugs. Early sexual and debut, another example of youth risk behaviour, has been associated with later delinquency among young people, lower academic achievement, and early childbearing (Peltzer, Pengpid & Mashego 2006). Similarly teenage pregnancy is has been shown to result in young girls having lower educational achievements, limited social relationships with other peers, and lower academic achievement (Wheeler, 2010, Lohman & Billing, 2010). . Common risk behaviors patterns in South African youth include sexual misconduct, drug abuse as well as alcohol abuse amongst others. The World Health Organization (WHO) noted alcoholism as a concern among South African youth. All that was contemplating and having a negative impact on the economic and social standards resulting in increased accrued social costs like crime, domestic violence as well as sexual offenses against mainly women and children that are killing the morals existing in the society and hence the increased poverty and levels of deadly diseases (Pollin 2007). Such risky behavior also poses a greater health hazard to the youth themselves and may shorten their livelihood and lifespan. Females are commonly led to sexual misconducts as compared to their male peer who becomes more exposed to drug abuse, both falling victims of peer pressure and wanting to fit in and belong as a result of identity crises phase. 3 There are also some emerging high-risk behaviors among the youth that have been paid relatively little attention. In South Africa, these behaviors, which are being brought to the fore by anecdotal and media report include “mavuso”, “blesser-blessee” relationships, and the “Bluetooth” practice. Mavuso is a Zulu word which directly translates "to the waking up process". In township dialect, however, it refers to money given to a woman the morning after she spent a night with a man. The process is that young women volunteer to attend social gatherings known as Mavuso Stokvels where they can be picked by males from that gathering for sexual pleasure in exchange for a standard fee determined by the host of that particular Stokvel. The attendance, cherry-picking of partners and intimate deeds are consensual with a clear understanding for both parties that there will be no strings attached during and after the transaction. "Blesser-blessee" relationships, on the other hand, can be referred to as intergenerational affairs between young women and much older men (known as blessers). The men are the main financial or material providers the young women (known as blesses), who in return afford their company and sexual favors for their blessers. It is clear that in both mavuso practices and blesser-blessee relations, gender power dynamics can be identified with males dominating material financial power over economically disadvantaged females (Kalipeni, Flynn & Pope 2009). Among young men, one of the emerging risky behaviours is the “bluetooth” practice which entails the transfusion of blood between two or more drug users. The commonly used drug is Nyaope, a concoction of powder said to be mixed with rat-poison, heroin, antiretroviral (ARV) drugs and marijuana/dagga. A single dose’s average street value is about R30.00 and is easily accessible from street corners and taverns around Tshwane townships. The blood is drawn by using a syringe from someone who is high on nyaope drug to another drug user with the belief of acquiring the drug content and be high too. The self-injection process of sharing intoxicated blood is set to be a cost-effective measure of keeping more than one user high with only a single dose. With a focus on the Mavuso and Bluetooth practices, the objective of this study is to explore the social and economic factors underlying the foregoing high-risk behaviors among young men and women in Tshwane. 4 1.3 Problem statement As stated above the prevalence of many of the emerging high-risk behaviours among young people have been highlighted by t anecdotal evidence and popular media outltes such as the a TV programme Checkpoint, and newspapers such as The Daily Sun and the Citizen. This media exposure also opened a platform for social media discussions that reflected different opinions on underlying factors. The main concern seem to be on the health, social, economic as well as crime-related implications of these behaviours. The researcher’s observations are that these-risk behaviours are prevalent in the community of Tshwane, hence the focus on the capital city. 1.4 Research question The main research question that will guide this study is: What are the main social and economic factors that underlie the increasing prevalence of trending high-risk behaviours among young people in Tshwane. 1.5 Objectives of the study The broad objective of the study is to explore the main social and economic factors that underlie the increasing prevalence of trending high-risk behaviours among young people in Tshwane with a particular focus on mavuso and “Bluetooth” practices. The specific objectives are to: 1. To explore the processes and characteristics of the mavuso and “Bluetooth” practices 2. To explore the characteristics of young people involved in these practices 3. To understand the social and economic factors underlying these practice 4. To explore the implications of these practices on the lives of the young people and their families 5. To explore possible strategies to address these behaviours. 1.6 Rationale of the study Apart from social media platforms and television interviews, little academic research has been conducted on emerging high-risk behaviours among young people. However given the 5 potential of these behaviours to impact the lives of youth and society, it is important to understand the risk factors of these factors and to explore possible strategies to abate or prevent those risks. In doing this, the study will be in line with the call made in some national policies such as the Integrated Youth Development Strategy (IYDS) (2011) that pushes for the mandate of ensuring health and wellbeing of the youth, social cohesion and national youth services in South Africa. 1.7. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK To achieve its objectives, the study will draw on the framework used in their study of unsafe sexual behaviour in South African youth. The framework, which is closely aligned to Bronfenbrenner's social ecological theory posits that the factors that promote risk behaviours or create barriers to safer practices are structured according to three domains: personal factors; the proximal environment (including interpersonal factors, and the immediate living environment); and the broader social context (including structural and cultural factors). Personal risk factors include knowledge, beliefs, perceptions of being at risk. Proximal factors are those linking to family or peer's practices, beliefs, and expectations. Distal factors can be linked to proximal poverty. 