preparing annotated bibliographies

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Description

The purpose of this assignment is to be able to actively search for relevant research related to your PICOT topic and present it in a formal annotated bibliography.

General Requirements:

  • Refer to the resource, "Preparing Annotated Bibliographies," located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on completing this assignment in the appropriate style.
  • Doctoral learners are required to use Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
  • This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
  • You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.

Directions:

As you search the library for scholarly research, limit your search to identify empirical articles. You can use the "Empirical Research Checklist" to help with this determination. Upon finding an empirical study, assess the validity of the conclusion by determining if the conclusion answers your proposed research question and if the methodology is appropriate.

Using the "Empirical Research Checklist" and your knowledge of finding empirical research articles, locate six articles directly related to your proposed PICOT question. You may use the three you used for the assignment in Topic 4.

Write an annotation for each of the six articles that includes a concise summary in your own words and the correct APA citation for each artic

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Running head: DIABETES IN CHILDREN Diabetes in Children Shaquanta Pearson DNP-801 6/13/18 Introduction 1 DIABETES IN CHILDREN 2 Diabetes by definition can be said to be a disease that occurs when your blood glucose or the blood sugar, is too high. Since blood glucose is the primary source of human energy and comes from the food you eat, a hormone made by the pancreas referred to as the insulin helps glucose from food get into the human cells to use for energy. Often the body does not produce enough or sometimes no insulin or doesn't use insulin well; glucose will stay in the blood and will not reach the cells. In the year 2017, the National Institutes of Health report that more than 208,000 children and teens less than 20 years of age had been diagnosed with either type one or type two diabetes in the United States. Diabetes is fast spreading disease with high but preventable consequences it is, therefore, wise to research on how to prevent it on babies. There are two type of diabetes in children the type one and type two. Type one is also known Juvenile diabetes which occurs when the pancreas is in a position that it is unable to produce insulin for the body. Since the insulin is absent, the sugar which is required to travel from the blood to the cell cannot take place thus creating high blood sugar level which may need quick attention. The second type (type two) diabetes which is often less frequent in young children occurs when the insulin is not functioning in the required manner thus leading to less production of insulin. Due to the minimal production of insulin, glucose will accumulate in the bloodstream. (Zhao, et, al., (2017)).The two types of diabetes have some common signs and symptoms which include increased thirst and urination, increased hunger, frequent bathroom usage, fatigue, blurred vision, numbness or tingling in the feet or hands, sores that do not heal and or having an unexplained weight loss. DIABETES IN CHILDREN 3 Causes of diabetes There are the hormones that the placenta produces which contribute to insulin resistance which always occur in almost all the women during late pregnancy. There women that can manufacture enough insulin to overcome the insulin resistance while there are others that cannot produce. When the pancreas is not capable of making enough insulin, gestational diabetes occurs. Different women have different weights which are also a contributing factor to diabetes. Some women are that overweight or obese may contain insulin resistance with them by the time they become pregnant. As they gain much weight during pregnancy, there are firmly assured to give a loophole to gestational diabetes. The genes also have a role to play in the emergence of diabetes. Family with history of diabetes is likely that the women from that family will have developed gestational diabetes. The gene, therefore, has much to explain why there is the occurrence of disorder more often in American Indians, African American, Hispanics or Latinas and the Asians. Genetic mutations damage to the pancreas, certain medicines, and other diseases may also lead to diabetes. Genetic mutation or changes in a single gene may also cause monogenic diabetes. As these changes happen from family to family, the gene mutation may sometime occur on its own. Mostly these gene mutations may cause some common types of monogenic diabetes like maturity-onset diabetes of the young and neonatal diabetes. Effects of diabetes on infants Children that have delayed diagnosis of type 1 diabetes or rarely a delayed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes are at high risks of developing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is more risky to the infant's life as it is the primary leading cause of mortality in children with individually type 1 diabetes. (Mustonen, et, al., (2018)) DIABETES IN CHILDREN 4 Serous lack of insulin in the body puts the body in a situation where it cannot use glucose for energy. Instead, the body will begin the process of breaking down fats in its quest for power. If this process occurs, it can lead to the production of chemicals called ketones. These chemicals can be more toxic to the body at a very high level. If the substances pile up in a significant amount, they are sure to cause diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). For the younger infants with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes unlike for adults, the progression is much faster, and they are seen to be at higher risks for complications earlier in life. Some of the complications a person may experience as they grow older in their life are the kidney and eye disease than the children who may be infected by with type 1 diabetes. There are also greater risks of, high cholesterol levels and high blood pressure which raise their risk for blood vessel disease. The type 2 diabetes in children is nearly or all the time associated with obesity, which is the number one contributor to some of these high risks. Because of the high risks and danger of the type two diabetes, early detection and attention to managing overweight in younger people are very important. (Macaluso, et, al., (2016)) Strategies on how to go about diabetes in infants Insulin: this is the hormone that human pancreas makes that allows cells to use the glucose in the body. Some people have bodies that do not make or use the insulin thus they require the human-made insulin which helps their body be in a position of controlling the blood sugar thus making them invulnerable to diabetes. Many types of human-made insulin can be used to treat diabetes, and the doctors usually describe them depending on how they can affect your body. DIABETES IN CHILDREN 5 There are various types of insulin and how long they can work on the body. These types are also the methods we can use to stop diabetes. They include rapid-acting insulin which when injected in the body becomes effective within a few minutes and can last lasts for a couple of hours in the body. There is also the regular- or short-acting insulin which when injected takes about 30 minutes to work fully and usually lasts for 3 to 6 hours. There is also another type called intermediate-acting insulin takes about 2 to 4 hours to be full effective and its effect can be felt for 18 hours. The long-acting insulin is one type of insulin which can work for a whole day. Rather than the injected insulin we also have the insulin distillation psychotherapy which involves education and more or therapy. It consists of a process where women are made aware that there are some of them that are having an episode of low blood sugar, some are allergic to Tresiba or other ingredients in Tresiba. Therefore, they should not take them. They should also be able to tell their care providers about all their medical conditions before taking Tresiba. Some include planning to become pregnant or when to breastfeed, taking new prescription or vitamins among other herbal supplements. Conclusion In conclusion, diabetes is a disease that mostly affects the infants. It does have much influence on the children since as the child grows the rate of risk increases as the age does. Some of the common diseases we experience today are not only manufactured by us but also by some of the natural things that we may be in a position of stopping but are just reluctant to take precautions. Since it is majorly caused by insulin which is well known to be artificial produce, it is, therefore, our call to participate in the eradication of this monster disease before it consumes our next generation lives. It hence requires our responsibility to fight and stop diabetes at all cost. DIABETES IN CHILDREN 6 DIABETES IN CHILDREN 7 References Hamilton, H., Knudsen, G., Vaina, C. L., Smith, M., & Paul, S. P. (2017). Children and young people with diabetes: recognition and management. British Journal of Nursing, 26(6), 340-347. Macaluso, C. J., Bauer, U. E., Deeb, L. C., Malone, J. I., Chaudhari, M., Silverstein, J., ... & Rosenbloom, A. L. (2016). Type 2 diabetes mellitus among Florida children and adolescents, 1994 through 1998. Public Health Reports. Mustonen, N., Siljander, H., Peet, A., Tillmann, V., Härkönen, T., Ilonen, J., ... & DIABIMMUNE Study Group. (2018). Early childhood infections precede development of beta‐cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children with HLA‐ conferred disease risk. Pediatric diabetes, 19(2), 293-299. Zhao, G., Vatanen, T., Droit, L., Park, A., Kostic, A. D., Poon, T. W., ... & Peet, A. (2017). Intestinal virome changes precede autoimmunity in type I diabetes-susceptible children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201706359.
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Explanation & Answer

