site visit report

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we did a site visit and now the college want from us to do a report on this site

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Acknowledgement: I take this opportunity to thank Caledonian College of Engineering to give the students chance to improve their knowledge in advanced solid waste course by allowing the `students to go for a field trip. Moreover, I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of Dr. Basim AL khateeb, for not only making prior arrangement for the trip but also for accompanying, encouragement and guidance to finish this assignment and also for teaching us this course. I am extremely thankful to Be'ah Company and AL Multaqa Landfill for the opportunity of visiting them. Specially, Mr. Khalid and Reyadh for a very informative and impressive tour. Nomenclature: Word shortcut Membrane Bio-Reactor MBR Reverse Osmosis RO Ultrafiltration UF Municipal Solid Waste MSW Healthcare waste HCW Geosynthetics Clay Liner GCL 1V: 2H 1 vertical : 2 horizontal Environmental Impact Assessment EIA American Standard US Chapter 1: Introduction: As part of a university education Caledonian College of Engineering decided to organize an exploratory trip to AL Multaqa Landfill and Be'ah Company, in 19th of April 2018. 1.1 Introduction of Solid Waste in Oman and be'ah: With a population of more than 3 million inhabitants, Oman produce about 1.9 million tons of solid waste each year and 1.2 kg per capita per day. That consider as one of the highest worldwide. The solid waste are sent to authorized and unauthorized dumpsites that may be located in the midst of residential areas for disposal. As a result, it creating environment and health issues. From this scenario, be'ah was established. Be'ah is the common name of Oman Environmental Service Holding Company S.A.O.C. it was established in 2007 and by 2009 the Royal Decree No. 46/2009 granted Be'ah the mandate and the legal status as the entity responsible for solid waste management in Sultanate of Oman. Be'ahs vision is to conserve the environment of our beautiful Oman for future generations. In light of this, it works on establishing the required infrastructure, restructure the municipal waste collection services, and finally develop the public awareness of waste management. In order, minimize the solid waste and its effect on the environment and public health. As well as, develop and support the economy of Oman. The bedrock of the be'ah company is to close the 317 dumpsites and replace it with more than 12 engineered landfills. Beside, construct 25 waste transfer stations around Sultanate of Oman. (Be'ah, 2017) Figure 1: the open dumping site in Izki Figure 2: Izki dumping site after be'ah establishing 1.2 AL Multaqa Landfill: The landfills allow for the sanitary disposal of solid waste and minimize the risk of it to people as well as, the environment. One of those landfills are located in AL-Amerat in AL Multaqa area. AL Multaqa landfill located over a slightly inclined area and contains gravel and sand plain. The area is between major wadi in the East, Northeast and West, and hills and small mountains in the North and South. the first It is engineered sanitary landfill in Oman and gulf region. It is the third one in the Middle East region. The landfill has been implemented and designed to be served for 30-40 years as per the local and Figure 3: AL- Multaqa landfill overview international environmental and technical requirements. Where the location was selected in 1989 by government and the operations began in early 2011. AL- Multaqa landfill consist of 5 cells with a total capacity of 10 million m3 of solid waste. Where, the first cell was completed in May 2005 and the second cell was completed in July 2016.. The landfill is receiving municipal solid waste including commercial and industrial nonhazardous waste from Mutrah, Bawsher, Al-Amerat, Quraiat and the others. Where in 2014, the landfill received 5171 shipments that carry daily waste from various areas. In other hand, the landfill is expected to be motivated example for the future solid waste management projects in Oman. (Khalid, 2018) Figure 4: The first picture taken during our exploratory trip at AL- Multaqa landfill Chapter 2: Design Aspect 2.1 Engineering Design and Details Specification: AL Multaqa landfill accept the municipal solid waste (MSW) and green waste only. The tires are stored but does not degrade. There are around 26000 tons of tires in AL-Multaqa landfill. While batteries, chemicals, medical waste, any type of paints, make up, perfumes, and lotions are not acceptable. The accepted waste are placed in is the first sanitary landfill in Oman. The landfill follow the American standard (US) and consist of several facilities include: o Administrative offices o Surrounding fence and gate o Workshop o Electricity and lighting network o Leachate evaporation pond connected to a leachate collection system o Leachate transfer system o HDPE manholes for leachate collection