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SOC200 Social Science Research Methods Research Proposal (Part III): APA Style Manuscript & Proposal Objective: To use the knowledge gained over Part I, Part II, and throughout the course to propose your own research study The overall purpose of this research proposal is to summarize a research topic that interests you and to propose new research based off your summary. You will be required to write a manuscript-style paper in APA format (i.e., your paper will be formatted similarly to the journal articles that you read). It will have a title page, abstract, introduction, methods, expected results, and references section. You have submitted the first two parts of this proposal, but remember it is considered one paper. This means that you can use your work that you submitted in Research Proposal Part I and Parts II for Part III (after incorporating my comments of course!) Instructions: The brunt of Part III is to propose original research based on the knowledge you gained throughout this course. You can do this by completing a Method Section (just like what you see in the empirical scholarly articles that you read for this project). Your method section should include the following subsections: • Participants – describe the participants in your study. This includes describing how many you wish to have, where you plan to get them. • Materials – describe the measures or equipment that you plan to use in your study. Are you using questionnaires? Are you analyzing government data (e.g., poverty rates in a city?) Get creative! • Design – describe the type of study you choose to do. It must be one of the following: experiment or quasi experiment this includes between-subjects or within-subjects designs), survey, qualitative study (e.g., content analysis). Here, you will explain the IVs and DVs and any control variables. • Procedure – describe the step-by-step procedure on how to plan to gather your data. This subsection should be concise. Aside from the Method section, you will need to follow these tasks to complete Part III. Tasks: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Revise your introduction based on my comments on Research Proposal Part II. Compose a Method section (see above). Write a brief Expected Results section, explaining what results you expect to get from your research design. Revise your references section based on my comments on Research Proposal Part II. Write your 200 word abstract summarizing your entire project. Submit one document (which includes a title page, abstract, introduction, method, expected results, and references) to Canvas. RUBRIC Research Proposal Part III: APA Style Manuscript & Proposal Name: Exemplary Proficient Satisfactory Basic Unsatisfactory Title Page: Running head, title has IV and DV; APA format 5 4 3 2 0 Abstract: summarized the entire study in 200 words or less 10 8 7 5 0 Introduction: includes background of literature and rationale; incorporated comments from Part II 20 18 16 14 0 Method: Participants - Describes the participants in study (e.g., how many you wish to have, where you plan to get them) 10 8 7 5 0 Method: Materials - Describes the measures or equipment that you plan to use in your study. (e.g., questionnaires, government data, etc.) 10 8 7 5 0 Method: Design - Describes the type of study you choose to do (e.g., experiment, survey, qualitative study); IVs, DVs, and Controls are explained. 10 8 7 5 0 10 8 7 5 0 5 4 3 2 0 10 8 7 5 0 Overall Organization: Presents information in a clear and concise manner; Summarizes key points 5 4 3 2 0 Presentation, Style, & Grammar: demonstrated elegant style, voice and proper use of information 5 4 3 2 0 Method: Procedure - Brief description of the step-by-step procedure on how to plan to gather data. Expected Results: Explains what results you expect to get from your specific research design. APA References/Citations: 6 references; Properly formatted in-text citations and references 1 Method Participants Participants in this study included 75 Loyola University New Orleans students. Commented [PC1]: The methods section should begin on a new page immediately following the introduction. Commented [PC2]: Describes the participants in study (e.g., how many you wish to have, where you plan to get them). Get creative! Imagine you have all the money/resources you can ask for. Participants included 41 females and 34 males between the ages of 18 and 23. All participants in this study were volunteers. Some participants were recruited from the Psychology Human Participants Pool by signing up on a sheet posted on the psychology board and by convenience sampling. Materials Informed consent forms were used containing information about procedures, benefits Commented [PC3]: Describes the measures or equipment that you plan to use in your study. (e.g., questionnaires, government data, etc.). If possible, try to find a questionnaire online that is suitable for your study. You could also create a questionnaire or simply say, “a 10-item questionnaire will assess self-esteem.” and risks of participating, an explanation how to acquire the results of the research, availability of counseling services, voluntary participation, and contact information of the researchers. The purpose of the study was also on the consent form. Additional materials included a self-compiled survey. The survey included six demographic questions. The survey also included a section in which the participant was asked to list how many piercings and tattoos they has and where they were on their body. Earlobe piercings were excluded. A personality survey was also included to see if there were significant differences between those with body modification and those without. This survey was administered using agreement scales assessing the Big Five components of personality (i.e., Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism). Commented [PC4]: Describes the type of study you choose to do (e.g., experiment, survey, qualitative study); IVs, DVs, and controls are explained Design The research design of this study was correlational as it studied the association between the presence of body modifications and personality. The independent variable in this study was 2 personality, which is expected to predict the dependent variable body modification, which could range from no body modification to more than five body modifications. Procedure As participants arrived at the psychology lab they were asked to have a seat and sign two informed consent forms. One was to be turned into the researcher and one was to be kept for the participant. After obtaining informed consent, the researcher gave each participant a survey packet and informed them that they may cease participation at any time. The researcher then asked the participants to please read the directions carefully and fill out both the demographic and body modification sections of the survey to the best of their ability. After the surveys were completed and turned in the researchers debriefed the participants and told them that the study was actually looking for a correlation between personality and body modification. The participants were then asked if they had any questions and thanked for their cooperation. Commented [PC5]: Brief description of