Case Study of Peer reviewed Descriptive Epidemiologic Study

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Search for a peer reviewed Descriptive Epidemiologic Study in an academic journal, and develop a PowerPointT(1-14) slides based case study. You should develop the case study from the perspective that you are going to present it to your colleagues, thus must have enough information to explain the purpose of the study, background, method and results.

So, search for a peer-reviewed Descriptive Epidemiologic Study in an academic journal,

and summarize it in PPT (1-14) slides based on the information required above.

Also, submmit the case study that you chose.

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Case Study #2 “Work stress and risk of cardiovascular mortality: prospective cohort study of industrial employees” 1 Case Study #2: Prospective Cohort – Risk Ratio • Background • Concern is increasing about the adverse effects that work stress may have on health, particularly the risk of cardiovascular disease. • Two models identifying stressful components of the psychosocial work environment have received particular attention: the job strain model and, more recently, the effort/reward imbalance model • In spite of the large body of research on these models, no previous study has tested them simultaneously in relation to cardiovascular mortality. • The job strain model posits that a combination of high work demands and low job control at work, called job strain, is a health risk for employees. 2 Case Study #2: Prospective Cohort – Risk Ratio • Background (con’t) • The effort/reward imbalance model considers the impact of labor market conditions on health in addition to the more proximal job conditions. • Health risk derives from the mismatch between high efforts at work and low reward received in turn. • Rewards concern money, social approval, job security, and career opportunities. • Direct evidence of cardiovascular mortality has been lacking. • Results from the Whitehall II study showed an association between effort/reward imbalance and incidence of coronary heart disease, as indicated by self reports. 3 Case Study #2: Prospective Cohort – Risk Ratio • Methods - Study population • The study sample was drawn from the employees (n=4570 in 1973) of the Valmet factories in central Finland, which manufacture paper machines, tractors, firearms, gauges, and so on. • The work tasks varied from foundry work and heavy engineering to precision engineering and clerical and administrative work. • The study population comprised people who had been employed by Valmet for at least 15 months in January 1973 (n=2653). • We selected a systematic sample of 902 participants in strata by sex, age (born in 1925 or earlier, born in 1926 to 45, born in 1946 or later), and occupational group (managers, other office staff, skilled workers, semiskilled workers). • People who refused to participate were replaced by new participants from a reserve list. We gathered data by questionnaire, interviews, and clinical examinations. • After exclusion of people with cardiovascular disease at baseline, the study cohort comprised 812 employees. • Follow up examinations included measurement of blood pressure, cholesterol concentration, and body mass index in 1978 (n=674) and in 1983 (n=594). • We obtained ethical approval for the study from the Hospital district of Helsinki and Uusimaa ethics committee for research in occupational health and safety. 4 Case Study #2: Prospective Cohort – Risk Ratio • Methods - Work stress questionnaire • We used self assessment scales to measure the components of the job strain model and the effort-reward imbalance model. • All the questions required responses on Likert-type response formats (for example, 1=“no strain” to 5=“very great strain”). • The four questions on work demands deal with the degree of responsibility at work, task difficulty, and mental load • The 12 questions on job control concern decision authority and skill discretion. Example Questions • “How mentally straining do you consider your work?” • “Do you learn new things in your work?”) • The nine questions on effort at work indicate pace of work and physical and mental load • The 16 questions on rewards measure satisfaction with income, fairness of supervision, job security, and promotion prospects • “How great is the strain due to haste in your work?” • “If changes or reorganization take place at your workplace, how great is your risk of getting laid off?”) 5 Case Study #2: Prospective Cohort – Risk Ratio • Methods - Cardiovascular mortality • We collected mortality data from the Statistics Finland national mortality register, using the participants' personal identification codes. • We obtained the date and cause of death for all participants who died between the date of their clinical examination (which took place between 5 February and 30 June 1973) and 1 Novem ber 2000. • The causes of death were coded according to the ICD8 (international classification of diseases, eighth revision) in 197386, the ICD9 in 198795, and the ICD10 in 19962000. • Statistics Finland provided a classification that converted the different codes (up to 1997; subsequent deaths were classified on the basis of the death certificates) to the following categories: ischaemic heart diseases (I20I25 in ICD10), other heart diseases (I30I52), cerebrovascular diseases (I60 I69), and other diseases of the cardiovascular system (I00I19, I26I29, I70I99). • We pooled these categories to indicate death due to cardiovascular diseases. 