Write your own summary making use of the steps on how to write a summary as outlined on p. 23 in Knowing Language.

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Please follow the step by step guide and finish the essay and read the "Diversity may not be the answer" to finish the essay.



Summary Assignment

Write your own summary making use of the steps on how to write a summary as outlined on p. 23 in Knowing Language.

Write a summary for the reading below:

  1. “Diversity may not be the answer” by G Rodriguez (Reading 3) OR
  2. "Does Diversity Create Distrust" by Gruwell

Your summary should be around 300 words.

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MODEL SUMMARY – A STEP-BY STEP GUIDE This Model Summary exercise is designed around the detailed instructions on summary writing provided on page 23 of Knowing Language. Please carefully read page 23 of Knowing Language in preparation for this activity, as only an abbreviated version is included in this packet. STEP 1 Read the article “Does Diversity Create Distrust?” by Daisy Grewal (Module 2, Reading 1) closely and carefully to identify the author’s thesis and main arguments. Underline key words and look up their meanings if necessary. Write a one-sentence summary for each paragraph or each main idea. You can also identify a good quotation to use in your summary. EXAMPLE: Original Paragraph Paraphrased Main Argument In 2007 the Harvard professor Robert Putnam published a paper that appeared to challenge the benefits of living in a racially diverse society. Putnam’s study, which used a large, nationally representative sample of nearly 30,000 Americans, found that people living in more diverse areas reported lower levels of trust in their neighbors. They also reported less interest in voting, volunteering, and giving to charity. In other words, greater diversity seemed to be linked to both feelings and behaviors that threaten a sense of community. The finding was alarming to many people, including Putnam himself, because the U.S. continues to grow in racial and ethnic diversity with each passing decade. A 2007 study by Harvard Professor Robert Putnam showed that greater diversity leads to weaker, less engaged communities. Putnam’s research was widely cited, both within academia and by the media, as a counterargument to popular notions about the benefits of diversity. His paper was even cited in a brief filed for the highprofile case, Fischer v. University Texas, concerning the legal fairness of affirmative action processes at public universities. Abigail Fisher, a white woman, Putnam’s study was spread widely and even used to support anti-diversity policies. Key Vocabulary was denied admission to the University of Texas at Austin in 2008 and filed suit, alleging racial discrimination on the part of the university due to affirmative action. Putnam filed a brief of his own, objecting to the use of research findings in making a case against diversity policies. But what if the conclusions stemming from Putnam’s research were actually wrong to begin with? Guiding question for this article: is it true? Sociologists Maria Abascal, of Princeton University, and Delia Baldassari, of New York University, published a paper late last year which refutes Putnam’s conclusions. After reanalyzing the same dataset used by Putnam, Abascal and Baldassari asserted that when it comes to distrust and diversity, most of the distrust is expressed by Whites who feel uncomfortable living amongst racial minorities. In other words, greater distrust may stem from prejudice rather than from diversity per se. Therefore, Putnam’s conclusion that racial diversity leads to less altruism and cooperation amongst neighbors was incorrect. If there is a downside to diversity, it has less to do with the behavior of racial minorities and more to do with how Whites feel when living amongst non-Whites. Opposing study by Maria Abascal: the problem is racial prejudice by white people, not diversity To understand why Abascal and Baldassari came to such different conclusions than Putnam, one has to start with understanding how researchers have traditionally defined and measured the “diversity” of a community. Scholars, including Putnam, have measured diversity through a concept called the heterogeneity index, which tells you what proportion of a community is made up of members of different groups. Using the index, a community made up of 80% Whites and 20% Blacks would be considered equally “diverse” as one made up of 20% Whites and 80% Blacks. Putnam uses traditional measures for diversity: heterogeneity index This is a problematic assumption. Think about the example of a neighborhood that’s 80% White and 20% Black. If I am a White person living in that neighborhood, I’m much more likely to interact with Heterogeneity index does not account for fact that white people people who are the same race as me than if I were living in a neighborhood that is 80% Black. If I’m