the step-by-step procedure on how to plan to gather data. 3 Expected Results As hypothesized, it is expected that there will be a strong positive correlation between scores on Openness (i.e., open to new, creative, and novel situations) and Extraversion (i.e., outgoing and social behavior) and the number of body modifications. Furthermore, it is expected that there would be little to know correlation between the other components of personality (i.e., Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism) and the number of body modifications. Commented [PC6]: Explains what results you expect to get from your specific research design. The expected results section should start on a new page and be formatted like this. The references page should follow (on a new page as well). Running head: SEXUAL ASSAULT 1 Sexual Assault and Police Training in Response to Rape Faisal Alruwaily Lynn University SEXUAL ASSAULT 2 Sexual Assault and Police Training in Response to Rape Annotated Bibliography 1. Goldscheid, J., Coker, D., Park, S., Neal, T., & Halstead, V. (2015). Responses from the Field: Sexual Assault, Domestic Violence, and Policing. Goldscheid et al. (2015) is a summary of various shared concerns and recommendations to address the issue of policing and domestic violence and sexual assault. Responses from various stakeholders in the criminal justice system showed various concerns like the high level of police inaction, their inherent dismissiveness, and hostility, their bias against certain women groups, and the collateral consequences that follow victims after their contact with police officers. Moreover, respondents cited a discrepancy between the objectives and interests of survivors with those of law enforcement officers and the criminal justice system in general. Goldscheid et al. (2015) make various recommendations that can be implemented by police officers in their response to sexual assault cases and domestic violence. First, Goldscheid et al. (2015) suggest police training, increased supervision and scrutiny during recruitment. Moreover, changes in police culture, policy, and practice were suggested to make them more victimcentered. Further, partnerships with community resources and creative collaborative initiatives would improve the officers’ understanding of the victims as well as increasing the officers’ accountability. Goldscheid et al. (2015) suggest various steps that could be taken in study and reform that will address police bias, lack of accountability, and improve general contact between sexual assault victims and police officers using training. There is comprehensive information collected from SEXUAL ASSAULT 3 stakeholders in the issue that provide insight into what needs to be incorporated in the police training to see change. 2. Rumney, P. N. (2008). Policing male rape and sexual assault. The Journal of Criminal Law, 72(1), 67-86. Rumney, (2008) examines a problem that is seldom addressed in the growing literature that touches on treatment of sexual crimes in the criminal justice system. Rumney, (2008) looks at the issue of treatment of adult male rape and victims of sexual assault by the police. The study uses various interviews conducted with male participants who have had past experiences of rape and sexual assault. Rumney, (2008) incorporates issues dealing with victim care and the level of satisfaction with how police officers perform their duties as well as other criminal justice system stakeholders. Rumney, (2008) concludes that there is gender bias in the treatment of male victims of sexual assault and rape by police officers. The study conducted by Rumney, (2008) is crucial as a topic of training of police officers to address not only female but their male counterparts who have been raped or sexually assaulted. Rumney, (2008) establishes that there is a correlation between male cases and homosexuality. The conclusion that the study reaches is that there is need for training of criminal justice professionals and other individuals working to support victims. There is need for males within the criminal justice system who can deal with the physical and emotional issues that are involved with such cases. From the study of Rumney, (2008), the present study can build on the need to destroy societal attitudes and rape myths that exclude males from any forms of sexual assault and offer requisite training to police officers on the issue. SEXUAL ASSAULT 4 3. van Staden, L., & Lawrence, J. (2010). A qualitative study of a dedicated sexual assault investigation unit. Home Office, London. van Staden, & Lawrence, (2010) conduct a qualitative study that look at a pilot program created to investigate rape in England that dealt with processing and investigating sexual assault cases and charging the offenders and providing care for victims. The objective of van Staden, & Lawrence, (2010) research was to ascertain whether the pilot program provided better services to victims. van Staden, & Lawrence, (2010) conducted semi-structured interviews to ascertain the conduct of the team and discovered that there were perceived benefits of creating a dedicated team. van Staden, & Lawrence, (2010) offer recommendations based on their qualitative study. van Staden, & Lawrence, (2010) agree that there is need for specialist training. The team members in the pilot program received specialist training and possessed knowledge that was largely instrumental in their success van Staden, & Lawrence, (2010) suggest that any officers in the future tasked with dealing with sexual assault investigations need specialist training and mentoring, which is the focus of the present study. Introductory Outline Introduction a. The general idea that the present study will focus on is the form of training that officers tasked with dealing with victims of sexual assault and rape should receive and the importance of such training to address the various needs of these victims. SEXUAL ASSAULT 5 b. Law enforcement officers address various issues of sociology and hence their training and sufficient preparation to address these issues successfully is crucial to functioning of society. Background a. From the annotated bibliography, there are a lot of issues, emotional and physical, that sexual assault victims have that police officers are responsible for investigating and sufficiently uncovering to facilitate justice to be served. However, there are various discrepancies between how it should be accomplished and how it is being and general dissatisfaction with how officers are handling such issues. b. Goldscheid et al., (2015) and van Staden, & Lawrence, (2010) conducted studies that addressed how police officers are not sufficiently addressing issues of sexual assault. c. Goldscheid et al., (2015) and van Staden, & Lawrence, (2010) do not show how important training is to ensure that officers are equipped with requisite specialized knowledge to deal with these cases, only recommendations are made on this subject. d. What can be done to ensure that police officers are sufficiently equipped to address issues of sexual assault and rape on the field? Rationale a. The research question address the discrepancies of how officers are addressing the issue and how it should be addressed. b. The present research will posit that with the appropriate training, police officers can be equipped with necessary tools to address issues of sexual assault and rape. SEXUAL ASSAULT c. The present research will strive to prove the correlation between specialist training and increased satisfaction with police conduct. 