o Surface water runoff collection o Internal circular roads with 6 m and wide of 500mm o Groundwater monitoring wall o the first landfill cell and second landfill cell o Unacceptable waste area o Flare system of 1000 m3/h o Leachate treatment plant o Shaft and substation Cell One: This cell was designed using asphalt. The asphalt was placed in two layers with a thickness of 6mm and 8mm respectively so that the above layer protect the groundwater if any cracks happened in the bottom layer. The cell was constructed by STRABAG LLC based on the design and tender documents prepared by FICHTNER consultants. The cell finished in May 2005 but the operation started in February 2011. A capacity of one million cubic meters is spread over a total area of 9.5 hectare and a total height of 30 meter in cell one. This cell is not covered by the final cover till now because the municipality did not approved yet. (Khalid, 2018) Cell Two: In other hand, cell two designed with lining system. The lining is used to protect the groundwater from the leaking of leachate. It is with a slop of 1V: 2H and the materials as following from the bottom to the top: o Clay soil Multaqa replaced but this in AL layer is with another type of soil that does not contains any gravel. This soil is mixed with water and then compacted. The compaction rate equal 0.94. o Geotextiles layer placed directly on the top of the Figure 5: Details of cell lining system as per USEPA landfill floor with puncture resistance 3.5 KN. o High Shear strength Geosynthetics clay liner (GCL). The GCL looks like sponge and contains a material, this material will become hard if the water touch it. o 2 mm thick of structured HDPE liner along the slope and smooth along the floor. o HDPE Geonet. o High strength geotextiles protection layer with puncture resistance of 10.5 N. o 300 mm gravel used as protection layer and filtration at the same time. The construction process was completed in July 2016 by SUZE Environment and the cell was divided into 5 zones but the opening was in July 19, 2015. The area of cell two equal to 14.2 hectare with a capacity of 2.4 million cubic meters. The height of this cell about 30 meter and can be exceed to 38 mete due to the compaction rate = 1.05. (Khalid, 2018) Shaft: The landfill provide 16 shafts around each cell, in cell one, 8 of them are in the left of the cell and the other 8 are in the right of it. This shafts are responsible for the leachate (contaminated wastewater) outlet. It contains pipes that have many small holes on it to allow the leachate to pass Figure 6: One of the shafts provided in cell 1 through it, where the leachate flows through the pipes due to the gravity. All the shafts are interconnected and linked to leachate pump. (Khalid, 2018) Substation: It designed for the future, when the approval is provided the cell will be covered by final cover. Then, the gas wells collection will be drilling. Those well will be connected to the white rooms which called substation and then Figure 7: Future substation transport it to flaring system. (Khalid, 2018) Inspection Wells: There are five of inspection wells that are with a depth of 80 meters. Those wells are used for ground water inspection. Where 13 samples have been collected until know. The collection of samples are taken each 6 months. They compare all the 13 samples with the first specimen of groundwater before putting any waste, as a result, all samples are performed well comparing with the original one. (Khalid, 2018) Evaporation pond: As per Khalid in 2018, the same lining that provided under cell 2 is provided her but with a small differences. The lining are presented as following from top and moving downward: o 400mm mixture of sand and compost material. o 400mm sand o Geotextile with puncture resistance of 10.5kn o HDPE Geonet o 1.5mm LDPE liner o Geosynthetics clay liner Figure 8: Details of evaporation pond lining system GCL o Geotextile with puncture resistance of 3.5kn o Grading layer to be placed directly on the waste Leachate Treatment Facility: Is the first treatment plant that treats the leachate resulting from waste. It was operated in 7th July 2016 with volume of 100 meter cubic. The treated leachate are used within the landfill area for irrigation and road cleaning. Figure 9: AL-Multaqa leachate treatment facility: 2.2 Flow Diagram of The Facility: the landfill is run by different facilities, which are working all together in order to achieve the required result for the waste, leachate and gas The following flow diagram is describing the landfill facilities: Figure Description Google map location of AL-Multaqa landfill Cell 1 Cell 2 2.3 Existing Problems: There are many few problem that the landfill is faced such as: Al Multaqa Landfill site Layout i. The lining system bellow the cell two was provided with a slop of 1V:2H where the slop should be 1V:3H. So it does not match with the cell one and as a result, it will create problems while the final cover is placed. ii. The lining system under the cell one is