History Essay

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Select any four questions of your choice and ensure that you answer all parts of the question. Each answer should be at a minimum two- three page and doubled spaced. The average papers for all four-question range between 10-12 pages. You do not have to cite your sources. I encourage you to use the internet to expand your answers with the primary text book. Once completed submit the midterm as a word document /attachment

to radzikowskijg@yahoo.com or do a file upload into canvas.....do not submit the midterm via Grossmont e-mail

the midterm exam is due no later than 06/29…11:59 PM….Good Luck . Prof R

1.

  • Compare the voyages of non-European people before 1500 to those of the Portuguese and Spanish from 1400 to 1550.
  • Why were the Spanish able to establish a territorial empire in the New World?
  • Was technological superiority a major factor in the conquest of the Americas?

2.

  • What were the long-term political effects of the Protestant Reformation?
  • In what ways did the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment challenge the intellectual and political status quo in early modern Europe?

3.

  • What were the demographic effects of the Columbian exchange?
  • Compare and explain the reasons for differences or similarities between the European colonies of North and South America.
  • State and justify your position on the role of the Catholic Church in regard to relations with the Amerindian people in either the Spanish or the French American colonies.

4.

  • Describe capitalism and mercantilism and explain their roles in the development of the Atlantic system.
  • What factors led to the development of the African slave trade?
  • What effects did slavery have on economic life in Africa?

5.

  • How was the Ottoman Empire administered under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)?
  • What were the roles of the Portuguese, Oman, and the Dutch in the development of trade in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia?
  • What factors led to the decline of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires?

6.

  • What did the Russian and Qing Empires have in common, and how did these common features affect the relationship between the two?
  • Both the Qing and the Tokugawa governments were in decline by 1800. What reasons lay behind the decline of each government?

7.

  • Discuss and compare the course of the American, the French, and the Haitian revolutions and analyze the reasons for the significance of the difference outcomes of these three revolutions.
  • What roles did Enlightenment thought and folk cultures play in the making of the eighteenth century revolutions?
  • Was there a relationship between the ways in which the British and French monarchs approached the ideas of the Enlightenment and the outbreak of revolution?

8.

  • Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain rather than in continental Europe or the United States?
  • What exactly is meant by the Industrial Revolution? What were the economic changes that revolutionized manufacturing in the eighteenth century and led to the factory system?
  • How did the technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution change societies in the industrialized countries?

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Running head: HISTORY ESSAY

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History Essay
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HISTORY ESSAY
History Essay
Question 4: Describe capitalism and mercantilism and explain their roles in the
development of the Atlantic system.
Capitalism refers to the economic system that focuses on the creation of wealth with the
aim of growing the economy of a nation. According to the capitalists, the central figure in the
wealth creation process is the person. The development of private enterprises was the basis for
the occurrence of capitalism. It first developed to in Europe and the expansion to other colonies

of New World only occurred during the decline in economic growth in Europe. Mercantilism led
to the evolution of capitalism. Mercantilism, on the other hand, refers to the policies of European
governments aimed at the promotion of trade between the nations and their colonies. The armed
forces were responsible for the creation of the plans and putting them into effect when necessary
for the acquisition of valuable metals from the provinces and requiring the colonies to trade with
their countries alone. The development of such policies led to the private investors purchasing
shares in chartered government organizations. It led to the emergence of fierce competition
between the citizens of the countries from the high tariffs as well as upper control to foreigners.
The efficiency and profitability of Atlantic trading system increased with the
development of capitalism. One of the primary tenets of mercantilist approach was bullionism
that emphasizes on the importance of accumulation of metals. Believers of this doctrine argued
that the exports of a state should exceed the imports to enable foreigners to pay for the difference
using their precious metals. They also claimed that when a country is unable to supply its raw
material, it is necessary to acquire colonies for extraction of the sources. Mercantilist led to large
amounts of cheap land hence the shortage of labor among the American colonies. There was a

HISTORY ESSAY

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need for a massive workforce for the production of the desired raw materials. The challenge of
finding adequate workforce among the native citizens led to the search of alternative labor
sources which led to the development of the Atlantic trade system.
What factors led to the development of the African slave trade?
Various factors account for the development of African slave trade. First, the discovery
of America (New World) led to the rise of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. It led to the scramble to
America by Europeans for the establishment of centers for mining and plantation that required
heavy labor. Thus, it led to the importation of Africans to fill the gap leading to the emergence of
African slave trade. Second is the advancement of maritime technology. Increased innovation on
the use of compass direction and ships facilitate the trade between Europeans and other
countries. Thirdly, the indigenous people were unable to satisfy the demand for labor due to the
increased deaths caused by diseases. It made it impossible for the Europeans to use Native
Americans in the provision of cheap labor. Therefore, the Europeans had to seek for alternative
means that resulted in the development of African slave trade.
Fourth, the establishment of the plantation was a contributing factor to the increased
African slave trade. Majority of the European countries including Portugal, France, and Britain
among others established a settlement in America. They acquired vast lands for plantation which
led to the increased demand for labor. The order was higher compared to the supply hence the
need to source from other countries that could provide cheap services. It led to the emergence of
Afr...


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