6 Case Study #2: Prospective Cohort – Risk Ratio • Methods - Demographic, behavioral, and biological factors • We measured baseline covariates in standard ways: sex, age, occupational group (managers, other office staff, skilled workers, semiskilled workers), smoking status (current smoker, nonsmoker), physical activity, systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), serum total cholesterol con centration (mmol/l), and body mass index (kg/m2). • We divided the distributions of the last four measures into thirds. • We based the assessment of physical activity and diabetes on a detailed interview described elsewhere. At the five year follow up we measured systolic blood pressure and serum total cholesterol concentration. • We measured body mass at the 10 year follow up. 7 Case Study #2: Prospective Cohort – Risk Ratio • Results • During the mean follow up of 25.6 (range 0.927.8) years, 73 deaths from cardiovascular causes occurred among the participants who had been free from overt cardiovascular diseases at baseline. • Table 1 shows the associations of demographic, behavioural, and biological factors with cardiovascular mortality. • As expected, higher age, male sex, low worker status, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, high blood pressure, high cholesterol concentration, and high body mass index increased the risk of death. • Table 2 presents the relative hazards for cardiovascular mortality by levels of the components of the work stress models. • After adjustment for age and sex, we found excess risks for high job strain, low job control, high effort-reward imbalance, and low reward, but not for high demands or high efforts. 8 Case Study #2: Prospective Cohort – Risk Ratio • Results (con’t) • Employees scoring high on job strain and effort-reward imbalance had a twofold risk of death compared with their colleagues with low strain and low effort-reward imbalance (table 3). • A stratified analysis of the 584 employees revealed a strengthened association between job strain and cardiovascular mortality • the hazard ratio for high job strain was 2.90 • The association between reward-effort imbalance and mortality remained unaltered • hazard ratio for high imbalance of 2.59 • Table 4 shows increased concentrations of total cholesterol at follow up for employees with high job strain and low job control, and increased body mass index for employees with low job control and high effort-reward imbalance. • Work stress was not associated with blood pressure at follow up. 9 Case Study #2: Prospective Cohort – Risk Ratio • Results (con’t) 10 Case Study #2: Prospective Cohort – Risk Ratio • Results (con’t) 11 Case Study #2: Prospective Cohort – Risk Ratio • Results (con’t) 12 Case Study #2: Prospective Cohort – Risk Ratio • Discussion • To our knowledge, this is the first study of cardiovascular mortality that tests the validity of the two main work stress models in a single working population • We found that employees reporting high job strain and high effort-reward imbalance had a twofold higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease than their colleagues scoring low in these dimensions. • The specific strengths of our investigation were a long follow up period, comprehensive questionnaires to indicate stressful work characteristics, control for a large set of potential confounding factors, and the use of reliable mortality registers. • In this study of initially healthy employees adjustment for baseline variation in smoking, sedentary lifestyle, blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, body mass index, and history of diabetes resulted in no or only a minor attenuation of hazard ratios. • However, high job strain and high effort-reward imbalance were associated with increased cholesterol concentration and body mass index at follow up. • These associations may reflect pathophysiological changes related to the development of cardiovascular disease. 13 Case Study #2: Prospective Cohort – Risk Ratio • Conclusions • This prospective cohort study on industrial employees sheds more light on the potential causative role of work stress in cardiovascular disease. The finding of a twofold higher cardiovascular mortality risk among people with high job strain and effort/reward imbalance supports the theoretical models of Karasek, Theorell,1 2 and Siegrist.3 14
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Peer Review
by Peer Review Peer Review