6 Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II Research Proposal (Part II) Faisal Alruwaily Lynn University 1 RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 2 Research Proposal (Part II) Introduction There are many cases that police officers usually encounter in their line of duty. Some of these issues are always beyond their ability to handle and require adequate training and education to have the maximum ability to tackle the many various problems. One of the issues that have been of troublesome to many of the police officers is the way they need to handle the victims of sexual assault and rape. These victims usually undergo psychological and physical torture, therefore; the need to be handled with care and thorough understanding what they endure. This can only be achieved through training the police officers and creating a special unit within the force who would be tasked with handling cases of sexual assault and engaging the victims of these assaults to ensure that they receive the maximum attention of their claims. Sexual assault and rape victims usually require various needs to be given to them especially arrest of the offenders. This can only be conducted through cooperation with the victims, and unique convey of trained police officers. Adequate training of police who are required to handle various cases of sexual assault and rape need to be integrated into the police force. Many victims of such incidents usually contemplate that they would not be able to get justice as they feel that the police officers do not have adequate measures to bring the offenders into justice. This belief is solely based on the inability of the police officers to investigate due to lack of training based on handling cases of sexual assault and rape. Many concerns have been raised about mishandling of sexual assault and rape complaints by the police officers (Rumney, 2008). This has made many Police Commissioners within the USA to recommend various new training protocols for the police officers to enable them to deal with sex crime victims. The police officers tasked with handling RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 3 and dealing with victims of sexual assault need to be trained on how to examine and discard any negative attitudes that they may have towards the victims. Police officers need to receive training on the importance of shedding any lingering misbelief that they harbor about the nature of the sexual assaults. It is also essential for the police officers to receive training on how to differentiate cases of willingness to have sexual intercourse and the victim claiming that they were assaulted or raped. Some of such individuals usually raise claims that they have been attacked or abused just to let other individuals suffer for something they did not commit. According to Rumney (2008), training of police officers should also focus on educating the police officers that it is not only women who are sexually assaulted but it can also occur in gay and transgender relationships. The training of police officers on how to handle victims of sexual assaults and rape need also to include attitudes towards the sexual assault and victims. This is because there may be conflicting stories from the alleged victim and the suspect, therefore; the importance of the police officers not to take sides before noting the sentiments from both sides. It is essential also for the police officers to be educated on how to re-examine their beliefs on how people handle their sexuality as this would help them to handle various sexual assault allegations and be in a position to investigate the situation with professionalism and sensitivity. The importance of the police officers being trained and educated on how to handle various victims of sexual assault and rape is that they would have a more comprehensive scope of addressing the issue through understanding the issue at hand and be able to solve it professionally. The other importance is that it would enable and improve the response of the police officers into investigating and resolving the cases in a limited time. The police officers would be able to understand the severe mental, economic, and physical consequences faced by RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 4 the victims, therefore; helping them to recover from the trauma of sexual assault and abuse. The training is essential as it would also enable the police officers to investigate the matter with sensitivity and successfully identify and prosecute sexual predators which will prevent the emergence of the same crimes in the community. Review of the Literature Many issues that happen in the society have mostly been attributed to the reasons behind sexual assault and rape cases. Addressing of these issues which include respect of the women dignity including their way of dressing, drug abuse, masculinity, alcoholism, psychopathology, and sexual pleasure by the law enforcement officers would provide an avenue in successful solving sexual assault and rape cases in the society. The training of police officers usually focuses on addressing on they should solve the issue of drug abuse in the society as one of the causes of sexual abuse. Drug abuse tends to limit the cognitive ability of an individual, therefore; engaging in practices for example rape without being at their perfect mindset. Addressing the issue of alcoholism and the need of women and men in the society drinking at the level they would not be able to handle themselves is also addressed by the law enforcement officers. Women in many cases have been found to engage in alcoholism into a state they cannot be able to handle themselves thus; being taken advantage of and sexually abused (Westera, Kebbell & Milne, 2016). Training and sufficient preparation of the police officers on how to address the issue of masculinity and psychopathology in the society is crucial to a functioning society and limit cases of sexual abuse. Some individuals usually have personality disorders which are among men which they end up sexually assaulting their wives thus; addressing this issue through offering such individuals medication will help in eradicating issues of sexual abuse. RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 5 Training of police officers on ways of helping the victims of sexual assault who face issues of emotional, psychological, economic, and physical as discussed above is necessary as it usually helps to ensure the victims receive justice (Goldscheid et al., 2015). Many have also raised views on how the police officers should handle those issues with some being dissatisfied with the current handling of the issues. Sexually abuse cases need to be handled with sensitivity by the police officers just like any other criminal case. The police officers need to acknowledge the psychological torture that the victims usually undergo and the need to offer the victims psychologists to help them overcome the torment which many police officers do not provide. The