not provided as the international form. iii. The evaporation pond in the cell one is completely designed wrong. iv. The diameter of the pipes that used to transfer the leachate is around 30 cm. Therefore, there will be a blockage caused by the sediment. Thereby, they have to clean those pipes annually using water with high pressure. v. During the summer season, the temperature is increased and this cause bad odors that employee there can smell it. vi. Some equipment need to be maintained regularly due to the high temperature that may effect on it. (Khalid, 2018) Chapter 3: Operation Aspect 3.1 Operation Aspect: 3.1.1 Waste Sources: At the first, the solid waste in general can be classified into biodegradable waste (food waste) and non-biodegradable waste (plastic). However, be'ah deals with both types, but the non-biodegradable waste like: cardboard, metals, plastics, papers, glasses and wood products should be shredded and bagged. The landfill received 1100 tons/day of mixed non-hazardous waste that consist of industrial non-hazardous waste, green wastes and municipal solid wastes. The waste source in the landfill comes from Muttrah, Al Ammarat, Bousher and Qurayyat. Moreover, the annual growth rate in AL Multaqa landfill is about 7% for the quantity of waste while the density of compacted waste is around 0.95 ton/m3. Which can provide 15% of the volume for the daily cover and intermediate cover. (Khalid, 2018) Figure 10: Type of wastes received in the landfill 3.1.2 Waste collection and transportation system: The solid waste located inside the stationary bins are collected in a be’ah collection trucks at early morning within different regions In Muscat. Then, the solid waste will be send to Al Misfah transfer station. After some time, the municipal solid waste (MSW) is placed in another huge truck and transport to al Multaqa landfill. While the industrial non-hazardous waste and commercial waste is collected and transported by Figure 11: The collection of waste by be'ah's employees private company's trucks to the landfill directly. When the trucks reach AL Multaqa landfill, some process will be followed: o First, the truck weight will be taken. o Second, the type of loaded waste will be check, if it is acceptable in landfill or not. o Then, the accepted waste will be unloaded in the tipping area and monitored at the Figure 12: Loading of be'ah's truck same time to make sure that all waste are accepted. While the rejected waste will be taken to Sohar. o After that, the truck will be cleaned manually or automatically. Manually, the employees mix the antifoam with the water. Then this mixture will be used to clean the bottom of the trucks as well as the wheels. While the automatically method is done by passing the truck in wheel cleaning stage where the tires will be washed there. This step is provided to make sure that the trucks will be completely clean while leaving the landfill. o Finally, the weight of empty truck will be taken. o The weight of disposing waste can be calculating using the weight of loaded and unloaded truck ((Weight of truck enter to landfill- weight of same truck exist to landfill after clean the bottom side) 3.1.3 Operation and Maintenance: In the beginning, environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and level and the quality of groundwater should be provided before the design and operation stage of the landfill. Then, the construction of landfill was started, where the land was excavated and the soil there have been leveled and compacted well to avoid any presence of sharp stones that may damage the liners. The semitrailers are used in disposal of solid waste, where the waste is disposing from morning until evening (5 pm). The decomposition of the waste generate leachate. This leachate is pumped through the collection pipes that provided at the bottom of the liners, all the pipes are connected with the leachate treatment system. Maintaining is done through daily monitoring of the landfill facilities. The daily reports have a huge significant in assessing the performance of existing process as well as the cost according to the planned objectives. It show also the efficiency of the completed work. Moreover, it can identify the differences between the planned and the achieved results and then identify the required corrections to achieve the planned results as much as possible. One of the monitoring method that was observed during the site visit is a monitoring groundwater well system. The wells were implemented at a depth of 80 meter in order to assess the quality of ground water. The quality was observed by taking some samples from the ground water and testing them in the laboratory and make sure that it is free of leachate. (Khalid, 2018) 3.1.4 Leachate and Gas Generation Control: Leachate is known as the liquid that drains from a landfill. The composition of the leachate depends on the type of waste that the landfill contains and the age of it. In general, it contains suspended and dissolved material. The leachate are collected