Submission date: 26-Jun-2018 08:54AM (UT C-0400)
Submission ID: 978678622
File name: Peer_Review.edited.docx (21.33K)
Word count: 1281
Character count: 7135

Peer Review
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saltshakers.org.au
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Running head: PEER REVIEW

1

Peer Reviewed Articles on Abortion
Student name
Institutional affiliation
Date

PEER REVIEW

2

Peer Review Articles on Abortion
Article 1.
Title: “State Law Approaches to Facility Regulation of Abortion and Other Office
Interventions”
The State Law Approaches to Facility Regulation of Abortion and Other Office
Interventions by Bonnie et al. (2018), is essential in the research since it provides information
regarding laws and policies that guide individuals who offer abortion services. Most women all
over the world practice abortion. Abortion is however allowed in some circumstances while at
other times it is restricted and thus becomes illegal. The authors try to show the importance of
the laws that guide the practice of abortion. Understanding these laws and policies ensures that
abortion process involves legal steps and in only situations accepted by the regulations put in
place (Bonnie, et al., 2018). The article explains a study regarding different state laws on
abortion and provides a comparison. The article is therefore significant in the study because it
gives enough information concerning the regulations that guide abortion services providers in
different states.
Experimental hypothesis: state laws regulate the provision of abortion services to patients.
Null hypothesis: abortion services follow the set rules and policies.
The article has the introduction part. In this section, the authors introduce the topic and
also identifies the objective of the study. The introduction has also provided data regarding the
abortion cases in the United States and the policies used to guide these processes. Additionally,
how abortions happen in the medical offices are identified in the introduction part. The authors
aim at ensuring that the readers understand the issues of policies and laws that guide abortion in

PEER REVIEW

3

the country. Thus, they provide a brief explanation as to the various laws that determine the
legalization of abortion in the country.
The peer review article also has the method section. In this part, the authors identify and
explain the research method they used to collect information and data on the topic. In the method
section, the article provides detailed information on the legal assessments of the state laws that
govern abortion. The process involved considering the rules and policies in different states and
providing a comparison to give a view of the legally accepted laws. Consequently, an analysis of
the data from different states government way of issuing. Thus the article studies the OBS,
TRAP and other laws and policies from different states. The analysis puts into consideration the
different laws rather than the states.
The peer review article provides the results section. This part is essential in the article as
it contains information regarding the issues about abortion that are accepted and those that are
not allowed. Therefore, the results give an overview of the policies commonly used in different
states. In the conclusion sector, the authors conclude by identifying the abortion laws that are
more stringent in most states. Thus, a discussion of whether the rules governing different states
involves the same provision. The regulations that are legally accepted provide that abortion
should be conducted by following set standards that ensure the expected benefits and no harm
encounter can emerge at all. The authors ended this review by providing an acknowledgment
some researchers who contributed to the drafting and review of methods section and researched
and coded the state laws. They also affirmed the need for presences of human protocol since it
was just a review and no participants were required. With all the sections, the article provided
some essential laws and regulations that are important in the abortion process.

PEER REVIEW

4

Article 2.
Title: Induced Abortion: Risks That May Impact Adolescents, Young Adults, and
Their Children.
The American College of Pediatricians, peer review article titled "Induced Abortion:
Risks That May Impact Adolescents, Young Adults, and Their Children" illustrates the risk that
occurs from using the induced surgical process of abortion. The article is significant in the
research topic because it identifies the procedure of abortion and the risks associated with it.
Additionally, it discusses the importance of understanding the risks associated with performing
abortion procedures at home. The article is, therefore, focusing on educating individuals about
the dangers of induced abortion and why it should not take place in young women. Ultimately,
this is to prevent the occurrence of both short term and long term risks that might be lifethreatening (American College of Pediatricians, 2018). Therefore, the peer review article is
relevant to the topic because it provides essential information about the abortion and why it
should be done professionally when necessary.
Experimental hypothesis: the risks associated with induced abortion affects the patients' health
and that of her child and also increases the chances of developing illnesses in future
Null hypothesis: educating individuals reduces dangers of abortion.
The article contains the abstract which provides an introduction to the main to the main
topic discussed. The summary of the discussed issues in the section provided in the abstract. The
abstract also offers an overview as to why the reader should be interested in reading the article.
The summary of the report focused on the process of an abortion that is unethical. It identifies
that there are risks associated with the induced process of abortion. Since adolescents involve