2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research design This study will adopt an exploratory design using qualitative methodologies. Explain here what an exploratory design is. Qualitative research methodology is a method of social inquiry that is case-oriented, in-depth and involves ways to enquire and find information about social phenomena using small numbers of populations. in an interaction or society in exposure to risky behaviours among the youth 6 3.2.1 Study setting The study will be conducted in the City of Tshwane, which is the capital city of South Africa, in the Gauteng province. . The area is chosen because of the prevalence of risky behaviour among the youth. Explain exactly which parts of Tshwane you will target and why. See how Azande explained why she chose Brooklyn and Sunnyside 3.2.2 Study participants/target population The target population will be youth, aged between 18 and 34 years, residing in the City of Tshwane State more criteria apart from the age, what other characteristics will you expect your study participants to have and why? Are you only going to interview youth or key informants as well? Go back to your specific objectives and do the exercise we did in class: From whom/where will you get the best information to fulfil each objective and then decide the best data collection method for that. 3.3 Selection of study particpants Purposive sampling will be used Purposive sampling is a form of non-probability sampling where participants are chosen based on ethnography, a study of people in their specialized or cultural environment. It helps to understand and get a holistic view of people's perceptions, behaviors, and experiences. In this case, participants will be chosen for their knowledge and participation in bluetooth and mavuso sexual activity. The sample size 3.4 Data collection 3.5 Data analysis Inductive approach will be used to analyse qualitative evaluation data which will help to summarise raw data in brief format. An inductive analysis will also help in framework development of experiences that reflect on raw data and can give reliable and effective results. It will provide simplified, reliable findings of the focused evaluation. Analysis of data will be done by coding responses from the data collection tool into different categories from the variables that will be explored, such as clustering responses according to socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, age, parity, sexual behaviours and attitudes plus risk perceptions. Audiotapes and other material used will be transcribed. Youth and Employee Thematic Discussions and Analysis 7 3.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The study is done as part of the University of Pretoria’s academic requirement therefore the University’s ethics committee will have to check that the institution’s ethics committee regulations will be adhered to, University’s ethical clearance is fundamental. Four main basic ethical elements will be considered i.e. protection from harm, informed consent, the right to privacy and honestly with professional colleagues. Since this study will be about human beings, zero tolerance against any form of harmful exposure be it physical, emotional, psychological, etc. will be ensured. Participants will be identified through the purposive sampling as indicated in section 3.3. Participants will be entering as volunteers and will be made aware that they can withdraw at any point when they feel any form of discomfort or pressure. Confidentiality is also guaranteed and no participant’s real name will be exposed during and after the completion of the study and report writing. Plagiarism will also be avoided as per University’s Research code of conduct. 3.6.1. Informed Consent All participation in the study will be fully voluntary, and no one will be coaxed to participate. They will be given consent forms to sign before the beginning of sessions. To ensure that the participants understand well, a letter indicating that the study is done as an academic exercise for the University of Pretoria will be shown to any of the participants and community leaders. Interviews will be conducted anonymously, no name required from participants. 3.6.2. Confidentiality All the information collected in the study will be treated as confidential, and no person other than the researcher and the University authorities will get access to the information. To comply with accepted ethical standards, the researcher will have to take the following measures: no names of individuals will be recorded in the report and to ensure confidentiality, data will be transcribed, typed and analyzed by the researcher (myself). 3.6.3. Anonymity Participants' names will not appear anywhere in the reports, or conference papers. Pseudonyms will be used, and no descriptions will be used that can lead to easy identification of the research participant by anyone. 8 References Banerjee, A. V. 2007. Why has unemployment risen in the new South Africa. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Chimanikire, D. P., & Codesria. 2009. Youth and higher education in Africa: The cases of Cameroon, South Africa, Eritrea and Zimbabwe. Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Fairlamb, C. D. 1990. Economic factors affecting human fertility in the developing areas of South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal. Kalipeni, E., Flynn, K. C. & Pope, C. 2009. Strong women, dangerous times: Gender and HIV/AIDS in Africa. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Kundu, A. 2012. Sociological theory. New Dehli: Dorling Kindersley. Mwiturubani, D. A. 2009. Youth, HIV/AIDS and social transformations in Africa. Dakar, Senegal: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Nattrass, N. 2004. The moral economy of AIDS in South Africa. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press. Nattrass, N. 2004. The moral economy of AIDS in South Africa. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press. Nattrass, N., & University of Cape Town. 2008. Sex, poverty and HIV. Cape Town, South Africa: Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town. Nur, L. K., & International Islamic University Malaysia. 2014. An exploration on the decision-making process in youths engaging in risky behaviours: The case of premarital sex. Kuala Lumpur: Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia. Obi, A. 2011. Institutional constraints to small farmer development in Southern Africa. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers. Peltzer, K., Pengpid, S., & Mashego, T. -A. 2006. Youth sexuality in the context of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Pollin, R. 2007. An employment-targeted economic program for South Africa. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Thornton, A. C. 2012. Urban agriculture in South Africa: A study of the Eastern Cape Province. 9 World Health Organization. 2005. Alcohol use and sexual risk behaviour: A cross-cultural study in eight countries. Geneva: Author. Zhou, D. 2011. Determinants of risky sexual behaviour among young adults of South Africa. University of the Witwatersrand. 10
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Running Head: SOCIAL ECONOMIC FACTORS
UNIVERSITY VAN PRETORIA
UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA
YUNIBESITHI YA PRETORIA