in a system called shafts. The shafts pipes are installed throughout the landfill, where the leachate flow due to gravity into the pipes and from there to designated ponds (leachate evaporating lined ponds) and finally to the treatment plant where it is treated biologically. There were two leachate evaporating lined ponds, one is used and the other is kept as standby (in case of heavy rain and too much leachate generation). The evaporating pond is with high performance and durability property, where it is durable during very high or very low temperatures. Bioremediation is done using the Microorganisms that break the ammonia in the leachate waste, where the ammonia is converts to less harmful chemicals (nitrate), then leachate will transport safely into the sewer and the bacteria will convert the nitrate into nitrogen gas. Finally, the leachate will be converted from a useless black water to usable water that used for cleaning and irrigation. (Khalid, 2018) Figure 13: Generated leachate from the waste (before treatment) Figure 14: Leachate after treatment Moreover the leachate treatment plant is with a capacity of 100 m3 /d. the treatment plant was operated in 7th July in 2016. The leachate is treated using the following facilities: o Lagoon o An anaerobic pond o A Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR) o 2 successive aeration basins for maximal COD/BOD5 and NH4-N reduction with 5000 m3 for each o Ultrafiltration for retention of biomass o A Reverse Osmosis (RO) plant for removal of non-biodegradable CODfraction Figure 15: Overview treatment steps The leachate pass through general process: i. Feed pumps that sucks the leachate from the pond into the denitrification tank. ii. De-nitrification/Nitrification: it is anaerobic process where the sludge will be mixed with the leachate and bacteria. The biological materials (COD, BOD and Ammonia) will be reduced as much as possible. This process treat the highly loaded leachate using high-performance bioreactor. Where the bio-activity increased and adapted biogenesis will reach the optimal point due to the combination system and an external membrane. iii. Foam tank: is used to collect all the foam from the tank automatically, then the anti-foam is spread. Later on, it will be condensate and keep it as a leachate. Finally, it will be send back to the de-nitrification tank. iv. Ultrafiltration: this stage provide very high quality separation of the bacteria from filtrated water v. Reverse Osmosis: it provide polishing of the effluent after biological treatment. As well as, it remove the remaining dissolved salts and nonbiodegradable COD maximal reduction of TN/NO3 - N/NH4 - N. vi. Dewatering: is used to minimize excess of sludge powder. vii. Cooling System: controlling the temperature that caused by exothermic reactions in the removal of COD and NH4-N. Figure16: Anaerobic pond Figure 17: Aeration system Figure 18: Reverse Osmosis Figure 19: Ultrafiltration (UF) Gas generated from waste mainly consist of methane that produce due to the lack of oxygen in the waste covered with soil. Where it is very risky due the explosion property. Therefore, be’ah is installing an effective landfill gas management system. The system is coordinating and integrating gas monitoring, collection, and extraction. Then, the gas will be supplied to flare or utilization projects. (Khalid, 2018) 3.2 Existing Problems: The landfill face some problems related to the operation and some of them have been already solved: i. When the wind speed reach 35 Km/h, the operation process will be stopped. While the wind blows the unloading process of the waste will be stopped especially the plastic waste. As a result, they provide a fence around the landfill with a height of 6 meter, to make the collection easier. ii. In Al Amerat the weather is very hot where the temperature can reach 45C. This high temperature affect negatively on the bacteria. The bacteria should be maintained under a temperature below 40 C. therefore, they provide heat exchanger and cooling tower. The cooling tower will cool the heat exchanger, and the heat exchanger will cool the leachate. iii. Feeding the bacteria or the leachate with dissolved oxygen under high pressure produce bubbles which will be shown at the top of the tank. In this case the foam tank will collect all the foams from the tanks automatically and then spread a chemical of anti-foam on the foam then keep it as a leachate, after that sending it back to the nitrification tank, from nitrification 1 it goes to nitrification 2 which contains jet pumps, in these jet pumps the leachate will mixed during 24/7 so it doesn’t get condensate, at the end solid will be on bottom and liquid will be at top and this will be very difficult for the operation, that’s why mixing it without stopping is very important step, when it reaches to nitrification 2, the liquid will be ready to treat mechanically, physically and chemically, in this case the leachate will be ready to send it to the plant. iv. the transportation of