PEER REVIEW

5

themselves in the induced process of abortion, educating them on the dangers and the importance
of following the right procedure is essential.
The article also provides the information regarding studies conducted on induced
abortion. In this section, an analysis of the various ways that authors have covered the
information the topic gave. It is evident that most researchers are biased and thus do not provide
accurate information regarding the concept of induced abortion. Also, the article discusses how
most of these researchers do not provide accurate and relevant information about the topic.
Therefore most individuals do not get to learn what is necessary and what should to avoid when
involving in abortion processes. The article, therefore, is keen to show that most studies have
failed and consequently no significant information is obtained on the topic.
The other section of the article is that of the risk that induced abortion has on the health
of women. In this section, the authors mentioned various risks associated with induced labor
such as cancer. Others offered in the article include mental risks and reproductive systems risks.
Additionally, the article discusses the risks that abortion has on future pregnancies and children.
In this section, there is a discussion of threats such as spontaneous abortion, secondary infertility,
ectopic pregnancy, placenta previa and premature births. Additionally, the article identifies that
there are other risks to children such as anger, grief, and emotions that change frequently.
The article then provides the numbers associated with induction abortion. In this section,
the authors offer analysis of demographics. Ultimately, this is to identify women who have found
themselves in such situations. Additionally, the article discusses various reasons as to why
women get to involve in induced abortion. Thus, in the conclusion part, the risks of induced
abortion are summarized. Because induced abortion increases the chances of breast cancer and

PEER REVIEW

6

also other risks to babies, patients should be educated on the issue to avoid it entirely. A
development has however emerged as the number of induced abortions reported in the past in the
past few years has decreased showing that people now understand the risks associated with the
process.

PEER REVIEW

7

References
American College of Pediatricians. (2018). Induced Abortion: Risks That May Impact
Adolescents, Young Adults, and Their Children. Issues in Law & Medicine, 33(1), 85112.
Bonnie, S., Jones, J. D., Sara Daniel., M. P. H, and Lindsay K. Cloud, J.D. (2018). State Law
Approaches to Facility Regulation of Abortion and Other Office Interventions. American
Journal of Public Health Law, 108(4), 486-492.


Report: Peer Review

Peer Review
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Please find attached

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225681195

Risk factors of acute renal failure in critically ill children: A prospective
descriptive epidemiological study
Article in Critical Care · March 2004
DOI: 10.1186/cc2628

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6 authors, including:
Catherine Litalien

Aicha Mérouani

Agence de la Santé et des Services Sociaux

CHU Sainte- Justine

65 PUBLICATIONS 1,132 CITATIONS

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Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Liver and Metabolic diseases management in pediatric intensive care View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Catherine Litalien on 18 July 2014.

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Continuing Medical Education Article

Risk factors of acute renal failure in critically ill children:
A prospective descriptive epidemiological study*
Dennis Bailey, MD; Véronique Phan, MD, MSc; Catherine Litalien, MD; Thierry Ducruet, PHD;
Aicha Mérouani, MD; Jacques Lacroix, MD; France Gauvin, MD, MSc
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
On completion of this article, the reader should be able to:
1. Define the rationale for using doubling of serum creatinine concentrations to define acute renal failure in children in the
pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).
2. Describe the relationship between hypotension and hypoxemia and acute renal failure in the PICU.
3. Recall that age is an important risk factor for the development of acute renal failure in the PICU.
Dr. Lacroix has disclosed that he was a consultant/advisor for Johnson & Johnson. All remaining authors have disclosed that they
have no financial relationships with or interests in any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity.
Lippincott CME Institute, Inc., has identified and resolved all faculty conflicts of interest regarding this e...


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