other discrepancy is that the police officers need to respond positively by understanding the physical issue facing the victim of sexual assault and provide medication to them. Some of the police officers do not request immediate medical attention to be given to the victims, and they tend to wait for doctors to intervene even if the life of the victim is at stake. This explains the importance of the police force to have a special unit of medical experts who would offer first aid services to the victims before medical services arrive. Walsh (2015), asserts that some individuals are usually dissatisfied with how the police handle victims of sexual abuse as they typically take time waiting before being attended to as they view their cases as being minor especially when it involves a man being sexually assaulted. Police officers need to know that men who are a victim of sexual assault undergo the same torment that women of sexual abuse endure. The issue of sexual assault is in many cases not efficiently and sufficiently addressed by the police officers mainly due to lack of witnesses, the arrest of the offenders, willingness of the victim to cooperate and provide all the information about the relationship between the offender and the victim, and insufficient investigation. Van Staden & Lawrence (2015), asserts that lack RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 6 of witness to back the claim of the victim that they were sexually offended has made it difficult for police to address the issues of sexual assault. There is also a report that shows that more than 26% of sexual offenses are not reported by the police officers, as they do not record them as crimes. This hinders justice to be served to the victims, as many of their cases are not recognized. Other reports have also shown that police fail to record the sentiments of the victims as they claim they do not believe them especially if the victim had a previous sexual relationship with the offender, i.e., the husband or boyfriend leading to insufficient when addressing the issue of sexual abuse in some scenarios. The importance of training of the police officers and ensure they are equipped with the requisite specialized knowledge to deal with the cases of sexual abuse is to ensure that the victims of sexual assault and rape are served with justice. The other importance is that it would enable the police officer to ensure that they eliminate one issue facing the society in which the crime occurred, as it will bring sanity. The other importance is that it will ensure there is no further women discrimination in the society especially in the field of employment and it would also encourage the survivors of sexual abuse that they have a powerful voice. Venema (2016), explain that through equipping the police officers with training and knowledge, they would be able to power the society with helpful tips and resources on how to respond if they know someone who needs support. The training is also essential, as it would equip the police officers on how to get witnesses and being able to investigate the crime and arresting the offenders for the case to have weight when brought before the jury. Ensuring the police officers are sufficiently equipped to address the issues of sexual assault and rape on the field will enable all the victims of sexual abuse to get justice. Through ensuring improved police response to sexual assault will allow the police officers to arrest the RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 7 predator of sexual abuse and also get the witness to testify. The other thing that can be done is through the police officers raising awareness to the public which would help build a support mechanism to prevent cases of sexual abuse, for example, educating the public on the repercussions the offender of sexual abuse would face. On the field, the police officers should be equipped with resources that would enable them to measure and detect the level of physical torture experienced by the victim to cast off any doubt of pretense about the victim (Walsh, 2015). The police officers should be educated on how to ensure a productive partnership and sustainability with the community stakeholders and be able to coordinate and align defensive efforts of eradicating all the sexual abuse cases. Rationale of the Study The research question addresses the discrepancies on how the police officers are addressing the issue or how various individuals think they should address the issues faced by victims of sexual assault and rape. Should the police officer offer be offered training on ways to handle the victims of sexual assault and rape? This is important as many victims usually undergo mental torment, therefore; offering them psychological intervention would be of significance. Through training of the police officers, it would enable them to have enough knowledge on how to resolve issues of sexual abuse. This is because they would get first-hand information from the survivors and victims who have experienced these types of sexual abuse (Westera, Kebbell & Milne, 2016). These necessary tools will enable the officers to know how to respond to the crime, arresting of the offenders and getting witnesses to testify for the victim to get justice. Through addressing the issue of the research, it would also enable the officers to create an environment in which it is free from any vices that bring uncertainty and increases criminal activities. Through specialist training of the police officers, it would improve satisfaction with RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II the police conduct as they would also be able to solve various sociological issues which leads to multiple individuals engaging in sexual abuse. Through specialist training of the officers, they would be equipped with knowledge and skills enabling them to solve various cases of sexual abuse in the society thus; creating a conducive and lasting relationship with the community leading to satisfaction with police conduct. 8 RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 9 References Goldscheid, J., Coker, D., Park, S., Neal, T., & Halstead, V. (2015). Responses from the Field: Sexual Assault, Domestic Violence, and Policing. Rumney, P. N. (2008). Policing male rape and sexual assault. The Journal of Criminal Law, 72(1), 67-86. Van Staden, L., & Lawrence, J. (2010). A qualitative study of a dedicated sexual assault investigation unit. Home Office, London. Venema, R. M. (2016). Police officer schema of sexual assault reports: Real rape, ambiguous cases, and false reports. Journal of interpersonal violence, 31(5), 872-899. Walsh, S. (2015). Addressing sexual violence and rape culture: Issues and interventions targeting boys and men. Agenda, 29(3), 134-141. Westera, N. J., Kebbell, M. R., & Milne, B. (2016). Want a better criminal justice response to rape? Improve police interviews with complainants and suspects. Violence against women, 22(14), 1748-1769. Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II Research Proposal (Part II) Faisal Alruwaily Lynn University 1 RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 2 Research Proposal (Part II) Introduction There are many cases that police officers usually encounter in their line of duty. Some of these issues are always beyond their ability to handle and require adequate training and education to have the maximum ability to tackle the many various problems. One of the issues that have been of troublesome to many of the police officers is the way they need to handle the victims of sexual assault and rape. These victims usually undergo psychological and physical torture, therefore; the need to be handled with care and thorough understanding what they endure. This can only be achieved through training the police officers and creating a special unit within the force who would be tasked with handling cases of sexual assault and engaging the victims of these assaults to ensure that they receive the maximum attention of their claims. Sexual assault and rape victims usually require various needs to be given to them especially arrest of the offenders. This can only be conducted through cooperation with the victims, and unique convey of trained police officers. Adequate training of police who are required to handle various cases of sexual assault and rape need to be integrated into the police force. Many victims of such incidents usually contemplate that they would not be able to get justice as they feel that the police officers do not have adequate measures to bring the offenders into justice. This belief is solely based on the inability of the police officers to investigate due to lack of training based on handling cases of sexual assault and rape. Many concerns have been raised about mishandling of sexual assault and rape complaints by the police officers (Rumney, 2008). This has made many Police Commissioners within the USA to recommend various new training protocols for the police officers to enable them to deal with sex crime victims. The police officers tasked with handling RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 3 and dealing with victims of sexual assault need to be trained on how to examine and discard any negative attitudes that they may have towards the victims. Police officers need to receive training on the importance of shedding any lingering misbelief that they harbor about the nature of the sexual assaults. It is also essential for the police officers to receive training on how to differentiate cases of willingness to have sexual intercourse and the victim claiming that they were assaulted or raped. Some of such individuals usually raise claims that they have been attacked or abused just to let other individuals suffer for something they did not commit. According to Rumney (2008), training of police officers should also focus on educating the police officers that it is not only women who are sexually assaulted but it can also occur in gay and transgender relationships. The training of police officers on how to handle victims of sexual assaults and rape need also to include attitudes towards the sexual assault and victims. This is because there may be conflicting stories from the alleged victim and the suspect, therefore; the importance of the police officers not to take sides before noting the sentiments from both sides. It is essential also for the police officers to be educated on how to re-examine their beliefs on how people handle their sexuality as this would help them to handle various sexual assault allegations and be in a position to investigate the situation with professionalism and sensitivity. The importance of the police officers being trained and educated on how to handle various victims of sexual assault and rape is that they would have a more comprehensive scope of addressing the issue through understanding the issue at hand and be able to solve it professionally. The other importance is that it would enable and improve the response of the police officers into investigating and resolving the cases in a limited time. The police officers would be able to understand the severe mental, economic, and physical consequences faced by RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 4 the victims, therefore; helping them to recover from the trauma of sexual assault and abuse. The training is essential as it would also enable the police officers to investigate the matter with sensitivity and successfully identify and prosecute sexual predators which will prevent the emergence of the same crimes in the community. Review of the Literature Many issues that happen in the society have mostly been attributed to the reasons behind sexual assault and rape cases. Addressing of these issues which include respect of the women dignity including their way of dressing, drug abuse, masculinity, alcoholism, psychopathology, and sexual pleasure by the law enforcement officers would provide an avenue in successful solving sexual assault and rape cases in the society. The training of police officers usually focuses on addressing on they should solve the issue of drug abuse in the society as one of the causes of sexual abuse. Drug abuse tends to limit the cognitive ability of an individual, therefore; engaging in practices for example rape without being at their perfect mindset. Addressing the issue of alcoholism and the need of women and men in the society drinking at the level they would not be able to handle themselves is also addressed by the law enforcement officers. Women in many cases have been found to engage in alcoholism into a state they cannot be able to handle themselves thus; being taken advantage of and sexually abused (Westera, Kebbell & Milne, 2016). Training and sufficient preparation of the police officers on how to address the issue of masculinity and psychopathology in the society is crucial to a functioning society and limit cases of sexual abuse. Some individuals usually have personality disorders which are among men which they end up sexually assaulting their wives thus; addressing this issue through offering such individuals medication will help in eradicating issues of sexual abuse. RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 5 Training of police officers on ways of helping the victims of sexual assault who face issues of emotional, psychological, economic, and physical as discussed above is necessary as it usually helps to ensure the victims receive justice (Goldscheid et al., 2015). Many have also raised views on how the police officers should handle those issues with some being dissatisfied with the current handling of the issues. Sexually abuse cases need to be handled with sensitivity by the police officers just like any other criminal case. The police officers need to acknowledge the psychological torture that the victims usually undergo and the need to offer the victims psychologists to help them overcome the torment which many police officers do not provide. The other discrepancy is that the police officers need to respond positively by understanding the physical issue facing the victim of sexual assault and provide medication to them. Some of the police officers do not request immediate medical attention to be given to the victims, and they tend to wait for doctors to intervene even if the life of the victim is at stake. This explains the importance of the police force to have a special unit of medical experts who would offer first aid services to the victims before medical services arrive. Walsh (2015), asserts that some individuals