Running head: PERCEPTION 1 Perception Rose Booker Southern New Hampshire University PERCEPTION 2 Literature Review Predictive Coding: A Possible Explanation of Filling-In at the Blind Spot: The researchers attempted to present a fresh perception on the computational mechanism of filling-in process in the framework of hierarchical predictive coding, which provides a functional explanation for a range of neural responses in the cortex. They had prior research that had confirmed nonlinear neural responses are observed in the early visual area that correlates with the perception. What they had not found in prior studies was the knowledge of the underlying neural mechanism for filling-in at the blind spot was not complete. They had used the general model and network architecture. I believe that the researchers had conducted their research ethically because they had researched and found previous studies were done and went off what they had found and went more in-depth to expand the knowledge of the filling-in with the blind spot. Visual Perception in a Blind Subject with a Chronic Microelectronic Retinal Prosthesis: This resource follows the patient of an implant of a blind individual. The implant included an extraocular case to hole electronics, an intraocular electrode array designed to interface with the retina, and a cable to connect the electronics case to the electrode array. The subject was blind, however with this device they were able to perceive light in their left eye, however, not in their right eye. The research design was observational. The researchers kept ethical issues to a minimum by now referring to the patient as a male or female and would not release any information other than that of the subject’s sight. How Decisions Happen: Focal Points and Blind Spots in Interdependent Decision Making: The researchers investigated which types of information about interdependence situations are psychologically prominent to decision makers and which tend to go unnoticed. PERCEPTION 3 They had researched the decision making based on the perception of the individual. They had used four studies. One was eye-tracking measures to investigate how decision makers allocate their attention in interdependence situations and revealed that individuals fixated on mutual cooperation earlier and longer as compared with alternative combinations of strategies and outcomes. The second introduced a novel information-search paradigm: Participants exchanged yes/no questions and answers to discover which of 25 different games their counterpart chose. Third, revealed that outcome desirability is a robust basis of psychological prominence across different types of social relations; in contrast, the psychological prominence of symmetry was moderated by the nature of social relations. And lastly, revealed that whether different bases of psychological prominence directed individuals attention to the same aspects of the decisionmaking task moderated the effect of information availability on decision latency and cooperation rates. They had used previous research along with their own conducted studies. Research Design A quasi-experimental design is one that looks a bit like an experimental design but lacks the key ingredient -- random assignment. often referred to them as "queasy" experiments because they give the experimental purists a queasy feeling. With respect to internal validity, they often appear to be inferior to randomized experiments. But there is something compelling about these designs; taken as a group, they are easily more frequently implemented than their randomized cousins. I am going to study perceptual filling-in during maintained peripheral viewing of a uniform gray or red figure presented on a large textured background. Changes in the figure’s PERCEPTION size, shape, and eccentricity caused variations in the time required for filling-in that could be predicted from the size of its cortical projection within early visual areas. 4 PERCEPTION 5 References Halevy, N., & Chou, E. Y. (2014). How Decisions Happen: Focal Points and Blind Spots in Interdependent Decision Making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, (3), 398. Mark S. Humayun, James D. Weiland, Gildo Y. Fujii, Robert Greenberg, Richard Williamson, Jim Little, Brian Mech, Valerie Cimmarusti, Gretchen Van Boemel, Gislin Dagnelie, Eugene de Juan Jr. Visual Perception in a Blind Subject with a Chronic Microelectronic Retinal Prosthesis, Vision Research, Volume 43, Issue 24, November 2003, Pages 2573-2581, ISSN 0042-6989, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(03)00457-7. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698903004577) Raman, R., & Sarkar, S. (2016). Predictive Coding: A Possible Explanation of Filling-In at the Blind Spot. Plos ONE, 11(3), 1. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151194 Running head: PAPER TITLE 1 Paper Title Full Name Southern New Hampshire University PAPER TITLE 2 Literature Review In this section, summarize the studies you reviewed for your chosen topic. Summarize how the evidence in that literature and in the text relates to key aspects of cognition and explains how cognitive processes influence human behavior. Explain how the view of cognition has evolved over the history of the field, using examples from your references to do so. Explain conclusions that can be reached about cognitive psychology based on the research you explored, and use examples from that research. Describe the specific research designs used in the studies you reviewed and how the authors used those designs to address the research questions. Explain how they addressed ethics, using examples from the articles, and discuss how this ties into the historical view of ethics. The Topic Proposal and Literature Review Worksheet document you filled out in this class contains much of the material you need for this section. You listed the studies you used in APA format on the worksheet, so you can paste those titles onto the reference page of this template in that proper format. The worksheet required you to address many of the areas covered in the paragraphs above. Adapt that material for use in this paper. Be sure to properly cite the material you use. You should have at least one citation for each of your references. Research Design Explain the research gap you identified after reviewing the previous studies and state your research question. Describe the way in which you would design a study to address the gap and answer your research question. Explain how you would address any ethical issues and how this plan was influenced by historical factors. PAPER TITLE 3 Conclusion You are not required to include a formal conclusion, but you may do so if you wish to tie your paper together. Proofread your paper carefully for spelling, syntax, and grammar errors before turning it in. You may use the Smarthinking tutor service prior to handing it in. Pay careful attention to citations and references, which should be done in APA style. The references page in this example shows how to properly format your textbook as a reference. Your title and references pages should be separate pages with nothing on them other than those elements. Use 12-point Times New Roman font and one-inch margins. Double space your paper as shown in this template. You are required to use APA style in your final paper submission. You will not be marked down if you try it and make some formatting errors. However, the rubric does require you to avoid citation, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organizational errors. PAPER TITLE 4 References Goldstein, E. B. (2015, June 25). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage.
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