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Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Annotated Bibliography:
Shaquanta Pearson
Grand Canyon University
6/19/18

1

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

2

Introduction
There have been increased incidences of diabetes in children in recent times. However,
these incidences are usually associated with delayed diagnosis that in turn increases the risk
factor of mortality in children. For this reason it is of essence to ensure that the diagnosis for
different types of diabetes associated will children is correct and timely.
Annotated Bibliography
Wilson, V. (2013). Type 2 diabetes: an epidemic in children. Nursing Children And Young
People, (2), 14
The article reports on the increase of type 2 diabetes incidences being reported in
children. The article highlights the main reason as to why only chronic complications associated
with type 2 diabetes are reported in children. The research found that diagnosis of type 2 diabetes
in children is often delayed. This being attributed to the fact that symptoms such as obesity in
children is being associated with unhealthy diets among children instead of type 2 diabetes. In
the article the two ways in which diagnostic investigations can be used to identify whether a
child has type 2 diabetes are a 2 hour plasma glucose assessment as well as glucose tolerance
test. The research found that the symptoms of type 2 diabetes in children include hypertension,
obesity, as well as sedimentary lifestyles. In the article, treatment for type 2 diabetes was
identified to be weight reduction with exercise & diet as well as medication if necessary. The
article is of essence since it emphasizes on the need to early diagnosis in children with type 2
diabetes.
Yi-Chen, C., Yi-Ching, T., Shih-Yao, L., Cheng-Ting, L., & Wen-Yu, T. (2017). Clinical
characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Taiwanese children aged younger than 6

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

3

years: A single-center experience. Journal Of The Formosan Medical Association, Vol
116, Iss 5, Pp 340-344 (2017), (5), 340. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2016.07.005
Article reports ...


Anonymous
Excellent resource! Really helped me get the gist of things.

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