waste are unregulated (Khalid, 2018) Chapter 4: Environmental Impacts Nowadays, the global impact on the environment must be taking in account when any strategy is developed. In case if this aspect is forgotten, there will be a change in environmental loads and no reduction will be attained. (Parte, 2004) The sanitary landfill represents the most commonly used and viable method for solid waste disposal worldwide. In other hand, this method will effect on the environment positively and negatively. Landfill gives rise to positive environmental impact due to: i. Utilize the energy given out by the wastes. Where the Landfills give out gases like carbon dioxide and methane when the waste decomposed automatically. This gas are used to generate energy. Then the energy is used within the landfill area in moving the turbines, generators and transformers. ii. Treat the leachate that generated form the waste and used for irrigation and read cleaning purpose. iii. The landfills can serve the community in a new way, by turned the landfills into farmland or public parks once they reach a saturation point. iv. The amount of waste disposal was monitored when the landfills were implemented. Thereby, the statistics were created out as well as the studies. v. The safety provided by the landfill is very high compared with other waste management techniques. (Khalid, 2018) In other hand, the landfills can affect the environment negatively through: i. Air pollution due to the methane gas that releases when the waste are decomposes. the methane consider as one of the greenhouse gas that can traps up to 20 times more heat in the atmosphere compared with carbon dioxide. Therefore, the air surrounding landfill sites stink. ii. Effect on Wildlife. As well as, the decomposition organic material and the toxic substances can affect the soil quality in the areas around the landfill site. thereby, the local trees can cease to grow iii. Landfill fires, where the fire can ignite due to the landfill gases and the sheer amount of landfill waste. iv. Landfill may lower the prices of lands around it, due to the smell, insects and noise that generate it. v. The leakage of the leachate to the groundwater. This can result contamination of the local groundwater and quickly de-oxygenate water. (Khalid, 2018) Chapter 5: Conclusion The waste is accumulate in the ecosystem by leaps and bounds. Thereby, the ways to tackle with this problem should be rapid. Therefore, the waste management has been always a center of discussion in Oman, especially in the recent years by the local governing bodies and the municipalities. 5.1 Improving Measure: The numbers of open dumping sites are goes in decreasing due to the increasing both of landfills and awareness of the people. Where the people tends to dumping up of the wastes in unused land and let them get decompose on their own instead of damaging the environment. Moreover, by increasing the awareness of the people, the number of the solid waste that will be taken to the landfill will be decreased. Those waste will be converted and recycled, therefore the diversion rate will be increased. As well as, in the future the daily generated waste will be decreased. 5.2 Technical: In general, be'ah implement new facilities to use in management of the waste such as landfills, transfer station and healthcare waste (HCW). In particular, AL Multaqa landfill is the first and the biggest landfill in Oman, and the third one in the Middle East after Turkey and Israeli. The landfill designed using high quality of materials and new techniques. Where, leachate treatment facility is used to treat leachate and reused in irrigation purpose and cleaning of the roads. 5.3 Operational: The operation of the waste management used in Oman is different than the one used in the global world. However, be'ah try to improve it year by year to meet the level of the global waste management. The figures below show the waste management hierarchy used in Oman and in the global world. 5.4 Recommendations: From my opinion, they should separate the waste before dumping it. In order, to utilize the waste in many ways. Moreover, to use the Methane gas in power generation which then used in landfill purposes and for cement factories. I think, they can provide hazardous waste treatment plant within the landfill area. Which will save the time, effort and fuel used in transported it to Sohar. Furthermore, to spray water over the soil used in daily cover to increase the compaction rate and provide more space. References: Be'ah, 2017. Be'ah. [Online]. Available from: https://www.beah.om/. [Accessed: 10h May 2018]. Khalid, A., 2018. Interview with A. Khalid on 19th April 2018. Al Multaqa Landfill [Recording in possession of author]. Parte, S., 2004. Environmental Performance of a Municipal Wastewater Treatment plant. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. [e-journal]. 37 (9). p. 78-82. Available from: https://link.springer.com. [Accessed: 10h May 2018].
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