Black living in the same neighborhood, the opposite is likely to be true. Abascal and Baldassari found that Whites living with more racial minorities report the highest levels of distrust. are most likely to report higher levels of distrust about racial minorities. They also found another factor which skewed Putnam’s results. The survey that Putnam drew his findings from is called the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey. It was administered in 2000 to a nationally representative sample across 41 U.S. communities. The survey had five questions about trust. One question reads, “Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you can’t be too careful in dealing with people?” and respondents are asked to answer on a three-point scale expressing high, moderate, or low levels of trust. Past research has shown that Blacks and Hispanics, on average, report less trusting attitudes than do Whites. Without controlling for this, neighborhoods with more Blacks and Hispanics will appear to have lower “trust,” but for reasons having nothing to do with the degree of diversity. Wording of survey questions does not account for cultural differences and instead falsely assumes causations between diversity and stated distrust. There is a third factor to consider, the authors argue. In the U.S., heterogeneous communities tend to be undergoing demographic change, either due to white flight or gentrification. Sadly, it’s rare to see well-established and stable racially diverse communities. Therefore, it may be the instability of diverse communities, rather than diversity itself, that erodes trust. Greater neighborhood instability has been linked to many other negative outcomes such as more substance abuse, child abuse, infant mortality, and crime. White flight and gentrification in diverse neighborhoods leads to instability, which is the reason for distrust and weak communities (rather than diversity itself). Abscal and Baldassari’s findings lead to uncomfortable conclusions about the role that racial diversity plays in our society. When non-Whites move into predominantly White communities, it has the potential to unmask racism and prejudice. The problem is not diversity, but the fact that racism and prejudice still Perhaps one of the reasons that this idea has been rarely discussed, both by academics and by the public, is because it is such a difficult topic to address. It illuminates the gap between how we might want to see things versus how they actually are. Past community research on racially mixed neighborhoods shows how Whites often appreciate and esteem diversity in the abstract while geographically distancing themselves from nonWhites. Efforts to celebrate diversity as an ideal will do little to solve the practical challenges of living in an increasingly multicultural society. Instead, we will need to first acknowledge and discuss that for some of us, living alongside people who are different is not as desirable as we might like to think. exist within white communities, especially when they are actually confronted with diversity (instead of just discussing it in theory). MODEL SUMMARY – A STEP-BY STEP GUIDE (CONT.) STEP 2 Outline the text on a separate sheet of paper without looking back at the original text. Make use of your summary sentences and the key vocabulary you identified. EXAMPLE: • A 2007 study by Harvard Professor Robert Putnam showed that greater diversity leads to weaker, less engaged communities. • Putnam’s study was spread widely and even used to support anti-diversity policies. • Guiding question for this article: is it true? • Opposing study by Maria Abascal: the problem is racial prejudice by white people, not diversity • Putnam uses traditional measures for diversity: heterogeneity index • Heterogeneity index does not account for fact that white people are most likely to report higher levels of distrust about racial minorities. • Wording of survey questions does not account for cultural differences and instead falsely assumes causations between diversity and stated distrust. • White flight and gentrification in diverse neighborhoods leads to instability, which is the reason for distrust and weak communities (rather than diversity itself). • The problem is not diversity, but the fact that racism and prejudice still exist within white communities, especially when they are actually confronted with diversity (instead of just discussing it in theory). MODEL SUMMARY – A STEP-BY STEP GUIDE (CONT.) STEP 3 Write the first sentence of your summary. This sentence should include the main idea or thesis of the text, the title and date, and the author’s full name. Please also include the name of the book, magazine, or newspaper. EXAMPLE: In her article “Does Diversity Create Distrust,” published on scientificamerican.com in November 2016, Daisy Grewal critically analyzes a study that suggests diversity causes weaker societies, concluding that the actual destabilizing factors are feelings of racism and prejudice that still exist in white communities. MODEL SUMMARY – A STEP-BY STEP GUIDE (CONT.) STEP 4 Decide on an appropriate order for your summary. You may choose a different order than the one in the original article to best summarize its main points. EXAMPLE: 1) Start with original study • • A 2007 study by Harvard Professor Robert Putnam showed that greater diversity leads to weaker, less engaged communities. Putnam’s study was spread widely and even used to support anti-diversity policies. 