Socio-Economic Factors Underlying Trending Youth Risk Behaviour in Tshwane
Name
Institution

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1

SOCIAL ECONOMIC FACTORS
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE

3

1. INTRODUCTION

3

1.0 I NTRODUCTION

3

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

3

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

8

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

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1.5 O BJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

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1.6 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

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1.7. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

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2. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.0. I NTRODUCTION

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2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.2. MARRIAGE AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

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2.3. UNEMPLOYMENT

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3. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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3.0. I NTRODUCTION

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3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

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3.2.1 Study setting

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3.2.2 Study participants/target population

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3.3 SAMPLING

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3.4 D ATA COLLECTION

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3.5 D ATA ANALYSIS

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SOCIAL ECONOMIC FACTORS
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3.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

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3.6.1. Informed Consent and informed assent

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3.6.2. Confidentiality

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3.6.3. Anonymity

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3.6.4. Acknowledgment

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REFERENCES

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SOCIAL ECONOMIC FACTORS
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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study
High-risk behaviour among youth has become a significant public health and social
problem in many parts of the world. Guzman & Bosch (2007) regard risk behaviours as those
that can hinder youth well-being and future growth and development successes and can also
impact relations with those around them. Examples of youth risk behaviour include violent or
aggressive engagements such as fights, smoking, alcohol and other substance abuse; and use
illicit drugs and early sexual and debut. Another example of youth risk behaviour has been
associated with later delinquency among young people, lower academic achievement, and early
childbearing (Peltzer, Pengpid & Mashego 2006).Similarly teenage pregnancy has been shown
to result in young girls having lower educational achievements, limited social relationships
with other peers. (Wheeler, 2010, Lohman & Billing, 2010).
Common risk behaviors patterns in South African youth include sexual misconduct,
drug abuse as well as alcohol abuse amongst others. According to WHO (2008) alcoholism
and tobacco as a concern among South African youth due to peer pressure and unemployment.
All that was contemplating and having a negative impact on the economic and social standards.
It resulted in increased accrued social costs like crime, domestic violence as well as sexual
offenses against women and children that are killing the morals existing in the society. Hence
increased poverty and levels of deadly diseases (Pollin 2007). Both Females and males who
are exposed to drugs end up being the victims of sexual harassment and misconduct. It is
commonly contributed by the peer pressure as they try fitting in the groups. There are also
some emerging high-risk behaviors among the youth that have been paid relatively little
attention. In South Africa, these behaviors, which are being brought to the fore by anecdotal
and media report include "mavuso," "blesser-blessee" relationships, and the "Bluetooth"

SOCIAL ECONOMIC FACTORS
5
...


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