are usually dissatisfied with how the police handle victims of sexual abuse as they typically take time waiting before being attended to as they view their cases as being minor especially when it involves a man being sexually assaulted. Police officers need to know that men who are a victim of sexual assault undergo the same torment that women of sexual abuse endure. The issue of sexual assault is in many cases not efficiently and sufficiently addressed by the police officers mainly due to lack of witnesses, the arrest of the offenders, willingness of the victim to cooperate and provide all the information about the relationship between the offender and the victim, and insufficient investigation. Van Staden & Lawrence (2015), asserts that lack RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 6 of witness to back the claim of the victim that they were sexually offended has made it difficult for police to address the issues of sexual assault. There is also a report that shows that more than 26% of sexual offenses are not reported by the police officers, as they do not record them as crimes. This hinders justice to be served to the victims, as many of their cases are not recognized. Other reports have also shown that police fail to record the sentiments of the victims as they claim they do not believe them especially if the victim had a previous sexual relationship with the offender, i.e., the husband or boyfriend leading to insufficient when addressing the issue of sexual abuse in some scenarios. The importance of training of the police officers and ensure they are equipped with the requisite specialized knowledge to deal with the cases of sexual abuse is to ensure that the victims of sexual assault and rape are served with justice. The other importance is that it would enable the police officer to ensure that they eliminate one issue facing the society in which the crime occurred, as it will bring sanity. The other importance is that it will ensure there is no further women discrimination in the society especially in the field of employment and it would also encourage the survivors of sexual abuse that they have a powerful voice. Venema (2016), explain that through equipping the police officers with training and knowledge, they would be able to power the society with helpful tips and resources on how to respond if they know someone who needs support. The training is also essential, as it would equip the police officers on how to get witnesses and being able to investigate the crime and arresting the offenders for the case to have weight when brought before the jury. Ensuring the police officers are sufficiently equipped to address the issues of sexual assault and rape on the field will enable all the victims of sexual abuse to get justice. Through ensuring improved police response to sexual assault will allow the police officers to arrest the RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 7 predator of sexual abuse and also get the witness to testify. The other thing that can be done is through the police officers raising awareness to the public which would help build a support mechanism to prevent cases of sexual abuse, for example, educating the public on the repercussions the offender of sexual abuse would face. On the field, the police officers should be equipped with resources that would enable them to measure and detect the level of physical torture experienced by the victim to cast off any doubt of pretense about the victim (Walsh, 2015). The police officers should be educated on how to ensure a productive partnership and sustainability with the community stakeholders and be able to coordinate and align defensive efforts of eradicating all the sexual abuse cases. Rationale of the Study The research question addresses the discrepancies on how the police officers are addressing the issue or how various individuals think they should address the issues faced by victims of sexual assault and rape. Should the police officer offer be offered training on ways to handle the victims of sexual assault and rape? This is important as many victims usually undergo mental torment, therefore; offering them psychological intervention would be of significance. Through training of the police officers, it would enable them to have enough knowledge on how to resolve issues of sexual abuse. This is because they would get first-hand information from the survivors and victims who have experienced these types of sexual abuse (Westera, Kebbell & Milne, 2016). These necessary tools will enable the officers to know how to respond to the crime, arresting of the offenders and getting witnesses to testify for the victim to get justice. Through addressing the issue of the research, it would also enable the officers to create an environment in which it is free from any vices that bring uncertainty and increases criminal activities. Through specialist training of the police officers, it would improve satisfaction with RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II the police conduct as they would also be able to solve various sociological issues which leads to multiple individuals engaging in sexual abuse. Through specialist training of the officers, they would be equipped with knowledge and skills enabling them to solve various cases of sexual abuse in the society thus; creating a conducive and lasting relationship with the community leading to satisfaction with police conduct. 8 RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 9 References Goldscheid, J., Coker, D., Park, S., Neal, T., & Halstead, V. (2015). Responses from the Field: Sexual Assault, Domestic Violence, and Policing. Rumney, P. N. (2008). Policing male rape and sexual assault. The Journal of Criminal Law, 72(1), 67-86. Van Staden, L., & Lawrence, J. (2010). A qualitative study of a dedicated sexual assault investigation unit. Home Office, London. Venema, R. M. (2016). Police officer schema of sexual assault reports: Real rape, ambiguous cases, and false reports. Journal of interpersonal violence, 31(5), 872-899. Walsh, S. (2015). Addressing sexual violence and rape culture: Issues and interventions targeting boys and men. Agenda, 29(3), 134-141. Westera, N. J., Kebbell, M. R., & Milne, B. (2016). Want a better criminal justice response to rape? Improve police interviews with complainants and suspects. Violence against women, 22(14), 1748-1769. Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II Research Proposal (Part II) Faisal Alruwaily Lynn University 1 RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 2 Research Proposal (Part II) Introduction There are many cases that police officers usually encounter in their line of duty. Some of these issues are always beyond their ability to handle and require adequate training and education to have the maximum ability to tackle the many various problems. One of the issues that have been of troublesome to many of the police officers is the way they need to handle the victims of sexual assault and rape. These victims usually undergo psychological and physical torture, therefore; the need to be handled with care and thorough understanding what they endure. This can only be achieved through training the police officers and creating a special unit within the force who would be tasked with handling cases of sexual assault and engaging the victims of these assaults to ensure that they receive the maximum attention of their claims. Sexual assault and rape victims usually require various needs to be given to them especially arrest of the offenders. This can only be conducted through cooperation with the victims, and unique convey of trained police officers. Adequate training of police who are required to handle various cases of sexual assault and rape need to be integrated into the police force. Many victims of such incidents usually contemplate that they would not be able to get justice as they feel that the police officers do not have adequate measures to bring the offenders into justice. This belief is solely based on the inability of the police officers to investigate due to lack of training based on handling cases of sexual assault and rape. Many concerns have been raised about mishandling of sexual assault and rape complaints by the police officers (Rumney, 2008). This has made many Police Commissioners within the USA to recommend various new training protocols for the police officers to enable them to deal with sex crime victims. The police officers tasked with handling RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 3 and dealing with victims of sexual assault need to be trained on how to examine and discard any negative attitudes that they may have towards the victims. Police officers need to receive training on the importance of shedding any lingering misbelief that they harbor about the nature of the sexual assaults. It is also essential for the police officers to receive training on how to differentiate cases of willingness to have sexual intercourse and the victim claiming that they were assaulted or raped. Some of such individuals usually raise claims that they have been attacked or abused just to let other individuals suffer for something they did not commit. According to Rumney (2008), training of police officers should also focus on educating the police officers that it is not only women who are sexually assaulted but it can also occur in gay and transgender relationships. The training of police officers on how to handle victims of sexual assaults and rape need also to include attitudes towards the sexual assault and victims. This is because there may be conflicting stories from the alleged victim and the suspect, therefore; the importance of the police officers not to take sides before noting the sentiments from both sides. It is essential also for the police officers to be educated on how to re-examine their beliefs on how people handle their sexuality as this would help them to handle various sexual assault allegations and be in a position to investigate the situation with professionalism and sensitivity. The importance of the police officers being trained and educated on how to handle various victims of sexual assault and rape is that they would have a more comprehensive scope of addressing the issue through understanding the issue at hand and be able to solve it professionally. The other importance is that it would enable and improve the response of the police officers into investigating and resolving the cases in a limited time. The police officers would be able to understand the severe mental, economic, and physical consequences faced by RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 4 the victims, therefore; helping them to recover from the trauma of sexual assault and abuse. The training is essential as it would also enable the police officers to investigate the matter with sensitivity and successfully identify and prosecute sexual predators which will prevent the emergence of the same crimes in the community. Review of the Literature Many issues that happen in the society have mostly been attributed to the reasons behind sexual assault and rape cases. Addressing of these issues which include respect of the women dignity including their way of dressing, drug abuse, masculinity, alcoholism, psychopathology, and sexual pleasure by the law enforcement officers would provide an avenue in successful solving sexual assault and rape cases in the society. The training of police officers usually focuses on addressing on they should solve the issue of drug abuse in the society as one of the causes of sexual abuse. Drug abuse tends to limit the cognitive ability of an individual, therefore; engaging in practices for example rape without being at their perfect mindset. Addressing the issue of alcoholism and the need of women and men in the society drinking at the level they would not be able to handle themselves is also addressed by the law enforcement officers. Women in many cases have been found to engage in alcoholism into a state they cannot be able to handle themselves thus; being taken advantage of and sexually abused (Westera, Kebbell & Milne, 2016). Training and sufficient preparation of the police officers on how to address the issue of masculinity and psychopathology in the society is crucial to a functioning society and limit cases of sexual abuse. Some individuals usually have personality disorders which are among men which they end up sexually assaulting their wives thus; addressing this issue through offering such individuals medication will help in eradicating issues of sexual abuse. RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 5 Training of police officers on ways of helping the victims of sexual assault who face issues of emotional, psychological, economic, and physical as discussed above is necessary as it usually helps to ensure the victims receive justice (Goldscheid et al., 2015). Many have also raised views on how the police officers should handle those issues with some being dissatisfied with the current handling of the issues. Sexually abuse cases need to be handled with sensitivity by the police officers just like any other criminal case. The police officers need to acknowledge the psychological torture that the victims usually undergo and the need to offer the victims psychologists to help them overcome the torment which many police officers do not provide. The other discrepancy is that the police officers need to respond positively by understanding the physical issue facing the victim of sexual assault and provide medication to them. Some of the police officers do not request immediate medical attention to be given to the victims, and they tend to wait for doctors to intervene even if the life of the victim is at stake. This explains the importance of the police force to have a special unit of medical experts who would offer first aid services to the victims before medical services arrive. Walsh (2015), asserts that some individuals are usually dissatisfied with how the police handle victims of sexual abuse as they typically take time waiting before being attended to as they view their cases as being minor especially when it involves a man being sexually assaulted. Police officers need to know that men who are a victim of sexual assault undergo the same torment that women of sexual abuse endure. The issue of sexual assault is in many cases not efficiently and sufficiently addressed by the police officers mainly due to lack of witnesses, the arrest of the offenders, willingness of the victim to cooperate