2) Explain opposing view and final conclusion • • • Opposing study by Maria Abascal: the problem is racial prejudice by white people, not diversity White flight and gentrification in diverse neighborhoods leads to instability, which is the reason for distrust and weak communities (rather than diversity itself). The problem is not diversity, but the fact that racism and prejudice still exist within white communities, especially when they are actually confronted with diversity (instead of just discussing it in theory). 3) Show the author’s evidence and other arguments • • • Putnam uses traditional measures for diversity: heterogeneity index Heterogeneity index does not account for fact that white people are most likely to report higher levels of distrust about racial minorities. Wording of survey questions does not account for cultural differences and instead falsely assumes causations between diversity and stated distrust. MODEL SUMMARY – A STEP-BY STEP GUIDE (CONT.) STEPS 5 AND 6 Write first draft of summary and use the author’s name more than one time; also, use reporting words. EXAMPLE: In her article “Does Diversity Create Distrust,” published on scientificamerican.com in November 2016, Daisy Grewal critically analyzes a study that suggests diversity causes weaker societies, concluding that the actual destabilizing factors are feelings of racism and prejudice that still exist in white communities. In the original 2007 study, which was widely spread and even used to support anti-diversity policy like when Abigail Fisher was not accepted to the University of Texas and therefore sued the admission office, Harvard Professor Robert Putnam claimed that greater diversity leads to weaker, less engaged communities. To refute his argument, Grewal draws on a follow-up study conducted by Maria Abascal, which shows that the actual problems in diverse communities do not stem from diversity, but from the attitudes many Caucasian people have toward diversity: it is racism and prejudice, not diversity itself, that destabilizes diverse communities by leading to both ‘white flight’ and gentrification. Grewal also cites two other reasons that lead to Putnam’s skewed results: first of all, Putnam used the heterogeneity index for his study, a tool which does not account for the fact that white people are more likely to report higher levels of distrust about racial minorities. In addition, the wording in some of his questions does not account for cultural differences – especially in communities of color – and instead falsely assumes a correlation between diversity and stated distrust. Overall, Grewal asserts that diversity is not what leads to weaker societies, but she also suggests that merely celebrating diversity will not solve the problem either; instead, Grewal concludes that in order to solve this problem, we need to “first acknowledge and discuss that for some of us, living alongside people who are different is not as desirable as we might like to think.” Therefore, I think we should spend more time discussing racism in college classrooms. Common Reporting Verbs: explain discuss advise suggest describe point out show compare contrast argue assert contend claim report state MODEL SUMMARY – A STEP-BY STEP GUIDE (CONT.) STEPS 7, 8, AND 9 Edit your summary: delete unnecessary phrases, details, and your own ideas; make sure your summary reflects the information and ideas in the original article; edit for mistakes and informal writing. EXAMPLE: In her article “Does Diversity Create Distrust,” published on scientificamerican.com in November 2016, Daisy Grewal critically analyzes a study that suggests diversity causes weaker societies, concluding that the actual destabilizing factors are feelings of racism and prejudice that still exist in white communities. In the original 2007 study, which was widely spread and even used to support anti-diversity policy like when Abigail Fisher was not accepted to the University of Texas and therefore sued the admission office, Harvard Professor Robert Putnam claimed that greater diversity leads to weaker, less engaged communities. To refute his argument, Grewal draws on a follow-up study conducted by Maria Abascal, which shows that the actual problems in diverse communities do not stem from diversity, but from the attitudes many Caucasian people have toward diversity: it is racism and prejudice, not diversity itself, that destabilizes diverse communities by leading to both ‘white flight’ and gentrification. Grewal also cites two other reasons that lead to Putnam’s skewed results: first of all, Putnam used the heterogeneity index for his study, a tool which does not account for the fact that white people are more likely to report higher levels of distrust about racial minorities. In addition, the wording in of some of his questions does not account for cultural differences – especially in communities of color – and instead falsely assumes a correlation between diversity and stated distrust. Overall, Grewal asserts that diversity is not what leads to weaker societies, but she also suggests that merely celebrating diversity will not solve the problem either; instead, Grewal concludes that in order to solve this problem, we need to “first acknowledge and discuss that for some of us, living alongside people who are different is not as desirable as we might like to think.” Therefore, I think we should spend more time discussing racism in college classrooms. MODEL SUMMARY – A STEP-BY STEP GUIDE (CONT.) FINAL SUMMARY AND EVALUATION Look at the final version of the summary on the next page and answer the following questions. 1. Does the writer clearly state the author’s main point and supporting points? 2. Does the writer omit unnecessary details? 3. Does the summary contain the writer’s opinion? 4. Does the summary read smoothly and include transitions? 5. Does the writer mention the author’s name more than once? If yes, how many times? 6. Does the writer include one quotation from the text and integrate it sufficiently? 7. Would a reader of the summary who had not read the original text get a clear idea of the text? Why/why not? Randall Pearson Prof. Sterling Brown Academic English 20C 19 November 2017 Summary In her article “Does Diversity Create Distrust,” published on scientificamerican.com in November 2016, Daisy Grewal critically analyzes a study that suggests diversity causes weaker societies, concluding that the actual destabilizing factors are feelings of racism and prejudice that still exist in white communities. In the original 2007 study, which was widely spread and even used to support antidiversity policy, Harvard Professor Robert Putnam claimed that greater diversity leads to weaker, less engaged communities. To refute his argument, Grewal draws on a follow-up study conducted by Maria Abascal, which shows that the actual problems in diverse communities do not stem from diversity, but from the attitudes many Caucasian people have toward diversity: it is racism and prejudice, not diversity itself, that destabilizes diverse communities by leading to both ‘white flight’ and gentrification. Grewal also cites two other reasons that lead to Putnam’s skewed results: first of all, Putnam used the heterogeneity index for his study, a tool which does not account for the fact that white people are more likely to report higher levels of distrust about racial minorities. In addition, the wording in of some of his questions does not account for cultural differences – especially in communities of color – and instead falsely assumes a correlation between diversity and stated distrust. Overall, Grewal asserts that diversity is not what leads to weaker societies, but she also suggests that merely celebrating diversity will not solve the problem either; instead, Grewal concludes that in order to solve this problem, we need to “first acknowledge and discuss that for some of us, living alongside people who are different is not as desirable as we might like to think.” Diversity May Not Be the Answer By G Rodriguez 1- People all over the planet are on the move, and whether anyone likes it or not, with each passing year Western nations will become more racially and ethnically diverse. But is that a good or a bad thing? According to most American politicians -even Colorado's anti-immigrant zealot Rep. Tom Tancredo -- diversity is a national boon. You've heard the rap: Diversity is our strength. We should celebrate it, blah, blah, blah. But are they all protesting too much? 2- I've always suspected that what's beneath all that celebrating is a deep fear and an article of faith. Armed with hate crime statistics and gang stories, the media love to keep us informed of all types of racial and ethnic conflict. But through it all, assorted do-gooders, foundation program officers and government functionaries still promote the belief that the best solution to the conflicts created by social diversity is diversity itself. That's why they arrange those cheesy multicultural community events and tiresome inter-ethnic "dialogues" in which the African American activist meets the Korean American activist, white kids go to day camp with kids of color, etc., etc. The idea is that more contact breaks down barriers and helps us achieve Rodney King's dream that we'll all just get along. 