and provide all the information about the relationship between the offender and the victim, and insufficient investigation. Van Staden & Lawrence (2015), asserts that lack RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 6 of witness to back the claim of the victim that they were sexually offended has made it difficult for police to address the issues of sexual assault. There is also a report that shows that more than 26% of sexual offenses are not reported by the police officers, as they do not record them as crimes. This hinders justice to be served to the victims, as many of their cases are not recognized. Other reports have also shown that police fail to record the sentiments of the victims as they claim they do not believe them especially if the victim had a previous sexual relationship with the offender, i.e., the husband or boyfriend leading to insufficient when addressing the issue of sexual abuse in some scenarios. The importance of training of the police officers and ensure they are equipped with the requisite specialized knowledge to deal with the cases of sexual abuse is to ensure that the victims of sexual assault and rape are served with justice. The other importance is that it would enable the police officer to ensure that they eliminate one issue facing the society in which the crime occurred, as it will bring sanity. The other importance is that it will ensure there is no further women discrimination in the society especially in the field of employment and it would also encourage the survivors of sexual abuse that they have a powerful voice. Venema (2016), explain that through equipping the police officers with training and knowledge, they would be able to power the society with helpful tips and resources on how to respond if they know someone who needs support. The training is also essential, as it would equip the police officers on how to get witnesses and being able to investigate the crime and arresting the offenders for the case to have weight when brought before the jury. Ensuring the police officers are sufficiently equipped to address the issues of sexual assault and rape on the field will enable all the victims of sexual abuse to get justice. Through ensuring improved police response to sexual assault will allow the police officers to arrest the RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 7 predator of sexual abuse and also get the witness to testify. The other thing that can be done is through the police officers raising awareness to the public which would help build a support mechanism to prevent cases of sexual abuse, for example, educating the public on the repercussions the offender of sexual abuse would face. On the field, the police officers should be equipped with resources that would enable them to measure and detect the level of physical torture experienced by the victim to cast off any doubt of pretense about the victim (Walsh, 2015). The police officers should be educated on how to ensure a productive partnership and sustainability with the community stakeholders and be able to coordinate and align defensive efforts of eradicating all the sexual abuse cases. Rationale of the Study The research question addresses the discrepancies on how the police officers are addressing the issue or how various individuals think they should address the issues faced by victims of sexual assault and rape. Should the police officer offer be offered training on ways to handle the victims of sexual assault and rape? This is important as many victims usually undergo mental torment, therefore; offering them psychological intervention would be of significance. Through training of the police officers, it would enable them to have enough knowledge on how to resolve issues of sexual abuse. This is because they would get first-hand information from the survivors and victims who have experienced these types of sexual abuse (Westera, Kebbell & Milne, 2016). These necessary tools will enable the officers to know how to respond to the crime, arresting of the offenders and getting witnesses to testify for the victim to get justice. Through addressing the issue of the research, it would also enable the officers to create an environment in which it is free from any vices that bring uncertainty and increases criminal activities. Through specialist training of the police officers, it would improve satisfaction with RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II the police conduct as they would also be able to solve various sociological issues which leads to multiple individuals engaging in sexual abuse. Through specialist training of the officers, they would be equipped with knowledge and skills enabling them to solve various cases of sexual abuse in the society thus; creating a conducive and lasting relationship with the community leading to satisfaction with police conduct. 8 RESEARCH PROPOSAL PART II 9 References Goldscheid, J., Coker, D., Park, S., Neal, T., & Halstead, V. (2015). Responses from the Field: Sexual Assault, Domestic Violence, and Policing. Rumney, P. N. (2008). Policing male rape and sexual assault. The Journal of Criminal Law, 72(1), 67-86. Van Staden, L., & Lawrence, J. (2010). A qualitative study of a dedicated sexual assault investigation unit. Home Office, London. Venema, R. M. (2016). Police officer schema of sexual assault reports: Real rape, ambiguous cases, and false reports. Journal of interpersonal violence, 31(5), 872-899. Walsh, S. (2015). Addressing sexual violence and rape culture: Issues and interventions targeting boys and men. Agenda, 29(3), 134-141. Westera, N. J., Kebbell, M. R., & Milne, B. (2016). Want a better criminal justice response to rape? Improve police interviews with complainants and suspects. Violence against women, 22(14), 1748-1769. SOC200 Research Methods for the Social Sciences Research Presentation Objective: Most social scientists attend professional conferences where they get an opportunity to exchange ideas and learn about current research in their field. One way to exchange ideas is to present a research presentation. Here, scientists will present their own research in hopes of stimulating discussion on how to improve their research. The purpose of this assignment is to create a presentation based off your research proposal. Successful completion of this research presentation will allow you to demonstrate competence in the following areas: Building credibility as a public speaker Gaining speaking confidence Preparing, constructing, organizing, and delivering a speech Describing the research methods used by social scientists. Describing how your work is applied in real world situations Using writing skills Building research and information literacy skills Requirements: 1) Compose an 5-7 minute PowerPoint presentation, focusing on: A. Organization: Present your research in an organized and logical manner (see Introduction, Body, Conclusion, and Overall Organization in the rubric). B. Content: Present your research beginning with the literature review that you conducted. Follow with your proposal and logic behind your proposal (see Content Area in the rubric). C. Delivery: Present your research with confidence, credibility, and logic verbally and nonverbally.
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