3 - But according to a provocative new study by Robert Putnam, one of America's preeminent political scientists, it's just not true. No, Putnam isn't regurgitating socalled conflict theory -- the notion that diversity strengthens group identities, thereby increasing ethnocentrism and conflict. He's not predicting racial Armageddon. What he did find in analyzing a massive survey of 30,000 Americans, however, is a whole lot more interesting and complex than either "Kumbaya" or "Crash." Diversity, he argues, is turning us into a nation of turtles, hunkered down with our heads in our shells. 4 - According to the study, there is a strong positive relationship between interracial trust and ethnic homogeneity. In other words, the less diverse your community, the more likely you are to trust the people in it who are different from you. The flip side is also true: The more ethnically diverse the people you live around, the less you trust them. So interracial trust is relatively high in homogenous South Dakota and relatively low in wildly diverse Los Angeles. But don't think it's just because we don't trust people of different races. 5 - In addition to asking respondents what they thought of people from different backgrounds, the survey inquired about whether respondents trusted people of their own race. The answer was surprising. It turns out that in the most diverse places in the country, Americans tend to distrust everyone, those who do look like them and those who don't. Diversity, therefore, does not result in increased conflict or increased accommodation, but in good old-fashioned anomie and social isolation. According to Putnam, residents of diverse communities "tend to withdraw from collective life, to distrust their neighbors, regardless of the color of their skin, to withdraw even from close friends, to expect the worst from their community and its leaders, to volunteer less, give less to charity and work on community projects less often, to register to vote less" and to spend more time sitting in front of the television. 6 - Putnam considered and had to reject all kinds of other explanations for his findings. In the end, some adhere to this pattern more than others, but the numbers are discouraging all around: Diversity depresses trust and sociability somewhat more in poorer neighborhoods, but altruism suffers somewhat more in richer areas. It seems to affect sociability more among conservatives, but it's also a problem among liberals. The effect is felt more among whites, but nonwhites are not immune. Twentysomethings seem a bit less distrustful than older generations but not enough to alter the overall pattern. Women are equally as affected as men. 7 - None of this means that we are doomed by diversity. But it does suggest that simply celebrating it and promoting it is not going to help us get along. Putnam points to a need for everyone to construct new social identities. He recalls growing up in a Midwestern town in the 1950s, when religious affiliations acted as strong social barriers between neighbors. Three decades later, he says, Americans had "more or less deconstructed religion as a salient social division." Although it was still personally important, religion's power as a social identity had diminished significantly. 8 - More important, perhaps, whites and nonwhites alike will have to create a more generous and expansive sense of "we." If, as the study suggests, increased diversity leads us to withdraw even from our own kind, we may indeed find some sense of togetherness and common purpose in a truly broad, overarching identity called American. Maybe once we achieve that, we'll volunteer more, vote more and be more willing to pay to fix our bridges. Source: http://www.latimes.com/la-oe-rodriguez13aug13-column.html SUMMARY RUBRIC Excellen t 90-100% Very Good 8089% Passing 73-79% Needs Improveme nt 60-72% Not Acceptabl e 0-59% Content and Organization • • • • • • Contains the central idea of the original text, the title and date of the text, and the author’s full name in the first sentence Provides the readers with an accurate, objective, complete, concise overview of the text, including the author’s opinions but not those of the student Refers to the author by his full name the first time and by his last name thereafter Does not plagiarize the author’s language and includes a quotation Includes phrases throughout the summary that refer to the author Adheres to the assignment length (1 page/300 words) and is not repetitive Presentation and Language • • • • • Uses the present tense when referring to the author Uses specific verbs such as claims, argues, suggests as well as appropriate vocabulary Varies sentence structure effectively and uses cohesive devices such as pronoun reference, transitions, and parallelism appropriately Is well edited for grammar: few basic errors with nouns, verbs, pronouns, and prepositions Follows punctuation and MLA conventions, including correct use of quotation marks, and integrating quotes as evidence
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